Early-life stress, consisting of several stressors appears to be associated with several impacts on the brain. The impacts of stress seem to be more vulnerable to the developing brain as it undergoes important changes during childhood. This thesis aims to present the association between childhood maltreatment, which is a form of early-life stress, and affected brain regions such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, and the amygdala. The findings in this thesis demonstrated the left hippocampus to be more vulnerable to the effects of maltreatment, corpus callosum appeared to be gender and maltreatment specific, indicating that the corpus callosum were more vulnerable to neglect in boys whereas in females the structure was more vulnerable to sexual abuse. The prefrontal cortex demonstrated a marked reduction in gray matter, and the amygdala showed increased activation in response to emotional facial expressions. Cognitive deficits as a result of earlylife stress were also discussed, showing that worse intellectual ability and the academic performance had been noted in children with exposure to early-life stress.

No description available.

This study investigated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and social networking addiction to determine if it was mediated by anxious-avoidant attachment. It was hypothesized that the presence of an anxious-avoidant attachment pattern developed as a result of childhood maltreatment would mediate the correlation between anxious-avoidant attachment and social networking addiction. This would mean that participants who developed an anxious-avoidant attachment style due to childhood maltreatment would use social media in unhealthy ways. To measure childhood maltreatment, the Adverse Childhood Experiences scale (ACE) was used. The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised scale (ECR-R) was used to measure anxious-avoidant attachment. Finally, social networking addiction was measured by the Social Networking Addiction Scale (SNAS). The sample was relatively young (M = 19.88, SD = 2.62), (n = 82). Three bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression were conducted to determine if an anxious-avoidant attachment pattern mediated the connection between childhood maltreatment and social networking addiction. A significant correlation was found between childhood maltreatment and anxious-avoidant attachment, as well as between anxious-avoidant attachment and social networking addiction. However, no correlation was found between childhood maltreatment and social networking addiction. It was concluded that no mediation was present.

No description available.

By 2030 major depression is predicted to be the leading cause of disease burden in the world; as such, it is critical to understand factors that contribute to the development of depression. The social signal transduction theory of depression hypothesizes that adversity and social threat upregulate pro-inflammatory biomarkers leading to depression. The current study examined whether pro-inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, c-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) mediate the association between various types of childhood maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect) and adult depression symptoms in a sample of 740 adults (372 female; Mage= 51.6 years, SD = 13.6) who provided retrospective report of childhood maltreatment as part of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher Biomarker study. Additionally, it explored whether these relations differ for males versus females. A series of linear regression analyses were run in SPSS; separate models were run for each form of childhood maltreatment and for interleukin-6, interleukin-8, c-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The results showed that childhood maltreatment is a robust predictor of adulthood depression; however, this association did not differ between biological sexes. In addition, only interleukin-6 was shown to partially mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and adulthood depression. These findings highlight the need to explore the use of interleukin-6 to screen for depression in youth. / M.S. / By 2030 major depression is predicted to be the leading cause of disease burden in the world; as such, it is critical to understand factors that contribute to the development of depression. It has been hypothesized that adversity and social threat activate pro-inflammatory biomarkers, which are proteins that can detect inflammation in the body, leading to depression. The current study examined whether several pro-inflammatory biomarkers explain the association between several types of childhood maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect) and adult depression symptoms in a sample of 740 adults (372 female; Mage= 51.6 years, SD = 13.6) who provided report of past experiences of childhood maltreatment. Additionally, it explored whether these relations differ for males versus females. The results showed that childhood maltreatment is a robust predictor of adulthood depression for males and females. Of the inflammatory biomarkers examined, only interleukin-6 was shown to partially explain the association between childhood maltreatment and adulthood depression symptoms. These findings highlight the need to explore the use of interleukin-6 to screen for depression in youth.

Vocational disruption for survivors of interpersonal trauma has been noted by both practitioners and researchers. While limited empirical support exists, a firm theoretical framework and a full range of outcomes have not been explored. Guided by the framework of social cognitive career theory (SCCT), a promising framework recommended in the previous literature, the aim of the current study was to explore the function of contextual barriers and supports as predictors of career decision self-efficacy (CDSE). Due to the lack of consistency in previous research and absent theoretical specification of the particular mode of intervening variables, both mediation and moderation were explored using multiple regression. The results indicate the relationship between background factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment) and CDSE was fully mediated by an indirect pathway via personal factors (i.e., trauma-related symptoms) and learning experiences (i.e., anxious and avoidant attachment with a career-related mentor) in the prediction of CDSE. The results also indicate that personal factors (i.e., trauma-related symptoms) function as a moderator between background factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment) and learning experiences as anxious attachment with a career-related mentor. Finally, learning experiences as anxious attachment with a career-related mentor moderated the relationship between personal factors (i.e., trauma-related symptoms) and CDSE. Overall, within the SCCT model, the proposed predictors help explain differences in CDSE as related to childhood maltreatment through mediation and moderation. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Objectif: Explorer l’association entre différentes expériences de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance chez un groupe de mères adolescentes québécoises et les conditions observables chez ces dernières qui sont reconnues comme pouvant mener à l’Adoption de pratiques parentales maltraitantes (APPM) envers leur enfant, en cohérence avec les repères mis de l’avant par la théorie axée sur le traumatisme. Devis: Analyses secondaires de données quantitatives tirées d’une étude évaluative portant sur le Programme de Soutien aux Jeunes Parents (PSJP) des Services intégrés en périnatalité et pour la petite enfance à l’intention des familles vivant en contexte de vulnérabilité (SIPPE). Échantillon: 288 mères adolescentes québécoises, âgées en moyenne de 18 ans, recevant ou ayant reçu des services par le biais du PSJP. Méthodologie: Les données ont été recueillies en quatre temps de mesure, soit à deux reprises durant la grossesse, ainsi qu’à 5 et 17 mois postpartum, sur une période d’environ deux ans. L’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance a été mesurée à l’aide de la version abrégée de l’échelle Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Une analyse de partitionnement des données a été menée en utilisant les variables relatives à l’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance (cinq formes de maltraitance et leur classification d’intensité). Dans un deuxième temps, des analyses de variance, par tableaux de contingence et de régression logistique binaire ont été menées afin d’évaluer l’association entre les différentes expériences de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance et les variables identifiées comme étant des conditions associées à l’APPM chez les mères adolescentes. Résultats: Nos résultats mettent de l’avant la fréquence élevée de l’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance et font ressortir trois types distincts d’expérience. Un premier type est caractérisé par une expérience de négligence émotionnelle sans cooccurrence; un deuxième par une expérience d’abus sexuel et de négligence émotionnelle; et un troisième par une expérience composée de toutes les formes de maltraitance en cooccurrence mais avec une plus faible intensité de négligence émotionnelle. En général, malgré certaines distinctions, ce seraient les mères s’inscrivant dans les deuxième et troisième types qui présenteraient significativement plus de conditions associées à l’APPM pour ce qui est de la pauvreté matérielle, de la fragilisation de la santé mentale, du fonctionnement parental et de la précarité du réseau de soutien. Constats: Ces résultats suggèrent l’importance d’arriver à une compréhension exhaustive de l’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance chez les mères adolescentes puisque, selon sa nature et sa cooccurrence, ses conséquences peuvent varier. Ces conséquences peuvent être persistantes et placer les mères à risque de transmission intergénérationnelle de la maltraitance envers leur enfant. Dans une optique de prévention de l’APPM, ceci met de l’avant la pertinence d’étudier la problématique de la maltraitance chez les mères adolescentes non pas seulement en fonction du risque de perpétration mais également en fonction de la maltraitance qu’elles ont elles-mêmes subie. Les implications pour l’intervention en travail social et dans le domaine psychosocial sont également discutées. / Objective: To explore the association between histories of childhood maltreatment types among a group of adolescent mothers and recognized variables linked to the Adoption of maltreating parental behavior (AMPB) towards their child in accordance with Trauma-focused theory landmarks. Design: Secondary analysis of quantitative data from an evaluative study of the Programme de Soutien aux Jeunes Parents (PSJP) des Services intégrés en périnatalité et pour la petite enfance à l’intention des familles vivant en contexte de vulnérabilité (SIPPE). Sample: 288 adolescent mothers from Québec, Canada, 18 years old on average, receiving or having received services through the PSJP. Method: Data was collected four times (twice during pregnancy, as well as at 5 and 17 months postpartum) over an average period of two years. Childhood maltreatment history was measured by using the short version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Cluster analysis was performed using variables related to childhood trauma history (forms of maltreatment experience and severity classification). Analyses of variance, cross tables and binary logistic regression were then conducted to assess the association between the different types of childhood maltreatment and recognized variables linked to AMPB in adolescent mothers. Results: Results show a high occurrence of childhood maltreatment experience among the adolescent mothers that took part in our study. Further, they highlight three distinct types of childhood maltreatment. The first type is characterized by emotional neglect without cooccurrence; the second one, by sexual abuse and emotional neglect; and the third one, by a cooccurrence of all forms of abuse but with a lower intensity of emotional neglect. Overall, despite certain distinctions, mothers from the second and third types present significantly more risk factors for AMPB than mothers from the first type (i.e. higher levels of poverty, fragile mental health, parental difficulties, and lower satisfaction of social network). Conclusion: From a prevention perspective of AMPB, our results put forward the importance of focusing on and understanding adolescent mothers’ diversity of childhood maltreatment experiences. Difficulties related to a history of childhood maltreatment vary according to its nature and the co-occurrence of forms of maltreatment. These consequences can be persistent and put mothers at risk of intergenerational transmission of maltreatment towards their children. This puts forth the relevance of studying maltreatment among adolescent mothers not only according to the risk of perpetration but also according to the abuse they have themselves suffered in their childhood. The implications for social work and psychosocial intervention are also discussed.

No description available.

Evidências apontam para forte relação independente entre maus tratos na infância, comportamentos disruptivos e prejuízos em funções executivas. No entanto, ainda não é completamente compreendido como estes três fatores se relacionam entre si. Esta pesquisa avaliou a relação entre maus-tratos na infância e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo, testando desempenho em funções executivas como possível mediador e moderador desta relação. A presente pesquisa está inserida no estudo \"Coorte de escolares de alto risco para o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia e resiliência na infância e adolescência - projeto Prevenção\", projeto integrante do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Infância e Adolescência (INCT-INPD), o qual incluiu 2500 crianças em idade escolar de São Paulo e Porto Alegre (Brasil). As crianças foram extensamente avaliadas com entrevistas diagnósticas, relatos de pais e da própria criança sobre maus tratos e com testes neuropsicológicos. Resultados indicam associação de maus tratos na infância e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo, porém não foi encontrada associação entre maus tratos e funções executivas. Crianças com transtornos do comportamento disruptivo apresentaram pior desempenho em teste específico para avaliação de flexibilidade cognitiva. Desempenho em funções executivas não agiu como mediador ou moderador da associação entre maus tratos e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo. Desta forma, os resultados indicam que a associação entre experiências de maus tratos e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo ocorre independentemente do desempenho em funções executivas. Futuros estudos longitudinais são fundamentais para confirmar estes resultados e elucidar os mecanismos cognitivos envolvidos nesta associação causal / Empirical evidences point to a strong independent relationship between maltreatment in childhood, disruptive behaviors and impairments in executive functions. However, how these three factors are interrelated it is not completed understood yet. This study evaluated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorders, testing performance in executive functions as possible mediator and moderator factor in this relationship. This research is part of the study \"Cohort of high-risk students for the development of psychopathology and resilience in childhood and adolescence - Prevention Project\", a member project of the National Institute of Science and Developmental Psychiatry Technology for Children and Adolescents (INCT -INPD) in which is included 2,500 schoolchildren from São Paulo and Porto Alegre (Brazil). The children were evaluated with diagnostic interviews, reports of parents and children themselves about maltreatment and with neuropsychological tests, which included evaluation of inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning. Results indicate association of childhood maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorder, but no association was found between maltreatment and executive functions. Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorders showed worse performance in specific task for assessment of cognitive flexibility. Performance in executive functions didn\'t work as a mediator or modifier variable in the association between childhood maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorder. Thus, the study results indicate that the association between experiences of maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorder occurs regardless of the performance in executive function in a community sample. Future longitudinal studies are essential to confirm these findings and elucidate the cognitive mechanisms involved on this causal association

Background: This study examined the bidirectional nature of mother-infant positive and negative emotional displays during social interactions across multiple tasks among postpartum women accounting for childhood maltreatment severity. Additionally, effects of maternal postpartum psychopathology on maternal affect and effects of task and emotional valence on dyadic emotional displays were evaluated. Sampling and Methods: A total of 192 mother-infant dyads (51% male infants) were videotaped during free play and the Still-Face paradigm at 6 months postpartum. Mothers reported on trauma history and postpartum depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Reliable, masked coders scored maternal and infant positive and negative affect from the videotaped interactions. Results: Three path models evaluated whether dyadic affective displays were primarily mother driven, infant driven, or bidirectional in nature, adjusting for mothers' maltreatment severity and postpartum psychopathology. The bidirectional model had the best fit. Child maltreatment severity predicted depression and PTSD symptoms, and maternal symptoms predicted affective displays (both positive and negative), but the pattern differed for depressive symptoms compared to PTSD symptoms. Emotional valence and task altered the nature of bidirectional affective displays. Conclusions: The results add to our understanding of dyadic affective exchanges in the context of maternal risk (childhood maltreatment history, postpartum symptoms of depression and PTSD). Findings highlight postpartum depression symptoms as one mechanism of risk transmission from maternal maltreatment history to impacted parent-child interactions. Limitations include reliance on self-reported psychological symptoms and that the sample size prohibited testing of moderation analyses. Developmental and clinical implications are discussed.