This study examines references to foods mentioned in elementary school texts used in Montreal English schools. A study of 58 language arts and math texts used in grades 1-6 revealed a total of 4,391 references to foods in words and/or pictures. A large proportion of these references were to sugar-rich foods. A higher percentage of adult females prepared foods, followed closely by adult males. Boys were shown as eating food more frequently than any other group. Eating with one's peers was far more frequent than eating with the family, while a surprising number of children depicted in texts used in grades 1-3 consumed their food alone. The results of this study suggest that, because unintended information may influence childrens' nutritional habits, more attention should be paid to concomitant messages in elementary school textbooks.

A cross-sectional survey was carried out to evaluate the nutritional correlates of growth in 93 HIV-infected children in the early and middle stages of infection. Also, as zinc is important for growth and immune function, foods commonly eaten by these children were evaluated for zinc content. Foods with relatively high zinc were identified in Uganda, and these food items were legumes and cereals. A high prevalence of stunting and wasting was found in HIV-infected children. The study also found that the frequency of past week oil/fat and staples consumption was non-significantly correlated to weight-for-height at the early stage, while household size was negatively, but non-significantly, associated with WHZ in all HIV-infected children. Few caregivers reported feeding certain foods to HIV-infected children based on beliefs.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0038 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objective: To examine the factors that may influence the vitamin A and anthropometric status of 24-59-month-old children from an impoverished community with a very high prevalence of stunting, but virtually no vitamin A deficiency. Design: Cross sectional, descriptive study with analytical components. Setting: Calvinia West, Northern Cape Province, South Africa Subjects: Biological mothers (n=150) and their children aged 24-59 months (n=150) living in Calvinia West from 6 months of age or younger. Methods: A general interviewer-administered questionnaire comprising of socio-demographic information, a 24-hour recall and an adjusted food frequency questionnaire, focussing on liver intake, were used in the data collection process. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were also performed. Results: Results showed that liver consumption alone contributed to more than 100% of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A of the pre-school children in this community. Liver was eaten by 84.7% (n=127) of the children and 68% (n=102) of them ate liver at least once per month. The average portion size of the children who consumed liver was 66g at a time. The national food fortification programme contributed to a further 80 μg Retinol Equivalents (RE) and the national supplementation programme 122μg RE of vitamin A per day. There was a significant (p=0.028) inverse association between the amount of liver intake and household income. Liver intake was also significantly (p=0.016) higher in the children whose mothers were unskilled as opposed to those with skilled mothers. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards 36.9% (n=55) of the children were stunted (low height for age), 25.5% (n=38) were underweight for age and 12.1% (n=18) were wasted (low weight for height). The mean birth weight of the children (n=141) was 2826g (SD=592). Of these children, 27.7% (n=39) had a low birth weight (<2500g). There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.250; p=0.003) between the birth weight of the child and the child's current height for age. The height of the mother, as well as several indicators of socio-economic status, also correlated significantly with the height for age of the child. Conclusion: In this impoverished community the anthropometric status of the children was poor, but vitamin A deficiency was largely addressed through the regular intake of liver. Poor anthropometric status is therefore not always an indicator of micronutrient deficiencies and blanket supplementation approaches are not necessarily the solution in a country with diverse cultures and eating habits. Apart from the immediate risks and consequences of underweight, stunting and wasting in a community, stunting may also lead to overweight and obesity in the long term. This may result in diseases of lifestyle in later life, adding a further burden to an already weakened community. Appropriate evidence-based interventions aimed at the first thousand days of life should be a priority in this community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel: Om die faktore wat kan bydrae tot die vitamien A en die antropometriese status van kinders 24-59-maande in 'n arm gemeenskap met 'n baie hoë voorkoms van dwerggroei, maar byna geen vitamien A gebrek, te ondersoek. Ontwerp: Beskrywende, deursnit studie met analitiese komponente Omgewing: Calvinia Wes, Nood Kaap provinsie, Suid-Afrika Deelnemers: Biologiese moeders (n=150) en hul kinders in die ouderdomsgroep, 24-59-maande (n=150) woonagtig in Calvinia Wes sedert 6 maande van ouderdom of jonger. Metodes: 'n Vraelys bestaande uit sosio-demografiese inligting, 'n 24-uur herroep en 'n aangepaste voedsel frekwensie vraelys gefokus op die inname van lewer, was gebruik om data in te samel en voltooi deur die onderhoudvoerder. Antropometriese metings (gewig en lengte) was ook geneem. Resultate: Resultate het getoon dat lewer inname bygedra het tot meer as 100% van die geskatte gemiddelde behoefte van vitamien A vir die voorskoolse kind in hierdie gemeenskap. Lewer was deur 84.7% (n=127) van die kinders ingeneem en 68% (n=102) het dit ten minste een keer per maand geëet. Die gemiddelde porsie grootte van die kinders wat lewer ingeneem het, was 66g op 'n keer. Die nasionale voedsel fortifisering program het 'n verdere 80 μg Retinol Ekwivalente (RE) en die nasionale supplementasie program 122μg RE vitamin A per dag bygedra. Daar was 'n betekenisvolle (p=0.028) omgekeerde korrelasie tussen die die hoeveelheid lewer wat deur die kinders ingeneem is en die huishoudelike inkomste. Lewer inname was ook betekenisvol (p=0.016) meer in kinders wie se moeders ongeskool was teenoor die met geskoolde moeders. Volgens die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie se groeistandaarde het 36.9% (n=55) van die kinders dwerggroei getoon (te kort vir hul ouderdom), 25.5% (n=38) was ondergewig vir hul ouderdom en 12.1% (n=18) uitgeteer (ondergewig vir hul lengte). Die gemiddelde geboortegewig van die kinders (n=141) was 2826g (SA=592). Van hierdie kinders het 27.7% (n=39) 'n lae geboortegewig (<2500g) gehad. Daar was 'n betekenisvolle positiewe korrelasie (r=0.250; p=0.003) tussen die geboortegewig van die kind en die huidige lengte vir ouderdom. Die lengte van die moeder, sowel as ander sosio-ekonomiese status aanwysers het ook betekenisvol gekorreleer met die lengte vir ouderdom van die kind. Samevatting: In hierdie arm gemeenskap was die antropometriese status van die kinders swak, maar vitamien A gebrek was grootliks aangespreek deur die gereelde inname van lewer. 'n Swak antropometriese status is dus nie altyd 'n aanduiding van mikronutriënt tekorte nie en 'n oorkoepelende aanslag van supplementasie is nie noodwendig 'n oplossing in 'n land met diverse kultuur en eetgewoontes nie. Behalwe vir die onmiddelike gevare van ondergewig, dwerggroei en uittering in 'n gemeenskap, het kinders met dwerggroei 'n groter risiko om oorgewig en vetsugtig te word in die langtermyn. Dit kan lewensstyl siektes veroorsaak in latere lewe en 'n verdere las op 'n reeds verswakte gemeenskap plaas. Toepaslike intervensies, gemik op die eerste duisend dae van lewe, behoort 'n prioriteit te wees in hierdie gemeenskap.

This dissertation is about the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) in South Africa. This Programme was introduced by government in 1994 with the aim of alleviating poverty; unemployment and improving learning capacity of children. Specifically, it is intended to help poor children and to empower poverty-stricken communities, particularly in the rural areas across all the nine provinces. The focus of this study is on the investigation of effectiveness and efficient management of the Programme in the Eastern Cape Province, with specific reference to Mhlontlo District. Mhlontlo district is one of the predominantly rural areas in the province of the Eastern Cape, a remote area characterized by high levels of poverty and unemployment, and low levels of infrastructural developments. Surrounding Schools in the area are also affected by these problems. Learners at these schools are from poor families. It is for this reason that this scheme becomes important as it is most needed and, to effectively and efficiently realise its intended objectives, it must be properly managed. The main theme of the study revolves around effective and efficient service delivery that must be taken as the first priority in the management of NSNP. Factors that contribute to efficiency and effectiveness must be taken into consideration by all stakeholders and are outlined as follows: The aims in this study is to assess the effectiveness of management of the National School Nutrition Programme at Mhlontlo district in the eastern Cape, to identity shortcomings in the management of the Programme and to suggest possible remedies to improve the management of the Programme to effective service delivery. Against the background of the problem statement, the following questions were posited. How can the management of the National School Nutrition Programme with specific reference to Mhlontlo district be enhanced to ensure that its intended objectives are realized? What effect will improved management have on service delivery in the National School Nutrition Programme? And how will adherence to the Batho Pele Principles improve service delivery in schools with regard to the National School Nutrition Programme? The target population in this study was the learners, teachers and community of Schools around Mhlontlo District whose children are being catered for at school as respondents. Statistics of learners who are beneficiaries of this programme were obtained from surrounding Schools. The percentage of the response to the questions led to the results that services are not delivered as effectively as expected. The study concluded by recommendations of what national and provincial department of Education are required to do together with the school, service providers and the community in order to improve service delivery in schools that participate in the NSNP. Finally, the NSNP is for the deprived citizens of South Africa. The onus is on the community of Mhlontlo District, service providers, teachers and education authorities responsible for the NSNP to work together to make the programme effective for advancing the development of young people.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ag_dr_botfm_prot.pdf: 1292610 bytes, checksum: 023b1ade3c67039310cf3b6cd129631a (MD5) / A colestase crônica por ligadura e ressecção do ducto biliar em ratos jovens é freqüentemente utilizada como modelo experimental de atresia biliar. Na colestase ocorre má absorção de vitamina E com resultante estresse oxidativo. Objetivos: Sendo a vitamina E-TPGS hidromiscível, e portanto absorvível mesmo na colestase, testamos os seus efeitos sobre as conseqüências nutricionais, sobre as alterações do metabolismo lipídico e sobre a lesão hepática da colestase obstrutiva crônica no modelo experimental acima. Métodos: Quarenta ratos machos da raça Wister com 21 dias de vida (P21) foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 animais e submetidos a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) LA-ligadura e ressecção do ducto biliar comum e administração diária de água, por gavagem, num volume de 0,02ml por grama de peso do animal; 2) LELigadura e ressecção do ducto biliar comum e administração diária, por gavagem, de 25UI/kg num volume de 0,02ml de vitamina E-TPGS por grama de peso do animal de uma solução a 20% de vitamina E-TPGS; 3) SA-operação simulada e administração diária de água, por gavagem, num volume de 0,02ml por grama de peso do animal; 4) SE-operação simulada e administração diária, por gavagem, de 25Ul/kg num volume de 0,02ml de vitamina E-TPGS por grama de peso do animal de uma solução a 20% de vitamina E-TPGS. Durante o experimento foi determinado o ganho de peso, a quantidade de ração ingerida, o aproveitamento nutricional (P21 a P49) e balanço nitrogenado (P42 aoP49). No P48, foram submetidos ao teste do tempo de sono após pentobarbital. No P49, foram sacrificados e colhido sangue e órgãos para seguintes determinações: peso fresco, conteúdo de água e gordura da carcaça, fígado e baço, concentrações séricas de colesterol-T, triacilglicerol, LOL-colesterol, VLDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, albumina, globulinas totais, vitamina A e E, atividade sérica das aminotransferases (ALT e AST). / Chronic cholestasis by bile duct ligature and resection in young rats is a commonly used experimental model of biliary atresia. Vitamin E absorption is poor in cholestasis causing oxidative stress. Objectives: As Vitamin E-TPGS dissolves in water, and is therefore absorbable even in cholestasis, we tested its effects on nutritional outcome, Iipid metabolism alterations, and hepatic lesion from chronic obstructive cholestasis in the above mode!. Methods: Forty 21-day-old male Wistar rats (P21) were divided into four groups of 10 and submitted to the following treatments: 1) LA - ligature and common bile duct resection with daily administration of water by gavage (0.02ml/g animal weight); 2) LE- ligature and common bile duct resection with daily administration of 251U/Kg Vitamin E-TPGS in water by gavage (0.02mLlg wt of 20% Vitamin E-TPGS solution); 3) SA - sham operation and daily administration of water by gavage (0.02ml/g wt); and 4) SE - sham operation and daily administration of 251U/Kg Vitamin E-TPGS in water by gavage (0.02ml/g wt of 20% Vitamin E-TPGS solution). During the experiment we measured weight gain, ingested food, diet utilization (P21 to P49), and nitrogen balance (P42 to P49). On P48, pentobarbital sleeping time was measured. On P49, eutanasia was carried out and blood and organs were collected to determine: body,liver, and spleen fresh weight, and water and fat content, serum levels of total cholesterol, triacylg Iycerols, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL -cholesterol, HOL-cholesterol, albumin, total globulins, Vitamin A & E, and ALT & AST activity. Also liver histological sections were analyzed for fibrosis intensity, duct proliferation, necrosis, steatosis, hydropic degeneration, inflammation, and mitosis frequency. The effects of cholestasis, Vitamin E-TPGS, and their interactions were tested by ANOVA with two factors, and multiple paired comparisons... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Cláudio Antônio Rabello Coelho / Banca: Cilmery S. Kurokwa / Banca: Rosangela Maria Barone / Banca: Ana Paula R. Battochio / Banca: Maria Ângela / Resumo: A colestase crônica por ligadura e ressecção do ducto biliar em ratos jovens é freqüentemente utilizada como modelo experimental de atresia biliar. Na colestase ocorre má absorção de vitamina E com resultante estresse oxidativo. Objetivos: Sendo a vitamina E-TPGS hidromiscível, e portanto absorvível mesmo na colestase, testamos os seus efeitos sobre as conseqüências nutricionais, sobre as alterações do metabolismo lipídico e sobre a lesão hepática da colestase obstrutiva crônica no modelo experimental acima. Métodos: Quarenta ratos machos da raça Wister com 21 dias de vida (P21) foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 animais e submetidos a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) LA-ligadura e ressecção do ducto biliar comum e administração diária de água, por gavagem, num volume de 0,02ml por grama de peso do animal; 2) LELigadura e ressecção do ducto biliar comum e administração diária, por gavagem, de 25UI/kg num volume de 0,02ml de vitamina E-TPGS por grama de peso do animal de uma solução a 20% de vitamina E-TPGS; 3) SA-operação simulada e administração diária de água, por gavagem, num volume de 0,02ml por grama de peso do animal; 4) SE-operação simulada e administração diária, por gavagem, de 25Ul/kg num volume de 0,02ml de vitamina E-TPGS por grama de peso do animal de uma solução a 20% de vitamina E-TPGS. Durante o experimento foi determinado o ganho de peso, a quantidade de ração ingerida, o aproveitamento nutricional (P21 a P49) e balanço nitrogenado (P42 aoP49). No P48, foram submetidos ao teste do tempo de sono após pentobarbital. No P49, foram sacrificados e colhido sangue e órgãos para seguintes determinações: peso fresco, conteúdo de água e gordura da carcaça, fígado e baço, concentrações séricas de colesterol-T, triacilglicerol, LOL-colesterol, VLDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, albumina, globulinas totais, vitamina A e E, atividade sérica das aminotransferases (ALT e AST). / Abstract: Chronic cholestasis by bile duct ligature and resection in young rats is a commonly used experimental model of biliary atresia. Vitamin E absorption is poor in cholestasis causing oxidative stress. Objectives: As Vitamin E-TPGS dissolves in water, and is therefore absorbable even in cholestasis, we tested its effects on nutritional outcome, Iipid metabolism alterations, and hepatic lesion from chronic obstructive cholestasis in the above mode!. Methods: Forty 21-day-old male Wistar rats (P21) were divided into four groups of 10 and submitted to the following treatments: 1) LA - ligature and common bile duct resection with daily administration of water by gavage (0.02ml/g animal weight); 2) LE- ligature and common bile duct resection with daily administration of 251U/Kg Vitamin E-TPGS in water by gavage (0.02mLlg wt of 20% Vitamin E-TPGS solution); 3) SA - sham operation and daily administration of water by gavage (0.02ml/g wt); and 4) SE - sham operation and daily administration of 251U/Kg Vitamin E-TPGS in water by gavage (0.02ml/g wt of 20% Vitamin E-TPGS solution). During the experiment we measured weight gain, ingested food, diet utilization (P21 to P49), and nitrogen balance (P42 to P49). On P48, pentobarbital sleeping time was measured. On P49, eutanasia was carried out and blood and organs were collected to determine: body,liver, and spleen fresh weight, and water and fat content, serum levels of total cholesterol, triacylg Iycerols, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL -cholesterol, HOL-cholesterol, albumin, total globulins, Vitamin A & E, and ALT & AST activity. Also liver histological sections were analyzed for fibrosis intensity, duct proliferation, necrosis, steatosis, hydropic degeneration, inflammation, and mitosis frequency. The effects of cholestasis, Vitamin E-TPGS, and their interactions were tested by ANOVA with two factors, and multiple paired comparisons... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

As sociedades mundiais passam por mudanças substanciais que repercutem nas áreas da segurança alimentar e das políticas públicas sociais. Apesar de terem ocorrido significativas conquistas econômicas e sociais nos últimos anos, no Peru ainda existe dificuldade para oferecer segurança alimentar a toda sua população e isto se reflete na alta prevalência de subnutrição infantil concentrada principalmente nos espaços rurais, onde até o primeiro semestre de 2010, 30,9% das crianças são subnutridas. Esta situação representa uma ameaça para a sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento do Peru, devido aos efeitos irreversíveis da subnutrição na capacidade intelectual e física do indivíduo. Sendo a pobreza uma das principais causas da subnutrição, os programas de transferência condicionada de renda têm um grande potencial em favorecer a segurança alimentar dos beneficiados. Neste contexto o presente estudo tem como objetivo mostrar os reflexos na segurança alimentar dos beneficiados do programa de transferência condicionada de renda JUNTOS, na comunidade indígena de Pilpichaca, uma das comunidades mais pobres e com maior prevalência de crianças subnutridas do Peru. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e quantitativo em uma amostra de 90 famílias. A escolha das famílias beneficiadas foi feita aleatoriamente em uma relação de todas as famílias beneficiadas com crianças menores de cinco anos. O levantamento dos dados foi feito através de questionário fechado apresentado as mães. Pretendia-se conhecer: a forma de acesso aos alimentos, à água e esgoto, acesso aos programas públicos de suplementação e complementação alimentar, uso da transferência de renda, mudança no consumo de alimentos, o estado nutricional nas crianças menores de cinco anos, a relação entre as variáveis: estado nutricional e o tempo de exposição ao programa JUNTOS; e a avaliação do Programa JUNTOS pelas mães beneficiadas. Os resultados mostram que aumentou o consumo de alimentos de alto valor nutritivo e o gasto com alimentos também é favorecido. Os resultados da regressão linear apontam que há uma relação proporcional entre o estado nutricional e o tempo de exposição ao programa JUNTOS, mas esta não é estatisticamente significativa. A transferência de renda representa 51.2% da renda familiar e as mães avaliaram o programa JUNTOS como uma boa política pública. / In Peru, although significant economic and social achievements have occurred in recent years, there is still a difficulty in providing food to entire population. This is reflected in a high prevalence of child malnutrition, mainly concentrated in rural areas, where, in the first half of 2010, even 30.9% of children is malnourished. This situation represents a threat to sustainable development of Peru, the irreversible effects of malnutrition on physical and intellectual capacity of the individual. With poverty being a major cause of malnutrition, the programs of conditional cash transfer have great potential to promote food security of beneficients. In this context, this study aims to show the effects of food security of the beneficients of the program of conditional cash transfer: JUNTOS, in the indigenous community of Pilpichaca, one of the poorest communities and with the highest percentage of malnourished children in Peru a descriptive and quantitative analysis on a sample of 50 families was made. The choice of beneficiary households was made randomly from a list of all beneficiary families with children under 5 years. The survey was made through different closed questionnaires presented to the mothers. The aim was to know: how to access food, water and sanitation, as well as public programs to food complement and supplementation, use of income transfer, change in food consumption, nutritional status among children under five years, the relationship between variables: nutritional status and exposure time to the program JUNTOS and program JUNTOS evaluation by mothers benefited. The results show that increased intake of foods of high nutritive value, spending on food is in plus, but can not show a significant relationship, between nutritional status and exposure time to the program JUNTOS. The transfer of income represents 51.2% of a total family income. The mothers generally rated JUNTOS as a good public policy.

The Department of Basic Education classifies the NSNP as one of the critical omponents of the government's Programme of Action, which was specifically assigned the responsibility of addressing learners' ability to learn by providing them with nutritious meals. The success of the programme may therefore contribute towards the country's realisation of the Millennium Development Goals which include the reduction of mortality and the eradication of extreme hunger and poverty by 2015 as well as achieving universal primary education. The aim of the National School Nutrition Programme seeks to promote sustainable food production initiatives in all School Nutrition Schools in order to develop skills. It also aims to enhance learning capacity of a learner through feeding and to promote nutrition education in order to improve healthy eating and lifestyles amongst communities. This study seeks to assess the current status in administering the NSNP in selected schools in Peddie, Eastern Cape. Due to the extensive nature of the geographical area of Peddie, this study focused exclusively on 25 schools. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative approach was employed through a questionnaire constructed to obtain the perceptions of the sample group. The responses from the statements in the questionnaire were analysed by a Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University registered statistician. In the last chapter a number of recommendations are stated to aid in improving the current administering status of the National School Nutrition Programme.

Health and education are two important aspects of human capital and form the basis of an individual’s economic productivity in any country. In South Africa, hunger and malnutrition continue to hamper the health, quality of life and survival of school going children such that some children drop- out of school due to these socio-economic problems (Tomlinson,2007:2). The introduction of previous School Feeding Schemes to address the question of hunger and poverty within schools was mostly left in the 1980’s and 1990’s to charitable and Non-Governmental Organizations such as Operation Hunger and ITHUBA (Swartz, 2009:38). According to Perlman (1993:14) South Africa’s track record of child deaths was more than double that of any other country of similar income levels worldwide, due to the apartheid government deserting its responsibility of feeding the nation. The White Paper for the Transformation of Health System (1997: 125) had also stated that improving nutrition within the rural schools is an imperative and a sound economic investment which is politically rewarding. Nelson Mandela (1996:8) once said “Our children are our nation’s future. Prospects for development are seriously undermined by the kind of large scale deprivation of children that South Africa has experienced. On the other hand investing in their health, nutrition and education not only improves our children’s quality of life – the gains reverberate into the future generations. ” From April 1994, through the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) the Government of National Unity under the leadership of Dr. Nelson Mandela identified the area of school feeding as a policy prime concern in redressing the imbalances and inequities of the past governments. Another initiative to redress the inequities of the past, was through the programme of Poverty Reduction which manifested itself in lack of income, lack of education and skills, lack of access to services and amenities and lack of ownership of land and housing (Public Service Commission, 2007.