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Middle childhood experience of economic instability within the family systemVan Rensburg, Lene Janse 11 1900 (has links)
This research aimed to reflect upon the experiences of children in middle childhood regarding economically unstable circumstances within the family system. The theoretical underpinnings of this study were the ecological systems theory as proposed by Bronfenbrenner, the family systems theory as well as the field theory within the gestalt paradigm. Exploratory, qualitative research design with instrumental case studies was used during this research and data collection was conducted by means of semi-structured interviews with randomly sampled participants and their parents. The researcher interviewed 16 individual children, consisting of seven male and nine female participants. The focus group consisted of seven parents, consisting of two male and five female participants.
The researcher arrived at a conclusion that children are indeed influenced by the world wide economic turmoil. The researcher found that children experience the impact of economic instability in various contexts within their field of existence. They experience the effects of economic instability within the household as changes to daily luxuries are visible, conflict between parents increase and they experience an escalation in peer pressure to keep up with the financial expectations of their peers. The researcher is therefore of the opinion that the extent to which the economic unstable circumstances influence and affect children can easily be overlooked. In the absence of voicing the experiences of children, they cannot be fully understood and the researcher recommends that significant role players, such as parents and teachers should be assisted and guided to understand and support their children in a changing world. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)
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Middle childhood experience of economic instability within the family systemVan Rensburg, Lene Janse 11 1900 (has links)
This research aimed to reflect upon the experiences of children in middle childhood regarding economically unstable circumstances within the family system. The theoretical underpinnings of this study were the ecological systems theory as proposed by Bronfenbrenner, the family systems theory as well as the field theory within the gestalt paradigm. Exploratory, qualitative research design with instrumental case studies was used during this research and data collection was conducted by means of semi-structured interviews with randomly sampled participants and their parents. The researcher interviewed 16 individual children, consisting of seven male and nine female participants. The focus group consisted of seven parents, consisting of two male and five female participants.
The researcher arrived at a conclusion that children are indeed influenced by the world wide economic turmoil. The researcher found that children experience the impact of economic instability in various contexts within their field of existence. They experience the effects of economic instability within the household as changes to daily luxuries are visible, conflict between parents increase and they experience an escalation in peer pressure to keep up with the financial expectations of their peers. The researcher is therefore of the opinion that the extent to which the economic unstable circumstances influence and affect children can easily be overlooked. In the absence of voicing the experiences of children, they cannot be fully understood and the researcher recommends that significant role players, such as parents and teachers should be assisted and guided to understand and support their children in a changing world. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)
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Identification of a dominant defence mechanism for children in their middle childhood in dealing with fearLord, Jodi Ann 02 1900 (has links)
Although fear is an integral part of normal human functioning, it is important to obtain knowledge of children’s normative fear and defence mechanism in order for parents and caregivers to understand and contribute towards mediating potentially stressful experiences of children in their care.
This combined qualitative and quantitative study aimed to identify a dominant defence mechanism for children in their middle childhood in dealing with fear. In order to reach the aim of this study a conceptual framework was done exploring terms central to this study including: development in middle childhood, fear, coping mechanisms and defence mechanisms. Miller and Dollard’s learning theory as a theoretical perspective was applied to the study. Interviews were conducted with eleven children in the southern suburbs of Cape Town. The data was analyzed and several findings were identified and explored. Implications, limitations as well as suggestions are part of the concluding chapter of the report. / Sociology / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)
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Identification of a dominant defence mechanism for children in their middle childhood in dealing with fearLord, Jodi Ann 02 1900 (has links)
Although fear is an integral part of normal human functioning, it is important to obtain knowledge of children’s normative fear and defence mechanism in order for parents and caregivers to understand and contribute towards mediating potentially stressful experiences of children in their care.
This combined qualitative and quantitative study aimed to identify a dominant defence mechanism for children in their middle childhood in dealing with fear. In order to reach the aim of this study a conceptual framework was done exploring terms central to this study including: development in middle childhood, fear, coping mechanisms and defence mechanisms. Miller and Dollard’s learning theory as a theoretical perspective was applied to the study. Interviews were conducted with eleven children in the southern suburbs of Cape Town. The data was analyzed and several findings were identified and explored. Implications, limitations as well as suggestions are part of the concluding chapter of the report. / Sociology / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)
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Nutritional factors associated with oral lesions in HIV disease and TB infectionPhooko, Puleng M. (Puleng Mpopi) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Mnutr)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Problem Definition: In the context of HIV/AIDS malnutrition is almost universal among
children, and of the adverse effects of Protein Energy Malnutrition, the most frequent seems to be
the occurrence of opportunistic infections with micro-organisms such as oral Candida.
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional status of children with oral
complications in relation to HIV/AIDS as well as the effects of the oral lesions on nutritional
status.
Subjects/setting: The subjects of study were 24 children co-infected with TB and HIV who were
admitted consecutively to the paediatric ward of Brooklyn Chest Hospital in Cape Town, South
Africa. The nutritional status of the children was assessed over a maximum period of six months
by nutrient intake, anthropometric status, and by biochemical parameters and clinical and oral
examination on admission and at discharge from hospital.
Results: Children with HIVand TB infection presenting with or without oral lesions were
similarly malnourished throughout the period of hospitalization. There was no improvement in the
nutritional status as indicated by height and weight measurements. Throughout the time of
hospitalization, 7% of the children had a combination of stunting, underweight and wasting.
Average nutrient intake was not found to be higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance
(RDA) in any of the children. At the time of admission to hospital and at discharge, carbohydrate
intake provided most of the daily energy (36% and 42%, the difference not being statistically
significant). There was a significant increase in the intake of energy (p=O.04) and a decrease in
total fat intake (p=O.03) at discharge. Although not significant, mean protein intake at admission
was higher than at time of discharge.
Selected sub-optimal biochemical values were prevalent among the children studied, with 45%
and 41% showing low serum albumin values «2.9g/dL) at the time of admission and at discharge
respectively. Both on admission and at discharge, 38% of the children had Haemoglobin levels
below normal values. Serum ferritin levels below normal values were present in almost all the
children and the trend was similar for the prevalence of low zinc values. Sub-normal plasma
retinol was present in 79% of the children at time of admission, while only 21% had deficient values at time of discharge (p=O.03). On admission, 29% of the children had vitamin evalues
below the normal range whereas at time of discharge 17% of the children had values below
normal (p=O.04).
A total of 29% children presented with oral complications on admission. These included oral
herpes, oral thrush, reflux, bleeding gums and stomatitis/angular cheilosis. Two children were
asymptomatically colonized with Candida of the oral cavity. Mean total protein intake was higher
(p=O.057) among the children who were not diagnosed with oral complications.
Conclusions: This study confirmed that malnutrition is not only a common and serious problem
associated with HIVand AIDS, but also that nutritional problems cannot be dealt with in isolation
where Opportunistic Infections are present. The severity of malnutrition depends on various
factors including oral complications. Additionally, appropriate management and treatment of
tuberculosis did not appear to affect the nutritional status significantly.
Recommendations: On the basis of these findings, and because of the increased risk of growth
failure and developmental delays, children should be referred for full nutritional evaluation as
soon as possible after diagnosis of HIV -infection. In addition, there is a need for intervention
programmes to identify the immediate underlying causes of malnutrition and the ways in which
such causes interact, in order to ensure that such interventions increase the resistance of HIV
infected infants and children to the disease. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Probleemdefiniëring: Binne die konteks van MIVNIGS is wanvoeding bykans universeelonder
kinders en van die nadelige effekte van proteïen energie wanvoeding is die voorkoms van
opportunistiese infeksies (Ol) met mikro-organismes soos orale candida die algemeenste.
Doelwit: Die doel van dié studie was om die voedingstatus van kinders met orale komplikasies in
verhouding tot MIVNIGS en die effek van orale letsels op voedingstatus, te bepaal.
Proefpersone/omgewing: 'n Groep van 24 kinders, met beide tuberkulose en MIVNIGSinfeksie,
wat agtereenvolgend in die kindersaal van Brooklyn Bors-Hospitaal in Kaapstad, Suid-
Afrika opgeneem is, is bestudeer. Vir 'n periode van ses maande is die kinders se voedingstatus
geassesseer deur middel van voedingstofinname, antropometriese status en biochemiese
parameters met opname in en ontslag uit die hospitaal. Kliniese en orale ondersoeke was op elke
kind uitgevoer met opname sowel as ontslag.
Resultate: Kindres met HIV en tuberkulose, met of sonder orale letsels, het soortgelyke
wanvoeding tydens hospitalisering ervaar het. Volgens antropometriese metings was daar geen
verbetering in die voedingstatus nie. 'n Kombinasie van belemmerde groei, ondergewig en
uittering het in 7% van die kinders tydens hospitalisering voorgekom.
Nie een van die gemiddeldes van die voedingstowwe was hoër as die Aanbevole daaglikse
toelatings (ADT) in enige van die kinders wat bestudeer is nie. Met opname sowel as ontslag, was
koolhidraatinname die grootste energieverskaffer met onderskeidelik 36% en 42% (alhoewel die
verskil nie statisties beduidend was nie). Daar was 'n beduidende toename in energie-inname
(p=O.04) en 'n afname in totale vetinname (p=O.03) met ontslag. Alhoewel nie beduidend nie, was
die gemiddelde proteïeninname hoër met ontslag.
Die voorkoms van geselekteerde sub-optimale biochemiese waardes met toelating en ontslag wys
dat onderskeidelik 45% en 41% van die kinders lae serum albumienwaardes «2.9g/dL) getoon
het. Subnormale plasma retinol het in 79% van die kinders met toelating voorgekom, terwyl slegs 21% gebrekkige waardes (p=O.03) met ontslag getoon het. Tydens opname, sowel as met ontslag,
was 38% van die kinders se hemoglobienvlakke laer as die normale. Serum ferritienvlakke was
amper by al die kinders laer as die normale vlakke te bespeur, met sinkvlakke wat op soortgelyke
lae vlakke voorkom. Met toelating was 29% van die kinders se Vitamien C-waardes laer as
normaal en met ontslag was sowat 17% se waardes steeds laer as die normaal (p=O.04).
Met toelating het 29% van die kinders orale komplikasies getoon. Ingeslote hierby was orale
herpes, orale sproei, refluks, bloeiende tandvleise en stomatis/ angulêre cheilose. Slegs twee
kinders was asimptomaties met orale Candida van die mondholte gediagnoseer. Die gemiddelde
proteïeninname was hoër (p=O.057) onder die kindres wat nie orale komplikasies getoon het nie.
Gevolgtrekking: Hierdie studie bevestig dat wanvoeding me net 'n algemene en ernstige
probleem is wat met MIV en VIGS geassosieer word nie, maar ook in die teenwoordigheid van
opportunistiese infeksies, die voedingsprobleem nie in isolasie gehanteer kan word nie. Die graad
van wanvoeding hang af van ander faktore, insluitende orale komplikasies. Voldoende
behandeling van TB het ook nie 'n beduidende effek op voedingstatus gehad nie.
Aanbevelings: Op hierdie bevindings gebaseer, en as gevolg van die verhoogde risiko VIr
belemmerde groei en vertraagde ontwikkeling wat al die liggaamstelsels van MIV -positiewe
kinders affekteer, moet kinders so gou as moontlik nadat die MIV-infeksie gediagnoseer is, vir
volle voedingsevaluasies verwys word. Daarmee gepaardgaande is daar 'n behoefte aan
programme wat die onmiddellike onderliggende oorsake van wanvoeding identifiseer, asook om
interaksie van hierdie oorsake met HIV vas te stel, ten einde intervensies wat weerstand van HIVkinders
en-babas verbeter, positieftoe te pas.
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An evaluation of knowledge and current trends of omega-3 (n-3) supplementation in parents of children at public primary schools in the City of Cape TownPentz-Kluyts, Megan 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Omega-3 fatty acids and supplementation is very topical, attracting
both public and interest from the industry. Findings from various research studies led
a number of authorities to encourage the general population to consume more
omega-3. This is the first study of its kind to be conducted in this population.
Objective: To determine the current knowledge and trends of omega-3 (n-3)
supplementation in parents of children at public primary schools in the City of Cape
Town.
Design: An observational and analytical and descriptive and cross-sectional study
was performed.
Methods: Purposive sampling was used to select a minimum of 150 parents from
the six (6) randomly selected public primary schools. The schools were then divided
into three different living standard measure (LSM) groups. The research
questionnaire was made available at the Parent Teachers meetings where all
parents had the option to complete the questionnaire anonymously at the meeting.
Results: Six hundred and fifty seven (n=657) parents, mostly mothers, with a mean
age of 37 years, completed and returned the questionnaires. The mean monthly
income (p=0.00, SD=2.63) and the education level (p=0.00, SD=1.37) differed
significantly between each of the three LSM groups. Prior to the study, 80.1% of
parents (n=526) had heard of omega-3 supplements and overall knowledge of
omega-3 was significantly better in this group (p=0.00) when compared to the group
that had not heard of omega-3 previously. The overall mean omega-3 knowledge
score for the three LSM groups (n=657) was 71%. The high and low LSM groups
differed significantly in terms of omega-3 knowledge (p=0.02), but not statistically
significantly once adjusted for income and education level (p=0.75). The main
sources of information, where all parents (n=526) indicated having heard of omega-3
supplements, was from television (n = 230, 35%), books (n= 220, 33.5%) and the
health worker (n=199, 30.3%).
A total of 38.5% (n=253) of parents indicated that they gave their children omega-3
supplements. The overall omega-3 knowledge was significantly better (p=0.00) in
parents who gave their children omega-3 supplements than the group that did not
give supplements to their children. Income and the education level differed between
all three LSM groups for those giving their children omega-3 supplements, but these variables did not influence the choice to give omega-3 supplements. Doctors (n=58,
22.9%) and the parents’ own decision (n=60, 23.7%) to supplement were the most
favoured sources of recommendation indicated overall. Most parents indicated that
the omega-3 supplement they administered was from a marine source (n=105,
41.5%). Only 35.2% (n=89) of parents giving omega-3 supplements indicated they
knew the dose they were administering. Most of the children (n=90) were taking 500
mg omega-3 supplements daily.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Statistically significant differences existed
between the three LSM groups regarding various aspects of omega-3 knowledge
and the sources from which parents had been informed and those who gave their
children omega-3 supplements. Recommendations include education and public
health programs supplying information to parents on omega-3 supplementation, as
well as on omega-3 in the children’s diets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Omega-3 vetsure en supplementasie is ‘n baie aktuele onderwerp, wat
beide die belangstelling van die publiek en industrie betrek. Bevindinge van verskeie
navorsingstudies het daartoe gelei dat verskeie instansies die algemene publiek
aanmoedig om meer omega-3 in te neem. Dit is die eerste studie van sy soort wat in
dié populasie groep gedoen is.
Doelwit: Om die huidige kennis en tendensies/neigings in omega-3(n-3)
supplementasie in ouers van kinders by publieke laerskole in die stad Kaapstad te
bepaal.
Ontwerp:’n Waarnemende- en en analitiese en beskrywende- dwarsdeursnitstudie
is gedoen.
Metode: Daar is gebruik gemaak van ‘n doelgerigte steekproefneming om ‘n
minimum van 150 ouers uit ses (6) ewekansig geseleteerde publieke laerskole van
uit te kies. Die skole is in drie verskillende lewenstandaardgroepe (LSM) verdeel. Die
navorsingsvraelys is by ‘n Ouer-Onderwyservergadering beskikbaar gestel en alle
ouers het ‘n geleentheid gehad om die vraelys anoniem by die vergadering te
voltooi.
Resultate: Seshonderd sewe-en-vyftig (n=657) ouers, meestel moeders, met ‘n
gemiddelde ouderdom van 37 jaar, het die vraelyste voltooi en teruggegee. Die
gemiddelde maandlikse inkomste (p=0.00, SD=2.63) en vlak van opvoeding (p=0.00,
SD=1.37) het noemensvaardig tussen elk van die drie LSM groepe verskil. Voor die
studie het 80.1% van die ouers (n=526) al van omega-3 supplemente gehoor en die
algehele kennis van die groep was beduidend beter (p=0.00) as die groep wat
voorheen nie van omega-3 gehoor het nie. Die gemiddelde algehele omega-3
kennistelling vir die drie LSM groepe was 71%. Die hoë en lae LSM groepe het
beduidend ten opsigte van omega-3 kennis (p=0.02) verskil, maar nie statisties-
beduidend wanneer dit vir inkomste en opvoedingsvlak (p=0.75) aangepas is nie.
Die hoofbronne van inligting waar al die ouers (n=526) wat aangedui het dat hulle
van omega-3 supplementasie gehoor het, was deur televisie (n=230, 35%), boeke
(n=220, 33.5%) en die gesondheidswerker (n=199, 30.3%). ‘n Totaal van 38.5%
(n=253) ouers het aangedui dat hulle hul kinders omega-3 supplemente gee. Die
algehele omega-3 kennis van ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente gee
was statisties beduidend beter (p=0.00) in vergelyking met die groep wat nie supplemente vir hulle kinders gee nie. Die inkomste en opvoedingsvlak het verskil
tussen all drie LSM groepe wat hulle kinders omega-3 supplementasie gegee het,
maar hierdie veranderlikes het nie die keuse om omega-3 supplemente te gee
beïnvloed nie. Mediese dokters (n=58, 22.9%) en die ouer se eie besluit (n=60
23.7%) om te supplementeer, was die gunsteling bronne van aanbeveling in die
algemeen. Die meeste ouers het aangedui dat die omega-3 supplement wat hulle
gegee het van ‘n visbron afkomstig (n=105, 41.5%) is. Net 35.2% (n=89) van die
ouers wat omega-3 supplemente gee het aangedui dat hulle die dosis kenwat hulle
gee. Meeste van die kinders (n=90) het 500mg omega-3 supplemente daagliks
gekry.
Gevolgtrekking en aanbevelings: Statistiese beduidende verskille is tussen die
drie LSM groepe ten opsigte van verskeie aspekte van omega-3 kennis en bronne
waaruit ouers ingelig is, sowel as die ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente
gegee het, gevind. Aanbevelings sluit opvoeding en publieke
gesondheidsprogramme in, wat inligting aan ouers sal verskaf oor omega-3
supplementasie sowel as omega-3 in die kinders se diëte.
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Health of street children in Cape Town, May-November 1989Gebers, Paul Eric January 1990 (has links)
This cross-sectional study looks at the health profiles of street children both in institutions and on the street between May and November 1989. The former group had a clinical examination, with blood and urine investigations done where possible; the latter group were only interviewed. 159 street children were interviewed of whom 47 were interviewed on the street. 73 children had clinical examinations; 64 of these had blood and urine investigations. The age range was 8 years to 19.8 years. 18.2% were females and 28.3% were black. 59,6% of those interviewed on the street had not been in an institution or shelter for street children. 27, 2% of the total group had been on the street for more 3 years. 3 7, 1 % perceived colds and chest complaints as their main physical health problem. This was confirmed by the fact that 69,2% had a history of respiratory problems. 44,7% said that they would go to a hospital if they injured themselves or were ill; however, 36,5% said they would not use or get any medication for problems such as a headache or a bad cold. 37·, 7% of children used a hospital while they were on street but 59, 7% had not used any facility while on the street. Most street children (72,8%) washed themselves at least occasionally and 61% washed their clothes. 47,2% had suffered trauma significant enough to seek hospital attention. 56% had skin problems (including lice and scabies) while on the street. 15,7% complained of visual problems and 10,7% complained of reduced hearing. Dental problems appeared to be of major concern with 37,7% complaining of either toothache or dental caries (23,3% had obvious caries on examination). 73,4% admitted to solvent abuse, 49,9% had never taken alcohol and 12,7% had never smoked. 43% had tried dagga, 10,8% white pipe (mixture of dagga and "Mandrax" which is smoked) and only 7,6% "Mandrax" alone. 10, 9% of boys and 10, 0% of girls indicated that they had been sexually exploited. Of the 67 examined 32,8% were below 90% of expected height for age, 44,8% were below 80% of expected weight for age and 8,6% had a circumference of head below 95% of standard. There is a 9,4% Hepatitis Bs ag carrier rate. No HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) antibodies were detected in 64 sera tested. On the basis of these results, the following are recommended: 1) Improving accessibility of health care resources. 2) Improving the availability of health care resources. 3)· Initiating contacts with street children by employing field health workers. 4) Drawing up a health care policy for street children institutions and field care workers. 5) Limit venereal disease management to single dose treatment where possible. 6) Further studies need to be undertaken in the following areas: - solvent abuse - utilisation of health care resources utilisation institutions of street children shelters and Further breakdown of habits, physical problems and results of examinations are presented.
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Strategies to address auditory perceptual deficits in a school of skills in the northern suburbs of Cape TownJacobs, Jacqueline Rose 04 1900 (has links)
The aim of this action research was to investigate how auditory perceptual deficits affect reading in learners with disabilities. The sub-questions were: What auditory perceptual deficits learners’ experience? How do educators assist learners with auditory perceptual deficits? What instructional strategies and classroom management can educators apply to assist learners with auditory perceptual skills? The data collections comprised of an informal oral assessment, observation and anecdotal notes with fifteen participants with barriers to learning, from the English first year class, within a special needs educational setting. Data analysis and validity were supported by triangulation through informal assessment, observation, my critical friend and my own critical reflection. The support of phonologic, memory, and cohesion skills, auditory skills were the reading educational construct and strategies used as intervention in order to identify the efficacy of said interventions. Both bottom-up and top-down support strategies were used in relation to the participants’ individualised educational needs. The research results and discussion included methods to improve reading and listening skills in the classroom environment. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)
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Identifisering van komponente in 'n ondersteuningsprogram vir ouers van kinders met spesiale onderwysbehoeftesStopforth, Charlotte 30 June 2009 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / The aim of this study was to identify and describe the components of a parent
support program for the parent of children with mental retardation in the ELSENunits
of Parow Preparatory School. This study is the first step in compiling a
parent support program for full service schools, since it can be utilise in the
establishment of such a program. This study does not address composition of
such a parent support program. A qualitative approach was used. Empirical
data was gathered through the use of focus groups consisting of 28 parents of
children in the ELSEN-unit of Parow Preparatory school. An interview scedule
consisting of semi-structured questions were used during the focus groups.
Themes were identified and dealt with in accordance with relevant existing
literature and literature control. Conclusions and recommendations were
made in connection with the components of a parent support program for the
parent of children in the ELSEN-units of Parow Preparatory School . / Social Work / M.Ed. (Kurrikulumstudies)
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Identifisering van komponente in 'n ondersteuningsprogram vir ouers van kinders met spesiale onderwysbehoeftesStopforth, Charlotte 30 June 2009 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / The aim of this study was to identify and describe the components of a parent
support program for the parent of children with mental retardation in the ELSENunits
of Parow Preparatory School. This study is the first step in compiling a
parent support program for full service schools, since it can be utilise in the
establishment of such a program. This study does not address composition of
such a parent support program. A qualitative approach was used. Empirical
data was gathered through the use of focus groups consisting of 28 parents of
children in the ELSEN-unit of Parow Preparatory school. An interview scedule
consisting of semi-structured questions were used during the focus groups.
Themes were identified and dealt with in accordance with relevant existing
literature and literature control. Conclusions and recommendations were
made in connection with the components of a parent support program for the
parent of children in the ELSEN-units of Parow Preparatory School . / Social Work / M.Ed. (Kurrikulumstudies)
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