This study examined the BMI, dietary habits, body perception, physical activity patterns, and nutrition knowledge and opinions of 599 fourth grade public school students in Wells County, Indiana, in 2003-04 and 2005-06. Participants completed the School Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) survey and had their height and weight measured. Almost half (49.9%) of the participants were at risk for or were overweight. More than one-quarter (29.1 %; n=91) normal weight students perceived they did not weigh enough. At risk for overweight children were more likely to participate in exercise that did not raise their heart rate than normal weight children. Normal weight children participated in more cardiovascular-raising activity than overweight children did. Students engaged in significantly more cardiovascular exercise in 2005-06 than in 2003-04. Students "usually" spent 3.4 ± 2.0 hours per day in screen time. Interventions that encourage healthy eating and physical activity would benefit students in this community. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

This study explored school nurses knowledge of the diagnostic criteria and secondary conditions related to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), their involvement in the identification and treatment of ASD, their knowledge of medication used to treat ASD, and their overall medication management of children with ASD. Participants included 100 school nurses, representing 18 states, who completed a survey on ASD. The response rate was 16.45%. The majority of school nurses were aware Autism and Asperger’s Disorder should fall under the classification of ASD within the school setting. They were less sure on whether PDD-NOS should be included as an ASD. A high percentage indicated they received training in the area of ASD from self-study rather than from formal coursework or supervised clinical experiences. Results found limited involvement of school nurses during the assessment and evaluation process. However, there was more involvement after children had been classified with an ASD, which was primarily limited to the administration of medication and medical treatments. School nurses reported being qualified to administer medication to children with ASD. They also reported being knowledgeable regarding the potential side effects of the medication they administered. The most common medication administered to children with ASD was stimulants. One anti-psychotic medication, Risperdal, appears to be administered fairly frequently by school nurses to children with ASD. Eighty percent surveyed did not report making any medication errors. The majority of school nurses were responsible for supervision of un-licensed personnel in the administration of medication. Besides nurses, secretaries/administrative assistants were the most common school employees administering medication within schools. / Department of Special Education

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-29). / viii, 29 leaves, bound col. ill. 29 cm

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Orientador: Armando Castello Branco Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T07:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malta_RobertoCarlosGrassi_M.pdf: 809713 bytes, checksum: 5ca01fb49fc6059bdc101c2487e6758c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: As infecções parasitárias se constituem em um dos principais problemas de saúde pública, apresentando-se de forma endêmica em diversas áreas do Brasil. Podem apresentar estreita relação com fatores sócio-demográficos e ambientais, tais como: precárias condições sócio-econômicas, consumo de água contaminada, estado nutricional dos indivíduos e outros, sendo freqüentemente a população infantil a mais atingida. Com o objetivo de investigar a prevalência de parasitas intestinais em crianças de idade pré-escolar e os fatores chaves envolvidos na epidemiologia de enteroparasitoses, foi realizado levantamento enteroparasitológico em crianças freqüentadoras de 04 creches na cidade de Votuporanga/SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada de 2003 a 2004. Foram analisadas 342 amostras de fezes pelos métodos de Faust, Hoffman, Rugai, McMaster, Direto e Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. Foram obtidos dados referentes à classe pré-escolar, dados pessoais e parâmetros sócio-econômicos. Observou-se a presença de pelo menos uma espécie de parasita em 37% das amostras das crianças e uma média de 16,5% das amostras de adultos (merendeiras e professoras). As amostras apresentaram 21,5% de positividade para meninos e 15,0% para as meninas. As espécies de maior prevalência foram Giardia duodenalis (75,6%), Entamoeba coli (22,%), Hymenolepis nana e E. vermicularis (31,6%), S. stercoralis e Ascaris lumbricoides (15,8%). O poliparasitismo foi detectado em 6,3% das amostras. Os grupos etários de menor idade apresentaram predomínio de infecções por protozoários. Os hábitos de lazer do hospedeiro, assim como a renda familiar não apresentaram correlação com as taxas de prevalências. Quanto maior o grau de instrução dos pais, menor a prevalência de enteroparasitas dos filhos / Abstract: Parasitic infections are the most common Public Health problems in most of Brazilian territory. The occurrence of parasitic infection is closely related with social and demographic factors and environmental aspects suchas: precarious social-economical conditions, use of contaminated water, nutritional state, etc, usually the childish population the most affected. The aim of this work is to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among children and to evaluate key factors involved in epidemiology of enteric parasites. The study was conducted from 2003 to 2004. It was analyzed 342 feces samples of children among 0 to 7 years old from Votuporanga nursery, city located at northwestern part of São Paulo State. The samples were analyzed the following methods: Faust, Hoffman, Rugai, McMaster, direct and modified Ziehl-Neelsen. Data concerning to preschool class, personal aspects and social-economical parameters were acquired Intestinal parasites were detected in 37% of sampled children and 16,5% of adults (cooks, teachers and elders). The prevalence of parasites among boys was higher thangirls. Giardia lamblia (75,6%), Entamoeba coli (22%), Hymenolepis nana and E. vermicularis (31,6%), S stercoralis and Ascaris lumbricoides (15,8%) were the most common parasites detected. A 6,3% rate of polyparasitism was detected. Enteric protozoan was the most frequent infection among younger children. Children leisure habit and family rent were not related to the prevalence of intestinal parasites. The higher the parent¿s instruction degree the lower the children¿s prevalence of intestinal parasites / Mestrado / Mestre em Parasitologia

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / Upper Respiratory tract viral infections (URTIs), such as influenza and the common cold, are a group of common infections in the human population. They have a seemingly mild nature, but studies have found them to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Wat, 2004). In the western world, the majority of pre-school childrenconsult a doctor for a respiratory infection at least once a year. Conventional medical treatment options are said to be limited, and antibiotics are often unnecessarily prescribed.The frequency of antibiotic prescriptions has caused a resistance of pathogenic bacteria against these antibiotics, and this in turn, has become a major threat to treatment (Schönbeck et al., 2005). A traditional South African herb, Pelargonium sidoides (P. sidoides), has been shown to have antibacterial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties in many investigations (Brendler, 2009). No studies have been done to date assessing the efficacy of P. sidoides as a prophylactic for influenza and the common cold in children. This study aimed at establishing the efficacy of Linctagon® Syrup in the prevention of colds and influenza in pre-school children. The study was a double- blind, placebo–controlled study whereby thirty healthy children aged four to six years old were placed into two groups using matched pairs according to gender. Fifteen participants were allocated to the experimental group whereby the Linctagon® Syrup was taken for the duration of the study. The other fifteen participants were allocated in the placebo group for the duration of the study and given a placebo syrup. Parents / guardians were requested to read the Participant Information Leaflet (Appendix B), and sign the Participant Details and Consent Form (Appendix C,) and the participants were requested to sign the Participation of Minor Assent Form (Appendix D). On day 0, the parents / guardians signed the forms and the initial visit took place. The researcher conducted an ear, nose, throat and respiratory examination on each participant and vital signs were measured. The medication was randomised by an independent person at Nativa Laboratories. Each participant received two 150ml bottles of either the Linctagon® syrup or placebo syrup, and parents / guardians were advised on how to administer the medication (Appendix E), by the researcher. The participants were required to take 2.5ml twice daily for a period of sixty days. A Weekly Progress Questionnaire (Appendix F) was handed to the parents / guardians of each child, and they were requested to fill them in over an eight week period. This questionnaire assessed the wellness of the child for the duration of the study and involved a 4-point rating system to assess the severity of symptoms for both influenza and the common cold. Weekly telephone calls were made to the participants’ parents / guardians to follow up on progress. A final visitation occurred on day 60, and included the collection of the questionnaires. The parents / guardians were requested to fill in a score card at the end of the study, rating the effectiveness of Linctagon® Syrup in the prevention of colds and influenza in their child (Appendix G). The data was statistically analysed by Statkon at the University of Johannesburg by means of non-parametric tests, namely: descriptive data, Cochran’s test, Chi-square test, cross tabulation, Mann-Whitney U test and the Friedman test. The research study determined that Linctagon® Syrup did not have a statistically significant effect in the prevention of influenza and the common cold in children, in support of the null hypothesis. Linctagon® Syrup also had no effect on reducing the incidence, frequency or duration of symptoms in those children who became ill, however this may be due to the relativity low dosage prescribed. Further large scale studies are recommended to validate these results.The score card (subjective rating on the efficacy of the syrup) showed a statistically significant result between the two groups, in favour of the treatment group.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the M Tech: Nursing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Child health has always been a global priority for decades; however, despite efforts to reduce the child mortality statistics, 5.9 million children under the age of five years have deceased in 2015. IMCI guidelines are used to assess, classify and treat sick children under the age of five years, however, despite the prevalent use of traditional medicine for this age group of children, the guidelines excludes the use of traditional medicine, hence the tendency exists to ignore such questions being asked. It is this gap in the history taking pertaining to sick children seeking health care at clinics that the researcher has identified, therefore, this study is intended to highlight the use of traditional medicine in children under the age of five years. The researcher’s methodology is a quantitative descriptive study by means of a self- developed structured questionnaire which was handed out to 183 caregivers attending a Gateway Clinic and 324 caregivers at Paediatric Out – Patient Department. The total sample size was 507 caregivers of children under the age of five years. Data was analysed using SPSS version 17. The data derived from this study indicated that although most caregivers would take their sick children to the clinic for first line treatment, there are a significant number who would rather use home remedies or seek care from traditional healers. The study reveals that 28.5% of caregivers were found to be administering traditional medicine with conventional medicine and 17.4% would do so concurrently. Evidence also revealed that 75.7% of the caregivers would disclose the use of traditional medicine for their children only if nurses enquired about it. Recommendations arising from the study findings are that the IMCI guidelines should incorporate a classification chart for use by health care professionals in order to identify children who were treated by traditional medicine preferably as “RED” - requiring urgent attention and possible admission to hospital, in view of the potential threat to life. Since the IMCI guidelines are also a teaching tool in nursing curricula, the assessment of sick children using traditional medicine will be incorporated into the formal teaching of nurses. Key words used were Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses, effects and use of traditional medicine on children. / M

Fitness performance of southern British Columbia Indian children as measured by the Canadian Association for Health Physical Education and Recreation Fitness-Performance Test was studied to determine the following. 1. Were there any significant differences between the fitness performance of the Indian children tested and the fitness performance of other Canadian children? 2. Were there any significant differences between the fitness performance of the Indian children who attended provincial schools and those who attended Indian schools? 3. Were there any significant differences between the fitness performance of the Indian children who lived in residence and those who lived at home? The CAHPER Fitness-Performance Test was administered to 651 Indian children between the ages of eight to seventeen years. The subjects were students of selected Indian schools or were living in Indian residential schools selected for this study. The significant differences found which showed the Indian children to have better performances were concentrated in three test items: the flexed arm hang, the shuttle run, and the fifty yard run. The CAHPER mean scores which were found to be significantly better were concentrated in two test items: the standing broad jump and the one minute speed sit-up tests. In the comparison of the fitness performance of Indian children attending provincial schools with the Indian school students, all of the significant differences found indicated a superior performance by provincial school students. Only one significant difference was found which favoured the Indian children who lived at home. Significantly better scores for Indian children who live in residence were found on all test items. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to compare the motor performance and physical fitness of children living in a high density area to that of children living in a low density area. It was hypothesized that children from the Vancouver West End score lower than children from Vancouver and children from Canada on the Canadian Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (CAHPER) Fitness Performance Test; that children from apartment floors four to twenty score lower than children living below the fourth floor on the CAHPER Fitness Performance test and the Crawford and Virgin tests; and that there is no difference between the motor performance scores of the children from the West End and the motor performance scores of the children from North York. The elementary school population of the Vancouver West End district was selected to be tested on motor performance and physical fitness test items. The CAHPER Fitness Performance Test and a battery of tests previously used by Crawford and Virgin in North York Ontario were used in the testing. The scores recorded were then compared to the Vancouver CAHPER norms, the Canadian CAHPER norms and the test scores recorded by Crawford and Virgin in their North York study. The findings indicated that West End elementary school age children score lower than Vancouver elementary school age children on the CAHPER Fitness Performance test; that the children living in the West End fall behind their peers in Vancouver in leg power and speed between the ages of seven and twelve; that the girls from the West End do not develop in their agility and cardiovascular endurance at a normal rate; that there was no difference between the scores of the children living on floors one to three and the scores achieved by children living on floors four to twenty; that no difference was found in the motor performance scores of children living in the West End and the scores of the children from North York; that the Fitness Performance scores improve as a child grows older at least to the age of twelve; and that males score higher than females on the CAHPER Fitness Performance test at the same age level. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate