abstract: Drawing from Foucault's notion of heterotopias, my dissertation identifies and examines three distinct but related events that resignified (re-imagined) Chile during 2010, the year of its Bicentenary, namely: the Rescue of the 33 Miners trapped in the San José mine, the Chilean Military Parade performed in celebration of Chilean Independence, and the Mapuche Hunger Strike of 32 indigenous people accused of terrorism by the Chilean State. My central hypothesis states that these three events constitute heterotopias with strong performative components that, by enacting a utopian and a dystopian nation, denounce the flaws of Chilean society. I understand heterotopias as those recursive systems that invert, perfect or contest the society they mirror. In other words: heterotopias are discursive constructions and material manifestations of social relations that dispute, support, or distort cultural assumptions, structures, and practices currently operating in the representational spaces of a given society. In addition to following the six heterotopological principles formulated by Foucault, these case studies have performance as the central constituent that defines their specificity and brings the heterotopias into existence. Due to the performative nature of these heterotopias, I have come to call them performance heterotopias, that is, sets of behaviors that enact utopias in the historical world, the place in which we live, the site in which "the erosion of our lives, our time and our history occurs," as Foucault puts it. Here, performance would act as the interface, the point of interaction, and suture between the conceived, the perceived and the representational spaces each heterotopia articulates. Thus, a performance heterotopia would be a particular type of heterotopia which is enacted through performance. A relevant aspect that emerged from my research is that heterotopic places not only mirror, contest, and compensate their own host society, but also refer to, and intersect with other contemporaneous heterotopias enacted in that society. In my conclusion I suggest that such interactions also happen between heterotopias that emerge in different countries and cultures. If so, the mapping of utopias enacted in the macro socio geographies of Latin American countries could offer new perspectives to understand the sociopolitical processes that are underway in the region. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Theatre 2011

Español: Esta investigación tiene el propósito de buscar, identificar y resaltar características estéticas y socio-políticas en la literatura chilena que unen o explican factores constituyentes de la chilenidad en la época contemporánea. Más en concreto, comenzaré por introducir un panorama actualizado del Chile de hoy, ahondando un poco en la historia del país empezando con la Guerra del Pacífico en 1879, cuando se nota por primera vez que el caso chileno es fundamentalmente divergente de los demás países del continente. Este antecedente militar y político germinal es suficiente para alcanzar la época en que me he de entrar en esta investigación, en torno a los sucesos del 1973 donde se discutirán las circunstancias que rodeaban la dictadura de Pinochet y cómo éstas marcaron profundamente la sociedad chilena, hasta la actualidad. Así intentaré fomentar una base para empezar a analizar cautelosamente fragmentos y similitudes que exhiben una naturaleza estética o socio-política en la poesía de Pablo Neruda, Enrique Lihn y en la antipoesía de Nicanor Parra. English: The purpose of this investigation is to find, identify, and highlight aesthetic and socio-political characteristics in Chilean literature that unite or explain constituent factors of chilenidad in the contemporary era. More concretely, it will begin by introducing a current panorama of today’s Chile, delving into the history of the country starting with the War of the Pacific in 1879, when it first becomes apparent that the Chilean case is fundamentally divergent of that of the rest of the countries in South America. From there, it will jump to the year 1973 where the circumstances that surrounded the dictatorship of Pinochet will be discussed and examined in regards to how deeply it impacted Chilean society in the past and how it continuously affects Chile in the present. This will form the necessary base to initiate a careful analysis of fragments and similarities that exhibit an aesthetic or socio-political nature in the poetry of Pablo Neruda, Enrique Lihn, and the antipoetry of Nicanor Parra.

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Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

The purpose of this study is to examine the differences and similarities regarding verbal politeness in greetings and requests in Swedish and the Chilean variety of Spanish. A survey with 12 questions, both open-ended and closed-ended, has been distributed to 20 native speakers of the two languages. Thus, the questions have been analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that the perception that the Swedes and the Chileans have about verbal politeness is similar, since the speakers of both languages see it as a way to show respect towards others. The study also shows that Swedes and Chileans share a similar view upon politeness, i.e. as a social norm that facilitates social interaction between people.

Contemporary novels about Patagonia rely on foundational texts to caricature the region as a sterile, empty, and isolated. This stereotype was the impetus for this study. Through literary texts concerning Patagonia, the author joins the theoretical debate regarding the relationship between marginal and hegemonic cultures. A close analysis of writings on Patagonia reveals that the image of Patagonian space varies considerably depending on the perspective of the narrator, character, or writer. This dissertation analyzes the construction of Patagonian space in six contemporary novels by Chilean and Argentinean writers. It is divided into two sections. The first section discusses novels written about Patagonia by non-Patagonians. These works depend on and repeat the image of Patagonia found in certain foundational texts. The texts analyzed in this section include Patagonia Express, by Luis Seplveda, Final de novela en Patagonia, by Mempo Giardinelli, and La tierra del fuego, by Sylvia Iparraguirre. By contrast, the second part of the dissertation analyzes novels by Patagonian writers. Rather than the familiar stereotypes of Patagonia, these works paint a vibrant picture of the social, economic, cultural, and human realities of Patagonia. The texts of this section include the short stories Caminos y rastrilladas borrosas and Memorias de un carrero patagnico, by Asencio Abeijn and Pap botas altas (a collection of short stories), by David Aracena as well as the novel El corazn a contraluz, by Patricio Manns. The theoretical framework for this dissertation derives from Humanistic Geography an emphasis on the social awareness. Particularly special attention is paid to the ways in which environment shapes human interactions. Within that framework, the use of Cultural Landscape theory serves to illustrate how the social and physical environment shapes the perception of space in Patagonian literature. The ideas of the geographers Edward Soja, Yi-Fu Tuan, Lester Rowntree, Paul Adams, Steven Hoelscher, Karen Till and Edward Casey are used in this dissertation. In addition, the ideas of the literary scholars Arturo Roig, Michael Keith and Steve Pile contributed greatly towards the conclusion that critics must remain constantly aware of how location shapes the perspectives of space and discourses of power.

The issue of the Mapuches conflict has received different reactions from stakeholders and most important, government in the countries where they exist. This issue has gained much attention in Chile, where the Mapuche form the largest ratio of the indigenous group. The issue started more than seven centuries ago when neighboring groups started to invade the mapuches land, the aggressors where mainly Inka. And the reason for invading was that the mapuche land had dense forests and were rich in minerals. The fight for the mapuches rights on these resources culminated with the entry of the Spanish. The Mapuche were involved in a war with the Spanish for about three and a half decades. When the Spanish eventually took over the territory, they divided it between Chile and Argentina to facilitate smooth governance. The Spaniards who succeeded in overcoming the Mapuche had seceded from Spain and had become permanent residents of South America under the new name “Chile”. This meant that they laid claim on the resources and territory in the mapuches land. While the Argentine Mapuche have experienced relative peace, except for the Argentine war of extermination in the 19th Century, their counterparts in Chile have had a poor relationship with most government. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relations between the Mapuche and the Chilean government over four decades. The study will examine the presidential discourse on the issue of the Mapuche conflict under six governments, during the periods between 1970 and 2010. I am interested in understanding the factors that led to the change of narrative from referring to the Mapuche as peasants/farmers entitled to resources as part of their cultural heritage to finally being labeled as terrorists by the Chilean Government. In meeting the research aims, I will examine the historical development of the Mapuche and the factors that have defined their attitude and perception of various laws, policies and government actions on them. The study will employ Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method where I will carry out text analysis, processing analysis and eventually the social analysis of the discourse simultaneously.

Apology is intended to 'set things right' through "remedial work" (Goffman 1971). This involves, in some cultures, a face threatening act on the part of the Speaker who undertakes an apology to maintain or re-establish social equilibrium or harmony (Edmondson 1981 and Leech 1983) between speaker and hearer. Several studies across languages (Cohen and Olshtain 1981, Olshtain 1983, Trosborg 1987, Holmes 1989) investigated the different social and contextual factors that influence native speakers to select one or a group of "semantic formula(s)" (Fraser 1981) in the act of apologizing. Nevertheless the literature is still in its infancy (Fraser 1981 and Holmes 1989) in respect to the gender differences between speaker (apologizer) and hearer (recipient), and in the comparison of Spanish and English. Therefore this study aims to investigate which strategies, semantic formulas and excuses are most commonly used by female and male speakers of Chilean Spanish and Australian English. To determine similarities and dissimilarities between their apologies, a role play was carried out in their mother tongue. Twenty two Chileans (twelve females and ten males) who had lived for not more than three years in Australia and twenty Australians (ten males and ten females) who, like the Chileans, varied in age from 17 to 30 and who were students of secondary or tertiary institutions helped as informants in this study. The speech event was designed to elicit an apology and was held constant for both groups. Results show that Chileans in comparison with Australians make less use of explicit expression of apology. Nevertheless they appear to give more explanations than Australians in the act of apologizing. Dissimilarities in both languages were also found in the use of speaker and hearer oriented apologies and in the the use of some strategies and intensifiers, in which the addressee gender played an important role in both languages.

This paper presents investigations on integration of Chilean Diaspora in Sweden. Largegroups of Chilean refugees arriving in the 1970s and 1980s in multiple waves. Sweden wasknown as a country with a very generous refugee policy allowing numerous entries to stay.Reflections are made on the refugees in the different waves, the legal view on refugee statusand the division into political and economical refugees. Interviews with Chileans how theyintegrated are included. The questions analysed are if there is any differences in integrationprocess between first and second wave and what the impact was of the first wave beingpolitical and second wave economical refugees. The paper includes a short summary of thehistorical events leading to the flow of refugees, theories behind integration and why languageand identity is important factors in the integration process. The political refugees in the firstwave had a significant influence on the awareness among the Swedish population on thesituation for Chileans after the military coup.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-210).