The election of a coalition of socialists and communists in 1970 and three years later, the assumption of a military government have led to much controversy around the world. This study attempts to analyze the economic conditions prevailing in Chile from 1970 to 1981. It examines the gradual deterioration of the nation's economy under the Unidad Popular government and the recovery that has taken place with the Junta Militar de Gobierno. The implementation of a market system in 1973 has been effective in bringing the nation out of economic chaos. The balance of payments is under control, inflation has been reduced, and since 1977 the nation's GNP has had an average annual growth of 7.7 per cent.

The study focused on the positive or negative direction shown in 57 articles from ten English-language magazines covering the 1973 military coup in Chile, September 1 to December 31, 1973, inclusive. Magazines chosen were from the fields of news, religion, opinion, and business. Direction was determined by comparing individual thought units within articles against a category table comprising mutually exclusive pairs of thought units. Directional value of each article was determined by positive and negative ratios. Results showed a wide variation in scores, with news magazines adhering most closely to the objective ideal. Recommendations for further study included long-term study of single magazines or classes of magazines for direction, and an expanded mathematical analysis.

This work focuses on finding instruments which confer a lyrical character to the novel La última niebla of the Chilean writer María Luisa Bombal. The study is based on Emil Staiger's observations about basics concepts of poetic. Specifically, the work treats his concept of lyricism. B asically, the Swiss literary theorist underscored the role of the author, which must necesarilly cancel a distance between himself and his creation in order to achieve lyrical tone. All in all, this and other informations about the lyrical prose of the 20th century prove that lyricism depends especially on the representation of the entity of narrator. María Luisa Bombal as a cosmopolitan writer managed with her production to introduce new style of writing in backward Chilean literary scene. Obvisouly, the p resence of innovative elements such as a utilization of dream poetic or natural symbology takes part in final lyrical tone of the novel La última niebla, however, the most essential renovations within her production are the specific concept of narrator and narrative perspective.

This diploma thesis deals with mestizaje and illegitimacy matters within Chile and Latin America. In consequence, it is focusing on reflexion of these phenomenons in literature, principally in essays. In the introduction to the thesis, I describe unique and peculiar features of Chilean identity and there also appears a definition of the chilenidad conception. The main attention is concentrated on el huacho figure as it symbolizes Chilean illegitimacy and mestizaje. The main aim of this thesis was to find out similar and dissimilar attributes between the huacho and Chilean society. In addition, patrial aim was to decide whether the huacho belongs either to location or to community. Final part is dedicated to comparison of huacho and pachuco figures and, it also confronts Chilean essays with Octavio Paz essay works. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Este trabalho inicia-se com a apresentação do autor, sua importância literária e seu contexto histórico. O capítulo seguinte destina-se observar a estrutura espacial interna da casa ficcional considerada tipicamente chilena, isto é, elenca as partes constitutivas deste ambiente doméstico, não somente descritas, mas também entranhadas no enredo do romance. No primeiro sub-capítulo, há uma breve análise do título que apresenta as bases teóricas do trabalho e os sub-capítulos seguintes, irão se detendo, em um ambiente da casa, cada um, com o objetivo de analisar questões políticas, históricas e sociais. Finalmente, observaremos os espaços externos à casa, trabalhados de forma descritiva ou através da narração. Os subcapítulos serão dedicados às cenas em que é possível localizar, de modo total ou parcial, panoramas da cidade, como por exemplo, a disputa de pipas ou as descrições do narrador da Alameda principal; os bairros e as ruas já existentes, suas características, construções e costumes. / To begin with, the first chapter of this dissertation aims to present the author, his social and historical context. In the second chapter, we intend to organize the spatial structure of the fictional house, considered typically Chilean, that is, we intend to list the constitutive parts of its domestic environment that is not only described, but pierced in the plot of the romance. In the first subchapter, there is a short analysis of the title that presents the theoretical basis of this work. Each following subchapter will focus in the environments of the house, in order to understand some of the main political, historical and social issues implied within it. Finally, we will observe the external spaces of the house, which are conceived in a descriptive or a narrative way. The subchapters will be dedicated to the scenes where there is a possibility of a partial or a substantial panorama of the city. The kites contest, the narrators description of some of the main avenues, the neighborhoods and streets that already existed in those days. Their old shapes, buildings and habits, will be on the spot.

Este trabalho empreende uma leitura da obra El ideal de un Calavera (1863) do escritor chileno Alberto Blest Gana (1830-1920), tendo como objetivo investigar as construções ambíguas que permeiam a narrativa e apontam uma perspectiva trágico-cômica. Sendo assim, nosso ponto de partida é a explícita intertextualidade do romance com a Correspondência de Abelardo e Heloísa. Leitor das cartas de seu famoso homônimo, o protagonista Abelardo Manríquez identifica-se e espelha-se diretamente com a história dos amantes do século XII e através dela passa a romantizar sua própria busca amorosa. Contudo, tal busca carrega em seu bojo complicações que estão além da mera idealização amorosa, ao invés de amor encontramos a ideia fixa que o levará a entregar-se a morte. Avesso às convenções sociais, o jovem calavera, segue na contramão da sociedade chilena oitocentista, num movimento similar ao que ocorre com a personagem de Cervantes, idealiza um sonho extemporâneo ao seu tempo e ao próprio estilo da narrativa. De modo que dentro do contexto social chileno representado no romance, os sentimentos do jovem são satirizados pelo mesmo narrador por sua inadequação com os hábitos e costumes sociais da época. O desejo da personagem perturba a ordem social da convenção e por essa incompatibilidade o herói é ridicularizado e condenado desde o início do livro. Com efeito, a composição de sua personalidade advém de um intrincado jogo, cujo sentido irônico ergue-se por conta do encaminhamento da temática romântica para uma narrativa que se pretende realista. Nesse caminhar, a reflexão desenvolvida permite indicar as contradições e incoerências da sociedade chilena do início do século XIX, ao apresentar problematicamente o drama bufo-trágico do jovem anti-herói Abelardo Manríquez. / This investigation proposes to read Chilean writer Alberto Blest Ganas novel El ideal de un calavera (1863), trying to detect the narrative ambiguous constructions that point towards a tragic-comic perspective. Our point of departure is the romances explicit intertextuality with Letters from Abelard & Heloise. Abelardo Manríquez, Blest Ganas protagonist, is an obsessive reader of his famous homonymouss letters and aims to emulate the romantic story of the twelve centurys lovers throughout his own romantic search. However, this search carries in its center complications that surpass de mere amorous idealization: instead of love, we find a fixed idea that will lead him to death. Denying social conventions, the young calavera goes on trough the opposite side of nineteen century Chilean Societys path. His peculiar way reminds Cervantess hero, idealizing a dream in complete anachronism with his historical time and with the narrative style, as well. Within the Chilean context represented in the novel, the young protagonists feelings are satirized by the narrator for its unsuitable habits and ways. The protagonists desires disturb the conventional social order and because of this incompatibility, he will be condemned from the beginning of the book. In fact, the composition of his personality comes out of an intricate game that implies an ironic sense emerging from a romantic theme towards a narrative that pretends to be realistic. Along this path, it becomes possible to follow certain contradictions and incoherencies of Chilean Society from the first half of nineteenths century, presented in a problematic way, through the form of Manríquez young anti-heros bufo-tragic drama.

Esta pesquisa tem como tema central analisar o processo emigratório/imigratório chileno ocorrido nas três últimas décadas do século XX e evidenciar os dilemas da construção de identidade imigrante neste processo por meio da história oral de vida. Para tanto, foram utilizados os procedimentos metodológicos do Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral da Universidade de São Paulo (NEHO/USP), trabalhando com sete histórias de vida de chilenos da cidade de Campinas/SP. Contextualização histórica e cultural do Chile, contextualização dos chilenos no exterior e conceituação dos termos migratórios foram alguns dos assuntos abordados utilizando a bibliografia selecionada. Razões da emigração, o porquê da escolha do Brasil, quais as formas de adaptação no novo país e a questão do retorno foram alguns dos temas analisados a partir das histórias de vida feitas para a pesquisa. Inserida na problemática principal os dilemas da construção de identidade imigrante a constituição de uma comunidade chilena foi assunto abordado. A descrição de todo o processo investigador também é parte fundamental da dissertação. / The aim of this research is to analize the migratory/immigrate process of Chileans which was occurred on the last three decades of the last century (twentieth ones) and also highlighting the structure of immigrant identity process and their dilemmas throughout some oral history life. For this, we were based on the Oral History Research Office at University of São Paulo (NEHO/USP - Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral da Universidade de São Paulo), a methodological procedures which works with life stories and, in this case, we have worked with seven Chilean persons who live in Campinas city (a small city close to São Paulo). By using a selected bibliography, we tried to contextualize Chile in a cultural and historical way and Chilean people overseas, in terms of migrate concepts. The reasons for migrating, the answer(s) for the choice of Brazil, in which forms they were adapting themselves in the new country, and, the problem of returning to Chile, were the topics analyzed from their oral history life in this reseach. We have also added into the topic of the dilemmas of immigrant identity process, the creation of a \"Chilean community\". The whole investigative method description was also the fundamental part of this research.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Mussa.pdf: 664629 bytes, checksum: 771118a67a8531b1d6ea882a574bd8a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-17 / This research analyzes the exporting performance of Chile since the great changes introduced in its economy after the military blow of 1973. The Chilean exports had grown a lot in this period, with important diversification of products and participant companies, and are pointed as one of the main responsible for the vigorous growth of the economy since middle of years 1980's. The analysis here developed presents elements to evaluate in what extend and how the exporting peak contributed for the positive performance of the Chilean economy. There are adopted three approaches for the relation between exports and growth: i) the contribution of the exports for the productivity rise and technology incorporation; ii) the sustentation of favorable position in the balance of payments; iii) the sustentation of the aggregate demand. The analysis detaches the relatively steady performance of the exports in relation to the product, one of the elements that had contributed for the good macroeconomic performance, for having contributed to reduce the risks of problems in the balance of payments, since the solution of the serious crisis of 1981-1983, beyond having contributed to keep high the chain of imports throughout the period. More controversial is the effect of the exporting peak concerning productivity gains and the incorporation of technological progress. Another important aspect to be verified is the role of the politics used by the State in the vigorous exporting peaks. The initiatives of the government, still during the dictatorship, had contributed a lot for the exporting impulse, question in general neglected by the regular vision of Chile as example of drastic reduction of the state intervention / Esta pesquisa analisa o desempenho exportador do Chile a partir das grandes mudanças introduzidas em sua economia depois do golpe militar de 1973. As exportações chilenas cresceram muito neste período, com importante diversificação de produtos e empresas participantes, e são apontadas como um dos principais responsáveis pelo vigoroso crescimento da economia a partir de meados dos anos 1980. A análise aqui desenvolvida apresenta elementos para avaliar em que medida e de que formas o auge exportador contribuiu para o desempenho positivo da economia chilena. Adotam-se três enfoques para a relação entre exportações e crescimento: i) a contribuição das exportações para a elevação da produtividade e incorporação de tecnologia; ii) a sustentação de posição favorável no balanço de pagamentos; iii) a sustentação da demanda agregada. A análise destaca o desempenho relativamente estável das exportações como percentual do produto, um dos elementos que contribuíram para o bom desempenho macroeconômico, por ter contribuído para reduzir os riscos de problemas de balanço de pagamentos, a partir do equacionamento da grave crise de 1981-1983, além de ter contribuído para manter elevada a corrente de importações ao longo do período. Mais controverso é o efeito do auge exportador no que se refere aos ganhos de produtividade e à incorporação de progresso técnico. Outro aspecto relevante a ser verificado é o papel das políticas estatais no vigoroso auge das exportações. As iniciativas do governo, ainda durante a ditadura, contribuíram em muito para o impulso exportador, questão em geral negligenciada pela visão simplificadora do Chile como exemplo de redução drástica da intervenção estatal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monica Patricia Diaz Rojas Yokoyama.pdf: 3240143 bytes, checksum: ae071fdc0b07d669b3522f55ba18d58c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / São Paulo, city and state, went through an intense and profuse immigration process result of which, it produces a full range of cultural richness and variety. The immigration wave from the late nineteenth century became significantly Latin from the second half of the twentieth century, when thousands of Spanish-speaking immigrants arrived here looking for new and fresh opportunities, coming from multiple dictatorships that ravaged the continent, particularly in the Southern Cone. The Chilean immigrants were among the first to reach this metropolis, bringing a diverse and copious Chilean cultural background. Regarding to other immigrants who settled here with posterity, it was obviously clear the arrival of the marks, the evidence of its presence in this multiple cultured São Paulo. Religiosity as manifestations of culture, memory and identity is one of the last migratory habits that one group leaves, given, to be ingrained customs and practices inherent in its conformation. The manifestations of these religious practices suffer reinterpretation, linguistic and performing adjustments, however, devotion remains constant and is denoted and cyclically in the environment where it operates. This dissertation aims at studying the continuity and silences of these Chilean immigrants to São Paulo between 1973 and 2013 as much as their cultural and gastronomic expressions summarized in "Fiesta de la Virgen del Carmen" compendium of devotion and identity aspects in its redefinition / São Paulo, cidade e estado, passaram por um intenso e profuso processo imigratório resultado do qual, se produz uma diversidade cultural plena de riqueza e variedade. A onda imigratória de fines do século XIX tornou-se expressivamente latina a partir da segunda metade do século XX quando, e resultado das múltiplas ditaduras que assolaram o continente, e muito especialmente o Cone Sul, milhares de imigrantes hispano-falantes aqui aportaram em pós de novas e renovadas oportunidades. Pese aos imigrantes chilenos se contarem entre os primeiros a chegar a esta urbe, e não obstante o diverso e copioso cabedal da culturalidade chilena, em relação ao outros imigrantes que com posterioridade aqui se assentaram, as marcas, as evidencias da sua presença nesta múltipla São Paulo são exíguas. A religiosidade enquanto manifestações de cultura, memoria e identidade constitui um dos últimos hábitos que um grupo imigratório abandona, haja vista, estar arraigado nos costumes e práticas inerentes a sua conformação. As manifestações dessas práticas religiosas sofrem ressignificações, adaptações linguísticas e performáticas, não entanto, a devoção permanece e se denota constante e ciclicamente no meio em que se insere. Esta dissertação objetiva o estudo das permanências e silêncios desses imigrantes chilenos advindos a São Paulo entre os anos 1973 e 2013, em quanto as suas expressões culturais e gastronômicas sintetizadas na Fiesta de la Virgen del Carmen sínteses da devoção e ressignificação identitaria

Criminology has a long history of trying to understand why people reoffend. People that are released from prison offer us the opportunity study the conditions under which some individuals continue to commit crimes and others do not in great detail. Although research in the last years have incorporated the context as a source of influence on recidivism, much of the literature has focused on attributing the explanations solely on the level of the individuals themselves. Taking this individualistic perspective as my point of departure, I take some steps towards incorporating effects of the environment and aspects associated with social influence and learning in explaining why people re-offend (after being released from prisons). Studying the Chilean prison system, I first establish individual factors associated with recidivism, then account for prison environment and characteristics, to finally attempt at accounting for larger community effects. This was done by analysing data from a cohort of offenders who served sentences in Chilean prisons. Individual factors associated with time until recidivism were analysed using Event history models. Then, multilevel models were used to account for prison-specific effects: the exclusive contribution of prison to recidivism. Finally, hierarchical spatial models were used to analyse how space can be associated with varying levels of recidivism. In addition to the effects of individual characteristics, strong evidence of prison-specific effects was found, which implies that individual propensity towards recidivism is not independent of the prison where the sentence is served. In other words, differences in prison settings have the potential to impact on the individual likelihood of re-offending either by reducing or incrementing the individual risk. Likewise, evidence of spatial clustering of recidivism was also found, which indicates that recidivism has also a spatial component operating beyond the individuals' control. The main contribution of this thesis lies in demonstrating that recidivism implies a complex system of interdependence between different actors and institutions, which needs to be considered to understand recidivism in a larger context. These findings have profound theoretical and policy implications, as they imply that the responsibility for recidivism falls not only on the offenders themselves but also on the wider context of the justice system's institutions and society itself.