La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar aquellos factores que generaron el incremento de las importaciones de los productos farmacéuticos chinos en el Perú, entre los años 2013 al 2017. En principio, se analizaron las fuentes secundarias de la industria farmacéutica y las teorías de aplicación para entender mejor la industria y conocer los factores más relevantes que están impulsando el incremento de dichas importaciones chinas, sobre todo por tener un impacto directo con la salud y el bienestar de las personas. De acuerdo a la investigación exhaustiva en el marco teórico, se determinó que el capital y la mano de obra, diversificación, los costos logísticos, el régimen de políticas y la capacidad industrial, son factores determinantes que contribuyen al incremento de las importaciones de los productos farmacéuticos chinos en el Perú. En tanto, la metodología de trabajo aplicada corresponde a un estudio de tipo cualitativo – descriptivo, con diseño no experimental y que utiliza como instrumento de investigación a la entrevista en profundidad, cuyo resultado demostró que cuatro de los cinco factores son considerados determinantes con relación a nuestro tema de estudio. Es decir, el factor de la diversificación no fue considerado determinante para el presente tema de estudio. Debido a la investigación, se recomienda que la industria farmacéutica nacional y privada realice mejores prácticas empresariales con respecto a la utilización de estos factores de modo que puedan no sólo emular lo hecho por China, sino lograr elevar su competitividad en el mercado peruano hacia una industria farmacéutica más fortalecida. / This research aims to determine those factors that generated the increase in imports of Chinese pharmaceutical products in Peru, between 2013 and 2017. In principle, secondary sources of the pharmaceutical industry and application theories were analyzed to better understand the industry and to know the most relevant factors that are driving the increase in these Chinese imports, especially for having a direct impact on health and health. people's well-being According to the exhaustive research in the theoretical framework, it was determined that capital and labor, diversification, logistics costs, policy regime and industrial capacity are determining factors that contribute to the increase in product imports. Chinese pharmacists in Peru. Meanwhile, the applied work methodology corresponds to a qualitative - descriptive study, with a non-experimental design and that uses the in-depth interview as a research instrument, the result of which showed that four of the five factors are considered determinants in relation to Our subject of study. That is, the diversification factor was not considered decisive for the present subject of study. Due to the research, it is recommended that the national and private pharmaceutical industry make better business practices regarding the use of these factors so that they can not only emulate what China has done, but also increase their competitiveness in the Peruvian market towards an industry most strengthened pharmaceutical. / Tesis

<p>  </p> <p>My dissertation is composed of three independent chapters in the field of labor economics and international trade. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The first chapter studies marriage market signaling and women’s occupation choice. Despite the general closure of gender disparities in the labor market over the past half century, occupational segregation has been stubbornly persistent. I develop a new model that explains these occupational outcomes through marriage market signaling. Vertically differentiated men have preference over women’s unobservable caregiving ability. Heterogenous women choose caregiving occupations to signal their ability to be caregivers. My model generates unique predictions on the influence of marriage market conditions on women’s occupational choices. I find empirical support for these predictions using longitudinal data on marriage rates, policy shocks to divorce laws, and shocks to the marriage market sex ratio driven by waves of immigration. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The second chapter investigates Covid19 and consumer animus towards Chinese products. Covid19 has tremendously affected all areas of our lives and our online shopping behaviors have not been immune. China is the first country to report cases of Covid19 and suffers from rising animus in the U.S. In this paper, we study consumer animus towards Chinese products post Covid19 using Amazon data. We tracked all face masks sold on Amazon between Sep. 2019 to Sep. 2020, and collect product information that is available to a real consumer, including reviews. By analyzing both seller-generated (e.g., product name, description, features) and user-generated (e.g., reviews and customer Q&A) content, we collect information on the country-of-origin as well as consumer animus for the products. Under a fully-dynamic event study design, we find that the average rating drops significantly after a product is identified as made in China for the first time, while no such drop is found for products with other countries-of-origin. This negative impact is U-shaped, which quickly expands in the first five weeks, and then gradually fades out within six months. An informative-animus review affects the average rating of a Chinese product both directly (through its own rating) and indirectly (through other future ratings), with both mechanisms supported in data. We also provide strong evidence that the drop in average rating is driven by consumer animus instead of product quality. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The third chapter explores how cultural transmission through international trade affects gender discrimination. In this paper, I propose that international trade helps alleviate gender discrimination. With imperfect information on workers’ ability, there is statistical discrimination towards female workers. Through international trade, culture transmits asymmetrically between firms located in countries with different gender cultures. This cultural transmission benefits women because it transmits only in one direction from more gender-equal cultures to less gender-equal cultures. I prove this by linking the Customs data to the Industrial Firms data of China in 2004, and find that Chinese firms trading with more gender-equal cultures hire a higher fraction of female workers and enjoy higher profits. Similar patterns are not found in Chinese firms trading with less gender-equal cultures. The impact of cultural transmission goes beyond the firms engaged in international trade to have spillover effects onto purely domestic firms. Comparing across skill groups, cultural transmission benefits high-skill female workers more.</p>

Цель исследования – оценка социальных медиа, как инструмента формирования репутации продукции китайских компаний на рынке В2В. Объектом исследования является формирование репутации продукции промышленного назначения в социальных медиа. Научная новизна исследования состоит в разработке теоретических положений и методологических инструментов по оценке формирования репутации продукции промышленного назначения через социальные медиа с целью повышения конкурентоспособности китайской промышленной продукции на российском B2B рынке. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в том, что результаты исследования могут быть широко применены для изучения состояния и развития репутации различных видов китайской продукции промышленного назначения на российском рынке B2B. Эффективность рекомендаций – разработанные автором теоретические и практические положения оценки и формирования репутации в социальных медиа продукции промышленного назначения могут служить основой для дальнейшего исследования проблем управления репутацией в Интернете. / The purpose of the study is to evaluate social media as a tool for building the reputation of Chinese companies ' products in the B2B market. The object of the research is the formation of the reputation of industrial products in social media. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the development of theoretical provisions and methodological tools for assessing the formation of the reputation of industrial products through social media in order to increase the competitiveness of Chinese industrial products in the Russian B2B market. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results of the study can be widely applied to study the status and development of the reputation of various types of Chinese industrial products in the Russian B2B market. Effectiveness of recommendations-the theoretical and practical provisions developed by the author for assessing and forming the reputation in social media of industrial products can serve as a basis for further research on the problems of reputation management on the Internet.