In somatic cells, when DNA is damaged or incompletely replicated, checkpoint pathways arrest the cell cycle prior to M or S phases by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). In Xenopus laevis, embryonic cellular divisions (2-12) consist of rapid cleavage cycles in which gap phases, checkpoint engagement, and apoptosis are absent. Upon the completion of the 12th cellular division, the midblastula transition (MBT) begins and the cell cycle lengthens, acquiring gap phases. In addition, cell cycle checkpoint pathways and an apoptotic program become functional. The studies described here were performed to better understand the roles of two protein kinases, Chk2/Cds1 and Wee1, during checkpoint signaling in the developing embryo. The DNA damage checkpoint is mediated by the Chk2/Cds1 kinase. Conflicting evidence implicates Chk2 as an inhibitor or promoter of apoptosis. To better understand the developmental function of Chk2 and its role in apoptosis, we expressed wild-type (wt) and dominant-negative (DN) Chk2 in Xenopus embryos. Wt-Chk2 created a pre-MBT checkpoint by promoting degradation of Cdc25A and phosphorylation of Cdks. Embryos expressing DN-Chk2 developed normally until gastrulation and then underwent apoptosis. Conversely, low doses of wt-Chk2 blocked radiation-induced apoptosis. These data indicate that Chk2 inhibits apoptosis in the early embryo. Therefore, Chk2 operates as a switch between cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to genomic assaults. In Xenopus laevis, Wee1 kinase phosphorylates and inhibits Cdks. To determine the role of Wee1 in cell cycle checkpoint signaling and remodeling at the MBT, exogenous Wee1 was expressed in one-cell stage embryos. Modest overexpression of Wee1 created a pre-MBT cell cycle checkpoint, similar to Chk2, characterized by cell cycle delay and phosphorylation of Cdks. Furthermore, overexpression of Wee1 disrupted remodeling events that normally occur at the MBT, including degradation of Cdc25A, cyclin E, and Wee1. Interestingly, overexpression of Wee1 also resulted in post-MBT apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest the importance of Wee1 as not only a Cdk inhibitory kinase, but also potentially as a promoter of apoptosis during early development of Xenopus laevis. The studies described here provide evidence that Chk2 and Wee1 have both similar and distinct roles in the developing embryo. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Myc is a transcription factor frequently found deregulated in human cancer. Cells with deregulated expression of Myc carry a selective advantage against its neighbours due to the fact that Myc-mediated transcription governs crucial cellular events such as proliferation and growth. In addition, Myc has been implicated in several other aspects of tumour biology like cellular immortality, the formation of new blood vessels and the colonization of distant tissues through the process of metastasis. Therapy aimed at disrupting essential pathways regulated by Myc is important because of the many different types of cancers that depend on continued signalling along these pathways.  This thesis describes new treatment opportunities for cancers with a high Myc signature. In Paper Ι, we describe a new role for the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor Decitabine in the treatment of Myc transformed tumours cells. We show that the therapeutic potential of Decitabine in the treatment of Burkitt Lymphoma relies not only on its ability to cause reactivation of silenced genes such as pro-apoptotic PUMA, but also on the DNA damage that this drug induces. In vivo, Decitabine delays disease progression of transplanted lymphoma cells. In Paper ΙΙ, we identify the DNA damage checkpoint kinase Chk1 as a therapeutic target in Myc overexpressing cancers. We show that targeting Chk1 with shRNA or with a novel small molecule inhibitor cause a delay in disease progression of transplanted lymphoma cells in vivo. In Paper ΙΙΙ, the Chk1-related kinase Chk2 is evaluated as a therapeutic target in Myc overexpressing cancers. Myc overexpressing cells are not dependent on Chk2 but we show that Chk2 abrogation using shRNA causes polyploidization and protection against DNA damage. However, Chk2-targeted therapy elicits a synergistic lethal response in combination with inhibition of the DNA repair associated protein PARP. In conclusion, this thesis shows the potential of targeting the DNA damage machinery and the functional hubs important for maintenance of genomic stability in tumours with a deregulated expression of Myc.

Cancer cells exhibit genomic instability and are commonly defective in DNA damage signalling and/or DNA repair. There are many types of DNA damage inducing agents such as mechanical stress on chromosomes during recombination, chemotherapeutics, ionising and ultraviolet radiation and endogenously produced free radicals. These genetic lesions pose a serious threat to the cell and evoke a rapid and intricate DNA damage response signalling pathway involving many transducer and effector pathways including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, chromatin remodelling, and apoptotic pathways. Genetic mutations within genes in this pathway often lead to genomic instability and cancer. The main effectors of the DNA damage response are the protein kinases ATM and ATR which are rapidly activated in response to DNA damage induction and phosphorylate a large and diverse number of targets including the checkpoint kinases Chk1, and Chk2, the tumour suppressors p53 and BRCA1 and chromatin associated proteins such as H2AX. BRCA1 is a key transducer molecule within the DNA damage response. This is evident from its loss, which leads to defects in many damage response processes such as cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. BRCA1s binding partner BARD1 has also been implicated in the DNA damage response and recent reports indicate that these proteins co-operate in this pathway. This study utilises a multifaceted approach to further characterise the function of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex within the DNA damage response. Firstly we have used shRNA to deplete the BRCA1/BARD1 complex and have shown that the BRCA1/BARD1 complex is required for ATM/ATR dependent phosphorylation of p53Ser-15 in response to IR and UV induced DNA damage. In contrast, we have shown that the phosphorylation of a number of other ATM/ATR dependent targets including H2AX, Chk2, and c-jun do not require the BRCA1/BARD1 complex. The study has also revealed that the prior phosphorylation of BRCA1 at Ser-1423 and Ser-1524 is required for the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15. Furthermore, we have shown that these phosphorylation events are required for IR induced G1/S cell cycle arrest via transcriptional induction of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21. The second part of this study involved the characterisation of a putative BRCA1 interacting protein – The KRAB associated protein 1 (Kap1). During this study we have been unable to confirm Kap1 as a bona fide BRCA1 interactor, however we have identified a clear role for Kap1 in the DNA damage response pathway. Using Mass spectrometric phospho amino acid mapping we have identified a novel Chk2 dependent phosphorylation site, Ser-473, within Kap1. Furthermore, we have shown that this phosphorylation event may regulate Histone H3-Lys-9 acetylation after DNA damage possibly regulating chromatin relaxation. This study has also identified a number of novel Kap1 interacting proteins, which appear to be regulated by Kap1 phosphorylation at Ser-473. These interactors may play an important role in the regulation of chromatin modification and/or structure after DNA damage. By studying the role of BRCA1 in the DNA damage response pathway we have not only uncovered a novel scaffolding function for BRCA1 in the G1/S checkpoint but have also identified a novel protein, Kap1, acting within the DNA damage response pathway. This study has identified a role for Kap-1 in the regulation of chromatin structure in response to DNA damage via the ATM – Chk2 pathway.

Cancer cells exhibit genomic instability and are commonly defective in DNA damage signalling and/or DNA repair. There are many types of DNA damage inducing agents such as mechanical stress on chromosomes during recombination, chemotherapeutics, ionising and ultraviolet radiation and endogenously produced free radicals. These genetic lesions pose a serious threat to the cell and evoke a rapid and intricate DNA damage response signalling pathway involving many transducer and effector pathways including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, chromatin remodelling, and apoptotic pathways. Genetic mutations within genes in this pathway often lead to genomic instability and cancer. The main effectors of the DNA damage response are the protein kinases ATM and ATR which are rapidly activated in response to DNA damage induction and phosphorylate a large and diverse number of targets including the checkpoint kinases Chk1, and Chk2, the tumour suppressors p53 and BRCA1 and chromatin associated proteins such as H2AX. BRCA1 is a key transducer molecule within the DNA damage response. This is evident from its loss, which leads to defects in many damage response processes such as cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. BRCA1s binding partner BARD1 has also been implicated in the DNA damage response and recent reports indicate that these proteins co-operate in this pathway. This study utilises a multifaceted approach to further characterise the function of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex within the DNA damage response. Firstly we have used shRNA to deplete the BRCA1/BARD1 complex and have shown that the BRCA1/BARD1 complex is required for ATM/ATR dependent phosphorylation of p53Ser-15 in response to IR and UV induced DNA damage. In contrast, we have shown that the phosphorylation of a number of other ATM/ATR dependent targets including H2AX, Chk2, and c-jun do not require the BRCA1/BARD1 complex. The study has also revealed that the prior phosphorylation of BRCA1 at Ser-1423 and Ser-1524 is required for the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15. Furthermore, we have shown that these phosphorylation events are required for IR induced G1/S cell cycle arrest via transcriptional induction of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21. The second part of this study involved the characterisation of a putative BRCA1 interacting protein – The KRAB associated protein 1 (Kap1). During this study we have been unable to confirm Kap1 as a bona fide BRCA1 interactor, however we have identified a clear role for Kap1 in the DNA damage response pathway. Using Mass spectrometric phospho amino acid mapping we have identified a novel Chk2 dependent phosphorylation site, Ser-473, within Kap1. Furthermore, we have shown that this phosphorylation event may regulate Histone H3-Lys-9 acetylation after DNA damage possibly regulating chromatin relaxation. This study has also identified a number of novel Kap1 interacting proteins, which appear to be regulated by Kap1 phosphorylation at Ser-473. These interactors may play an important role in the regulation of chromatin modification and/or structure after DNA damage. By studying the role of BRCA1 in the DNA damage response pathway we have not only uncovered a novel scaffolding function for BRCA1 in the G1/S checkpoint but have also identified a novel protein, Kap1, acting within the DNA damage response pathway. This study has identified a role for Kap-1 in the regulation of chromatin structure in response to DNA damage via the ATM – Chk2 pathway.

Cancer cells exhibit genomic instability and are commonly defective in DNA damage signalling and/or DNA repair. There are many types of DNA damage inducing agents such as mechanical stress on chromosomes during recombination, chemotherapeutics, ionising and ultraviolet radiation and endogenously produced free radicals. These genetic lesions pose a serious threat to the cell and evoke a rapid and intricate DNA damage response signalling pathway involving many transducer and effector pathways including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, chromatin remodelling, and apoptotic pathways. Genetic mutations within genes in this pathway often lead to genomic instability and cancer. The main effectors of the DNA damage response are the protein kinases ATM and ATR which are rapidly activated in response to DNA damage induction and phosphorylate a large and diverse number of targets including the checkpoint kinases Chk1, and Chk2, the tumour suppressors p53 and BRCA1 and chromatin associated proteins such as H2AX. BRCA1 is a key transducer molecule within the DNA damage response. This is evident from its loss, which leads to defects in many damage response processes such as cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. BRCA1s binding partner BARD1 has also been implicated in the DNA damage response and recent reports indicate that these proteins co-operate in this pathway. This study utilises a multifaceted approach to further characterise the function of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex within the DNA damage response. Firstly we have used shRNA to deplete the BRCA1/BARD1 complex and have shown that the BRCA1/BARD1 complex is required for ATM/ATR dependent phosphorylation of p53Ser-15 in response to IR and UV induced DNA damage. In contrast, we have shown that the phosphorylation of a number of other ATM/ATR dependent targets including H2AX, Chk2, and c-jun do not require the BRCA1/BARD1 complex. The study has also revealed that the prior phosphorylation of BRCA1 at Ser-1423 and Ser-1524 is required for the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15. Furthermore, we have shown that these phosphorylation events are required for IR induced G1/S cell cycle arrest via transcriptional induction of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21. The second part of this study involved the characterisation of a putative BRCA1 interacting protein – The KRAB associated protein 1 (Kap1). During this study we have been unable to confirm Kap1 as a bona fide BRCA1 interactor, however we have identified a clear role for Kap1 in the DNA damage response pathway. Using Mass spectrometric phospho amino acid mapping we have identified a novel Chk2 dependent phosphorylation site, Ser-473, within Kap1. Furthermore, we have shown that this phosphorylation event may regulate Histone H3-Lys-9 acetylation after DNA damage possibly regulating chromatin relaxation. This study has also identified a number of novel Kap1 interacting proteins, which appear to be regulated by Kap1 phosphorylation at Ser-473. These interactors may play an important role in the regulation of chromatin modification and/or structure after DNA damage. By studying the role of BRCA1 in the DNA damage response pathway we have not only uncovered a novel scaffolding function for BRCA1 in the G1/S checkpoint but have also identified a novel protein, Kap1, acting within the DNA damage response pathway. This study has identified a role for Kap-1 in the regulation of chromatin structure in response to DNA damage via the ATM – Chk2 pathway.

No description available.

On average, 5-10% of all cancers occur in patients with hereditary tumors, who may have mutations in tens to hundreds of tumor predisposition genes. The phenotypes in mutation carriers overlap, and parallel analyses with sequencing panels is the method of choice in diagnostics. In our laboratory, we designed a universal panel and a targeted panel for a specific cancer, which allowed us to identify genetic alterations in patients with ovarian cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and other cancers in the Czech Republic. The results of next generation sequencing (NGS) analyses show that the most frequent genetic alteration in ovarian cancers patients in the Czech Republic are hereditary mutations in BRCA1 (in 24% of unselected patients) and in malignant melanoma patients CDKN2A (in 2% of high risk patients). The presence of hereditary alterations is a clinically significant phenomenon affecting the prognosis and treatment of the disease. However, the interpretation of NGS findings is complicated by the presence of variants of unknown significance (VUS). We participate in the interpretation of VUS in the main predisposing genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 within the international consortium ENIGMA (Evidence-based Network for the Interpretation of Germline Mutant Alleles). Our and international results of the most...

O carcinoma epidermóide da cavidade oral (CEO) é o tumor maligno mais frequente da região da cabeça e pescoço. O Chk2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) é considerado um supressor tumoral que atua na resposta celular ao dano do DNA. Entretanto, a relação do Chk2 entre CEO ainda não está compreendida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a imunoexpressão do Chk2 nos CEOs e associar sua expressão com parâmetros clínico-patológicos de importância prognóstica, incluindo a sobrevida global, sobrevida livre de doença e livre de metástase. A expressão de Chk2 foi analisada em 104 amostras de pacientes com CEO por meio da técnica de imunoistoquímica e foi positiva em 97,11% dos nossos casos com CEO, com isso, estratificamos apenas os casos de marcação positiva, e dividimo-los em alta expressão (> 66%) e baixa expressão (<66%), e excluímos os casos negativos de nossa análise, pois o número de casos com expressão negativa para Chk2 seria inclusivo para realizarmos as análises estatísticas. A positividade de Chk2 na maioria dos nossos casos sugere que o Chk2 possa estar envolvido na patogênese desses tumores, porém em nosso trabalho, a expressão de Chk2 não se associou com os parâmetros prognósticos. Não houve diferença entre a sobrevida global, sobrevivência livre de metástases e sobrevida livre de doença de acordo com a marcação de Chk2. Em conclusão, em nossos achados, o Chk2 não pode ser considerado como um biomarcador prognóstico do carcinoma de células epidermóides da cavidade oral. / Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (CEO) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the head and neck region. Chk2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is considered a tumor suppressor that acts on the cellular response to DNA damage. However, the Chk2 relationship between CEO is not yet understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Chk2 immunoexpression in the CEOs and to associate their expression with clinical-pathological parameters of prognostic importance, including global survival, disease-free survival, and metastasis-free. The expression of Chk2 was analyzed in 104 samples of patients with CEO using the immunohistochemistry technique and was positive in 97.11% of our cases with CEO, with that, we stratified only the cases of positive marking, and we divided them into high expression (> 66%) and low expression (<66%), and we excluded the negative cases from our analysis, since the number of cases with negative expression for Chk2 would be inclusive for the statistical analysis. The positivity of Chk2 in most of our cases suggests that Chk2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors, but in our study, the expression of Chk2 was not associated with the prognostic parameters. There was no difference between overall survival, metastasis-free survival, and disease-free survival according to the Chk2 labeling. In conclusion, in our findings, Chk2 cannot be considered as a prognostic biomarker of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

O carcinoma epidermóide da cavidade oral (CEO) é o tumor maligno mais frequente da região da cabeça e pescoço. O Chk2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) é considerado um supressor tumoral que atua na resposta celular ao dano do DNA. Entretanto, a relação do Chk2 entre CEO ainda não está compreendida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a imunoexpressão do Chk2 nos CEOs e associar sua expressão com parâmetros clínico-patológicos de importância prognóstica, incluindo a sobrevida global, sobrevida livre de doença e livre de metástase. A expressão de Chk2 foi analisada em 104 amostras de pacientes com CEO por meio da técnica de imunoistoquímica e foi positiva em 97,11% dos nossos casos com CEO, com isso, estratificamos apenas os casos de marcação positiva, e dividimo-los em alta expressão (> 66%) e baixa expressão (<66%), e excluímos os casos negativos de nossa análise, pois o número de casos com expressão negativa para Chk2 seria inclusivo para realizarmos as análises estatísticas. A positividade de Chk2 na maioria dos nossos casos sugere que o Chk2 possa estar envolvido na patogênese desses tumores, porém em nosso trabalho, a expressão de Chk2 não se associou com os parâmetros prognósticos. Não houve diferença entre a sobrevida global, sobrevivência livre de metástases e sobrevida livre de doença de acordo com a marcação de Chk2. Em conclusão, em nossos achados, o Chk2 não pode ser considerado como um biomarcador prognóstico do carcinoma de células epidermóides da cavidade oral. / Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (CEO) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the head and neck region. Chk2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is considered a tumor suppressor that acts on the cellular response to DNA damage. However, the Chk2 relationship between CEO is not yet understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Chk2 immunoexpression in the CEOs and to associate their expression with clinical-pathological parameters of prognostic importance, including global survival, disease-free survival, and metastasis-free. The expression of Chk2 was analyzed in 104 samples of patients with CEO using the immunohistochemistry technique and was positive in 97.11% of our cases with CEO, with that, we stratified only the cases of positive marking, and we divided them into high expression (> 66%) and low expression (<66%), and we excluded the negative cases from our analysis, since the number of cases with negative expression for Chk2 would be inclusive for the statistical analysis. The positivity of Chk2 in most of our cases suggests that Chk2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors, but in our study, the expression of Chk2 was not associated with the prognostic parameters. There was no difference between overall survival, metastasis-free survival, and disease-free survival according to the Chk2 labeling. In conclusion, in our findings, Chk2 cannot be considered as a prognostic biomarker of oral squamous cell carcinoma.