The aim of this research was to increase the rate of cell division in algae by exploring the effect of combinations of lasers of various wavelengths. Literature search has identified a gap in knowledge of the potential for increase in efficiency of the electron transition between photosystem II and photosystem I. This through the use of several wavelengths of blue and or red lasers, including 405 nm, 450, and 473 nm, 635 nm, 650 nm, 680 nm, 685 nm and 700 nm to generate photons with energies more closely matching the absorption spectra of algae receptors known as pigments. This investigation underpins the realisation that photons emanating from a specific laser are absorbed by algae pigments because there is a much closer match between the emission spectrum of the laser and the absorption spectrum of the pigments within the photosystems of algae. This research examined all of the available laser wavelengths in particular combinations; the resultant data contributed to the assembly of a matrix that illustrates the most appropriate laser combinations that promote cell division within algae. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells successfully grew and divided under exposure to both the blue laser, red laser and that of white light LED when each was applied individually or combined in a sequence. The order of the sequence of using the red and blue lasers in specific cases was important. The pH was maintained between 6.9 and 7.7, with temperatures maintained between 19.00 and 25.00 ºC. For the blue lasers, the laboratory results were as follows, (irradiation time was 12 hours every time): • 405 nm blue laser produced 1.8 x cell division of the white light LED. • For 450 nm blue laser: the white light LED produced 1.5 x cell division of the blue laser 450 nm. • 473 nm blue laser produced 2 x cell division of the white light LED. • 405 nm blue laser produced 3.6 x cell division of natural day light. • 450 nm blue laser produced 1.4 x cell division of natural day light. • 473 nm blue laser produced 4 x cell division of natural day light. For the red lasers, the laboratory results were as follows, (irradiation time was 12 hours every time): • For 635 nm red laser: the white light LED produced 4 x cell division of the red laser 635 nm. • 650 nm red laser produced 1.96 x cell division of the white light LED. • 680 nm red laser produced 2.3 x cell division of the white light LED. • For 685 nm red laser: white light LED produced 1.22 x cell division of the red laser 685 nm. • 700 nm red laser produced 1.35 x cell division of the white light LED. • For 635 nm red laser: the natural day light produced 2 x cell division of the red laser 635 nm. • 650 nm red laser produced 3.9 x cell division of natural day light. • 680 nm red laser produced 4.6 x cell division of natural day light. • 685 nm red laser produced 1.6 x cell division of natural day light. • 700 nm red laser produced 2.7 x cell division of natural day light. For the combination of blue and red lasers, the laboratory results were as follows, (irradiation time was 12 hours every time): • First combination: 405 nm blue laser followed by a combination of 680 nm and 700 nm red lasers produced 4.86 x cell division of the white light LED. • Second combination: 473 nm blue laser followed by a combination of 680 nm and 700 nm red lasers produced 4.66 x cell division of the white light LED. • Third combination: a combination of 680 nm and 700 nm red lasers produced 4.43 x cell division of the white light LED.

Motility of unicellular algal cells, especially its ability to respond to environmental cues, is crucial in industrial and ecological contexts and has been studied extensively with the model organism Chlamydomonas. However, little is known about the relationship between motility and the cell-cycle, despite the apparent link of mitosis dependent morphological changes which involve the flagella and the dependency on light/dark conditions of the cellular reactions. In this study, the cell swimming speed, the rotational diffusivity and its swimming bias against gravity were measured with high-speed video microscopy with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures highly synchronised to a diurnal cycle. A simulation of gravitactic cell trajectories was developed to assist the statistical analysis of the cell trajectories from the images, which subject to a projection effect and has not been addressed previously. Its morphological changes, including cell size, shape, mass density, and presence of flagella were also evaluated. Un unforeseen change of cell motility at a critical mitosis time point was discovered, and our analysis suggests a connection to the alternating cell energetic regimes rather than the cell morphology. As indicated by results obtained from imaging based experimental measurements and by computational methods, the motility variation has direct consequences on the collective motion of algal cells in a Hagen-Poiseuille flow, a relevant component flow for air-lift photobioreactors. The cell number density profiles were calculated by an individual-based simulation and a continuum system inclusive of the buoyancy effect imposed by the aggregated cells on their surrounding fluid. Qualitative experimental-theoretical agreement suggests that the models can be employed for optimisation problems of photobioreactor flow designs inclusive of the non-negligible cell-cycle effects, which has been commonly overlooked in previous studies.

Transposable elements (TEs) are acknowledged sources of genetic change within organisms. The effects of transposition can range from the disruption or creation of a single gene to large-scale genome rearrangements. Transposition events can result in beneficial mutations which allow an organism to adapt to a new environment. In the last three years, several studies have reported that some miRNAs, small RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation, have evolved from TEs. miRNAs play an important role in the stress responses of many organisms. Interestingly, TEs are derepressed under the same stress conditions that miRNAs are known to ameliorate. The observation that miRNAs are known to evolve from TEs and that TEs are derepressed under stress conditions lead me to question whether TEs play a role in environmental adaptation through the creation of small RNA networks. To test this idea, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures were grown under low carbon, nitrate enriched conditions and the small RNA pool was analyzed. I found that these conditions do stimulate the expression of novel small RNAs and that some of these RNAs and their targets are derived from transposition events.

Die zur Gruppe der mikrobiellen Rhodopsine gehörenden lichtaktivierbaren Ionenkanäle Channelrhodopsin 1 (ChR1) und Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) aus dem Augenfleck von C. rheinhardtii sind Bestandteile des visuellen Systems und an der Phototaxis beteiligt. Sie bestehen aus einem zytosolisch gelegenen C Terminus, dessen Funktion noch ungeklärt ist und einem, für die Kanalaktivität verantwortlichen, N terminalen Bereich aus sieben Transmembranhelices. Der lichtsensitive Kofaktor all trans Retinal ist kovalent an einen Lysinrest (K257) der siebten Transmembranhelix gebunden. Bei einer Belichtung mit Blaulicht isomerisiert das Chromophor zur 13 cis Form, was eine Konformationsänderung und das Öffnen des Kanals zur Folge hat. Im Zuge dessen strömen ein und zweiwertige Kationen in die Zelle und eine Depolarisation findet statt. Um einen tieferen Einblick in Struktur und funktionelle Mechanismen zu bekommen, wurden Wildtyp und Mutanten von Ch1 und ChR2 heterolog in Oozyten von X. laevis exprimiert. In Bakteriorhodopsin bilden die Seitenketten von T90 und D115 eine für Stabilität und Funktion wichtige Wasserstoffbrücke aus. Durch elektrophysiologische, fluoreszenzmikroskopische und biochemische Verfahren wurden Mutanten der entsprechenden Reste in ChR2 (C128, D156) untersucht. Diese zeigten eine deutlich verlangsamte Kinetik und eine 10 bis 100fache Erhöhung der Lichtempfindlichkeit. Die identischen Auswirkungen von Mutationen beider Reste deuten auf eine Bindung mit funktioneller Bedeutung zwischen C128 und D156 hin. Im Falle von ChR2 C128T, C128A und D156A konnte der Kanal nach Anregung mit Blaulicht, durch grünes und violettes Licht vorzeitig geschlossen werden. Diese Lichtqualitäten entsprechen den Absorptionswellenlängen zweier Intermediate des Photozyklus von ChR2 (P390 und P520). Durch Veränderung des externen pH-Wertes konnten Hinweise auf eine protonenabhängige Gleichgewichtsreaktion dieser Intermediate gefunden werden. Auch in dem für Protonen höher leitfähigen ChR1 konnten Hinweise auf eine Interaktion zwischen den Resten C167 und D195 gefunden werden. Elektrische Messungen von Mutanten zeigten eine deutliche Erhöhung des Photostroms bei verhältnismäßig geringem Anstieg der Schließzeit. Der Einfluss dieser Mutationen auf die Kinetik war somit weniger ausgeprägt als bei ChR2. Einen besonderen Stellenwert unter allen Channelrhodopsin Mutanten nehmen ChR2 D156C und ChR1 D195C ein. Mit einem Photostrom von 5 µA bei ChR1 D195C und bis zu 50 µA bei ChR2 D156C konnten für diese die höchsten Photoströme aller bisher charakterisierten ChR1 bzw. ChR2 Varianten nachgewiesen werden. Durch fluoreszenzmikroskopische Quantifizierung konnte für alle im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellten ChR1 und ChR2 Mutanten eine erhöhte Proteinmenge sowohl in Anwesenheit als auch Abwesenheit zusätzlichen all trans Retinals während der Inkubation nachgewiesen werden. Die Fluoreszenzintensitäten korrelierten hierbei mit der Höhe der Stromamplituden und erreichten ein Maximum bei ChR2 D156C. Biochemische Experimente mit der Gesamtmembranfraktion von ChR2 exprimierenden Oozyten lieferten Hinweise auf eine dimere Quartärstruktur von Channelrhodopsinen, was durch die Kristallstruktur einer Chimäre aus ChR1 und ChR2 von (Kato et al., 2012) bestätigt wurde. Unter der Annahme, dass die Poren in den Proteomeren gebildet werden, konnte eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Regionen in heterodimeren Kanälen aus ChR2 Wildtyp und Mutanten aufgrund kinetischer Unterschiede bei kurzer und langer Belichtung oder der Verwendung von unterschiedlichen Lichtintensitäten nachgewiesen werden. Eine Voraussetzung für diesen Effekt ist eine synchrone Anregung beider Untereinheiten. Die Interaktion von Channelrhodopsin Untereinheiten konnte in vivo mithilfe der bimolekularen Fluoreszenzkomplementation nachgewiesen werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Wechselwirkung nicht nur auf identische Untereinheiten in Homodimeren beschränkt ist, sondern auch bei Heterodimeren aus verschiedenen ChR2 Untereinheiten und sogar zwischen ChR2 und ChR1 möglich ist. / The microbial type rhodopsins Channelrhodopsin 1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) are located in the eyespot of the green algae Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii. They are light activated cation channels and play an important role in phototaxis. They are comprised of a cytosolic C terminal part of unknown function and a transmembranal N terminal part responsible for channel activity. The latter consists of seven transmembrane helices and the chromophore all trans Retinal, which is bound covalently as a Schiff base to a lysine residue. When activated with blue light, the chromophore isomerizes to the 13 cis state, followed by a conformational change of the protein and opening of the channel. The resulting influx of mono and divalent cations leads to a depolarization of the cell. To get a deeper insight in structure and function of ChR1 and ChR2, wildtype and mutants have been heterologously expressed in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. In bacteriorhodopsin, a hydrogen bond between the amino acids T90 and D115 is vital for protein stability and proper pump function. Mutants of the corresponding amino acids in ChR2 (C128, D156) were generated and analyzed electrophysiologically. They displayed a significant deceleration of closing time and a 10 100fold increase in light sensitivity. The identical impact of these mutations on kinetics suggests an interaction between these residues, probably also by the formation of a hydrogen bond. In the case of ChR2 C128T, C128A and D156A closing could be accelerated via green and violet light application. These wavelengths correspond to the absorption wavelengths of the photointermediates P390 and P520 in the photocycle of ChR2. Furthermore, a possible proton-dependent equilibrium between these intermediates was identified by varying external proton concentrations. Electrophysiological analyses of C167 and D195 mutants in ChR1 hinted towards an interaction similar to the one between the homologous residues C128 and D156 in ChR2. Both, ChR1 C167 and ChR1 D195 displayed increased current amplitudes, accompanied by only a small increase in closing time. The impact of these mutations on channel kinetics was less pronounced than in ChR2. The mutants ChR2 D156C and ChR1 D195C are of particular importance. Photocurrent amplitudes of 5 µA for ChR1 and 50 µA for ChR2 at 100 mV render these mutants the ones with the highest current amplitudes of all channelrhodopsin variants characterized up till now. In comparison to wildtype channelrhodopsins, quantification by fluorescence microscopy revealed an increased protein amount in oocytes expressing ChR1 and ChR2 mutants, both in absence and presence of additional all trans Retinal during incubation. The fluorescence intensities correlated to the increased photocurrent amplitudes, reaching a maximum in the ChR2 D156C mutant. Immunoblot experiments with total membrane fractions of oocytes expressing ChR2, bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin hinted towards a dimeric quartenary structure of the channel. This has been confirmed by the recently published crystal structure of a chimaeric ChR1/ChR2 protein (Kato et al., 2012). Assuming the pore in a channel dimer is formed by the protomers, interference or crosstalk between the subunits has been identified. Oocytes expressing mixtures of channelrhodopsins demonstrated differences in kinetics when illumination length and light intensity was varied. A prerequisite for this effect is a simultaneous excitation of both subunits. The interaction of channelrhodopsin-subunits in vivo has been demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. It was shown, that oligomerization is not restricted to identical subunits in a homodimer but also possible between different ChR2 variants in a heterodimer and even between ChR1 and ChR2.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-185).

Les NAD(P)H déshydrogénases de type II (Ndh-II) sont des enzymes de faible poids moléculaire capables doxyder le NAD(P)H et de transférer les électrons à un groupement quinone (plastoquinone ou ubiquinone). On les appelle « de type II » par opposition aux déshydrogénases de type I qui correspondent au complexe I mitochondrial. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, des protéines Ndh-II ont été identifiées sur les faces interne et externe de la membrane interne mitochondriale, sur la membrane des peroxysomes, et au niveau de la membrane thylacoïdale du chloroplaste. Au niveau de la chaîne de transport délectrons mitochondriale, les protéines Ndh-II constituent une voie alternative aux complexes I et II pour lapport des électrons au pool dubiquinones. Cette voie alternative permettrait une adaptation de la chaîne de transport délectrons en fonction du métabolisme de lalgue. Au niveau de la chaîne de transport délectrons chloroplastique, les protéines Ndh-II participeraient à plusieurs mécanismes dadaptation de la chaîne à la quantité et à la qualité de la lumière disponible : transitions détats, transport cyclique délectrons autour du photosystème II. Leur fonction serait de catalyser la réduction non-photochimique du pool de plastoquinones. En 2005, sept open reading frame correspondant à des NAD(P)H déshydrogénases de type II hypothétiques (NDA1 à NDA7) ont été identifiées dans le génome nucléaire de Chlamydomonas. Ces séquences étaient cependant largement incomplètes du fait de régions non séquencées dans le génome de Chlamydomonas. Les données récoltées au cours de ce travail ont permis lobtention dune version complète de la séquence codante des gènes NDA de Chlamydomonas. Ces analyses ont démontré que le gène putatif NDA4 correspondait, en fait, à des régions internes non attribuées au gène NDA2. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana et Solanum tuberosum, une corrélation entre le positionnement phylogénétique des gènes NDH-II et la localisation subcellulaire de la protéine correspondante a été mise en évidence. Lanalyse phylogénétique des séquences des protéines Nda de Chlamydomonas montre que les gènes NDA1, 2 et 3 seraient proches phylogénétiquement et seraient à positionner dans le clade des protéines Ndh-II mitochondriales des plantes supérieures. A linverse, la protéine Nda5 serait dorigine cyanobactérienne et se positionne dans le même clade que les protéines identifiées dans le chloroplaste des plantes supérieures. Les protéines Nda6 et 7 sont très proches du point de vue de la séquence, suggérant une duplication récente des gènes NDA6 et 7. Ces deux protéines se positionnent dans un nouveau clade, apparemment intermédiaire entre le domaine eucaryote et le domaine procaryote. Une étude dexpression des gènes NDA de Chlamydomonas a permis de mettre en évidence lexpression apparemment majoritaire du gène NDA2. Pour étudier la fonction spécifique de NDA2, nous avons inactivé lexpression de ce gène par RNA interférence afin détudier le phénotype des mutants obtenus. Contrairement aux prédictions in silico, il est apparu que la protéine Nda2 se localise au niveau du chloroplaste. Létude de la fluorescence chlorophyllienne de deux mutants montre que la capacité de ces mutants à réduire de manière non-photochimique le pool de plastoquinones est largement diminuée. Dautre part, les mutants sont largement affectés dans leur capacité à modifier la distribution de lénergie dexcitation entre les deux photosystèmes (transition détat) lorsque la respiration mitochondriale est inhibée. Il est connu que les transitions détat sont initiées par des changements de létat rédox du pool de plastoquinones, qui est lui-même dépendant de létat rédox de la cellule. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons que la protéine Nda2 pourrait servir de « senseur » du métabolisme cellulaire de lalgue et permettrait dadapter les flux délectrons chloroplastiques en réponse aux changements du contexte énergétique cellulaire.

Résumé Le complexe V mitochondrial (F1FO-ATP synthétase) catalyse la phosphorylation de lADP par le phosphate inorganique en utilisant la force proton-motrice générée par la chaîne de transport délectrons. Ce complexe protéique possède deux domaines : un secteur associé à la membrane, FO, impliqué dans la translocation des protons, et un domaine extrinsèque, F1, qui catalyse la synthèse dATP. Les deux secteurs sont connectés par deux bras : un bras central qui couple la translocation des protons à la région catalytique, et un bras latéral qui est considéré comme faisant partie du stabilisateur (stator) de lenzyme. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à lenzyme de deux algues appartenant à la classe des Chlorophyceae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii et Polytomella sp.. L'enzyme des deux algues présente une composition sous-unitaire atypique, les sous-unités classiquement retrouvées chez les eucaryotes et impliquées dans larchitecture du bras périphérique ou dans la dimérisation du complexe en étant absentes. En contrepartie, 9 sous-unités dorigine évolutive inconnue sont associées à lenzyme. Elles ont été appelées Asa1 à 9 pour ATP Synthase Associated protein. Chez C. reinhardtii et Polytomella sp., lATP synthétase présente une stabilité accrue de sa forme dimérique in vitro, et, in vivo, les cellules de C. reinhardtii sont insensibles à loligomycine, un puissant inhibiteur de la translocation de protons au travers de FO. Nous avons dans un premier temps tenté détablir la composition sous-unitaire du complexe V chez des espèces appartenant aux différentes classes de Chlorophytes (Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Prasinophyceae et Ulvophyceae) en combinant analyses génomiques et protéomiques. Plusieurs sous-unités Asa ont ainsi pu être détectées chez des algues appartenant à divers ordres de Chlorophyceae. Au contraire, les analyses de séquences disponibles chez les autres classes de Chlorophytes (Trebouxiophyceae, Prasinophyceae et Ulvophyceae) indiquent une composition canonique de lenzyme. Lanalyse de la stabilité de la forme dimérique du complexe de différentes espèces d'algues vertes sur BN PAGE (Blue Native PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) suggère également que la présence dun dimère stable est caractéristique aux Chlorophyceae. Par ailleurs, leur croissance, respiration, et niveaux d'ATP sont à peine affectés par la présence d'oligomycine à des concentrations inhibitrices chez les représentants des autres classes de Chlorophytes. Les nombreuses particularités communes aux algues appartenant à cette classe suggèrent que la perte d'éléments canoniques du stator est apparue lors de la séparation des Chlorophyceae et a été accompagnée du recrutement de nouvelles sous-unités. Ce réarrangement drastique de la composition de stator et du module de dimérisation pourrait avoir conféré de nouvelles propriétés à lenzyme, notamment une meilleure stabilité et une plus grande résistance à loligomycine. Nous avons également étudié la fonction de la sous-unité atypique Asa7 en inactivant son expression chez C. reinhardtii. Bien que la perte de la sous-unité Asa7 n'aie aucun impact sur la bioénergétique des cellules ou sur la structure mitochondriale, elle déstabilise lenzyme in vitro et rend la croissance, la respiration, et de le niveau d'ATP sensible à oligomycine. L'impact de la perte de l'activité ATP synthétase mitochondriale chez un organisme photosynthétique a été étudié chez C. reinhardtii par linactivation de l'expression du gène ATP2, codant pour la sous-unité catalytique beta. Les résultats démontrent que, en l'absence de beta, l'ATP synthétase ne peut plus être assemblée et les cellules deviennent dépendantes de la photosynthèse. La respiration en présence ou en absence du découpleur CCCP suggère que le passage des protons à travers la membrane interne mitochondriale est bloqué chez la souche mutante. Enfin, la morphologie des mitochondries est affectée, et les chloroplastes montrent un réaménagement massif de l'appareil photosynthétique, suggérant des répercussions importantes sur la synthèse dATP par les chloroplastes. Ces résultats contribuent à la compréhension des interactions entre organites bioénergétiques chez les organismes photosynthétiques.

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient, yet elevated Se can be toxic to aquatic organisms. The range of Se concentrations within which Se uptake goes from insufficient to toxic is very narrow. It is thus important to understand the Se biogeochemical cycle in aquatic systems. In this thesis, the study focuses on changes in Se speciation during uptake by green algae. An optimized method was adopted to quantify and speciate Se in water using flow-injection atomic fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with high-pressure liquid chromatography. Details on the method are given here. For the uptake experiments, the uptakes of four Se species (selenite (Se-IV), selenate (Se-VI), selenocystine (Se-Cys) and selenomethionine (Se-Met)) by the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were compared. This thesis reports that the algae take up higher amounts of organic Se than inorganic Se. Selenomethionine (Se-Met) had the most rapid uptake, during which Se-Cys was produced. For all experiments, Se-IV was produced and found to sorb onto the algae cells, revealing that Se-IV is an important intermediate compound. Mass balance calculations revealed that more than 90% of Se was lost during uptake, probably to the atmosphere. This study also investigated the release of Se during algae decay to simulate the fate of Se during early-diagenesis. Selenium-rich algae cells were mixed with estuarine sediments at the sediment–water interface in a series of column incubations experiments. During the 7-week incubations, Se speciation was measured at the water–sediment interface and in pore water samples. We found that all the Se released to the pore water was in the form of Se-Cys. Although preliminary, these results highlight the key role of organic-Se species in the biogeochemical cycle of Se in the aquatic environment.

The primary aim of the research summarized in this thesis was to confirm or refute that algae are involved in metal sedimentation from surface water, and whether this activity, if any, is enhanced by increased phosphorus availability. <p>A small-scale laboratory-based experiment was devised to elucidate the role of the chlorophyte alga Chlamydomonas noctigama in the removal of arsenic, nickel and uranium from mine water. Results indicated that the presence of <i>C. noctigama</i> significantly enhanced the removal of these metals relative to treatments without cells. Metals were present in greater concentrations in particulate matter in treatments with cells compared to treatments without cells, and there was a corresponding decrease in the concentrations of dissolved metals. This leads to the conclusion that sedimentation was mainly biotically induced. <p>Additional evidence of biotic involvement in metal removal from water by <i>C. noctigama</i> was obtained by using EDX spectroscopy and X-PEEM spectromicroscopy to observe complexation of arsenic, nickel and uranium to C. noctigama cells. Arsenic, the metal which was present at the lowest concentration in the DJX water, was present on scanned cells in low concentrations, and nickel and uranium, which were present at high concentrations in the DJX water, were present at higher concentrations. Examination of a single cell using X-PEEM spectromicroscopy showed uranium co-localized with carbon and phosphorus on the exterior of the cell. Crystalline particulate matter may have increased in the presence of cells. EDX spectroscopy showed that the crystalline particulate matter was possibly hydroxyapatite that contained various metals, including arsenic, nickel and uranium. EDX spectroscopy was used to determine the frequencies at which the cell-metal and particulate matter-metal associations occurred, and the relative concentrations of the metals associated with particulate matter. <p>No correlation between metal removal and phosphorus concentration in the media, or between algal density and phosphorus concentration was observed. However, phosphorus concentrations were not growth-limiting in these experiments, and so the effect of phosphorus on abiotic precipitation of metals remains unclear. <p> Results suggest two mechanisms by which <i>C. noctigama</i> may remove arsenic, nickel and uranium from solution: by direct sorption to the exterior of the cell, and by sorption to a cell product. <p>An experiment using cells preserved in Lugols iodine (a common phytoplankton sample preservative) indiated that Lugols preserved samples could not be used to quantify metals using spectroscopy. Consequently, historical samples preserved with Lugols iodine cannot be analyzed by this method.

Intraflagellar transport (IFT), the key mechanism for ciliogenesis, involves large protein particles moving bi-directionally along the entire ciliary length. IFT particles contain two large protein complexes, A and B, which are constructed with proteins in a core and several peripheral proteins. Prior studies have shown that in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, IFT46, IFT52, and IFT88 directly interact with each other and are in a subcomplex of the IFT B core. However, ift46, bld1, and ift88 mutants differ in phenotype as ift46 mutants are able to form short flagella, while the other two lack flagella completely. In this study, we investigated the functional differences of these individual IFT proteins contributing to complex B assembly, stability, and basal body localization. We found that complex B is completely disrupted in bld1 mutant, indicating an essential role of IFT52 for complex B core assembly. Ift46 mutant cells are capable of assembling a relatively intact but highly unstable complex B. In contrast, in ift88 mutant cells the complex B core still assembles and remains stable, but the peripheral proteins no longer attach to the B core. Moreover, while complex A and the anterograde IFT motor FLA10 are localized normally to the transition fibers, complex B proteins instead are accumulated at the proximal ends of the basal bodies in ift88. Taken together, these results revealed a step-wise assembly process for complex B, and showed that the complex first localizes to the proximal end of the centrioles and then translocates onto the transition fibers via an IFT88-dependent mechanism. Protein interaction analyses such as the yeast two-hybrid assay in addition to identification and characterization of novel IFT complex B mutants will reveal a more complete picture of the architecture and function of IFT complex B.