Bielefeld, Universiẗat, Diss., 1995.

Magíster en Educación con Mención Currículo y Comunidad Educativa / Autor no autoriza la publicación de su tesis a texto completo en el portal de Tesis Electrónica / La presente investigación se inscribe dentro de la temática de educación, específicamente en el área de la “Educación Intercultural Bilingüe”. Se trata una investigación descriptiva sobre las representaciones sociales y estrategias que adoptan los educadores tradicionales para enseñar el conocimiento mapuche en el marco del programa de educación intercultural bilingüe a nivel de la Educación General Básica. Una de la estrategia del Programa de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe consiste en la creación del rol de Educador Tradicional (ET), rol que surge al amparo de procesos participativos y comunitarios para salvaguardar el patrimonio cultural de los pueblos indígenas con énfasis en los fortalecimientos lingüísticos y culturales. A partir del rol de ET, nos adentramos en la discusión entre el planteamiento oficial sobre la implementación del Programa EIB y el papel que juega el conocimiento de los pueblos indígenas en la acción pedagógica. Es sabido, que el modelo educativo indígena funda su accionar en el principio de integralidad, privilegiando la interacción permanente con los elementos del entorno y del cosmos, definición ampliamente tratada a nivel académico. Al respecto, daremos una revisión general los desafíos que conllevan lo que ahora conocemos como el rol de los “educadores tradicionales” en este nuevo espacio de enseñanza propio del sistema educativo oficial

This dissertation consists of a description of the grammar of Tila Chol. Chol is one of the 30 Mayan languages spoken in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. This language is used by nearly 200,000 speakers, distributed in two main dialects: Tila Chol and Tumbalá Chol. The data for this thesis are mostly from Tila Chol. This dissertation includes aspects of phonology, morphology, and syntax from a contrastive and typological perspective. The grammar begins with general information about the speakers and the language (chapter one). Chapter two is a description of phonology, which includes the inventory of sounds, stress, syllabic patterns and phonological processes. Chapter three presents the properties of root/word classes, as well as affixes and particles. Chapter four is about the person and number markers. Chapter five provides the main features of word classes, such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, positionals, affect words, adverbs, minor classes and clitics. The next chapter (chapter six) deals with the elements that verbs can take, including incorporation of modifiers and noun incorporation. Chapter seven provides the main features of non-verbal predicates. In chapter eight, the structures of noun phrases, such as possessors, determiners and modifiers are presented. Chapter nine describes the structure of simple sentences in both verbal and non-verbal predicates. Chapter ten is devoted to the operations that changevalence, including passive, antipassive, reflexive/reciprocal, causative and applicative. Chapter eleven deals with information structure in the discourse, specifically topicalization and focus. Chapter twelve is a brief description of passive constructions as operations triggered by paradigmatic gaps related to obviation as documented in Algonquian languages. Chapter thirteen deals with complex predicate structures. Finally, in Chapter fourteen, the complex sentences are described, including complement clauses, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, conditional clauses and coordination. This grammar will provide useful information for current Chol projects related to strengthening and revitalization efforts, such as in the construction of pedagogical materials and will also be useful for the field of linguistics or other related areas. / text

Le cancer papillaire de la thyroïde (PTC) est celui le plus fréquent de la thyroïde. Il est caractérisé par des réarrangements chromosomique affectant le gène RET, dont les plus fréquemment observés sont RET/PTC1 et RET/PTC3. Les oncogène de jonction sont spécifiques à la tumeur et représentent une cible privilégiée pour une thérapie ciblée par des petits ARN interférents (siRNA). Notre but est d’introduire une nouvelle approche pharmacologique par siRNA pour les PTC. Pour réaliser nos expériences, la lignée cellulaire humaine PTC, BHP10-3 SCmice exprimant l’oncogène RET/PTC1 a été utilisé. En absence de lignée RET/PTC3 commercialisée nous avons établi la lignée cellulaire RP3 (stablement transfecté la lignée NIH/3T3 issue de fibroblastes de souris par un vecteur d’expression RET/PTC3) qui s’est avérée tumorigène chez la souris. Ensuite, des siRNAs dirigés contre la jonction ont été dessinés. Les siRNAs ont été trouvés efficaces et spécifiques contre leurs propres oncogènes de jonction et ne sont pas capables d'inhiber l'expression de séquences alternées. Les siRNAs ont été vectorisés sous forme de nanoparticules (NPs) de squalène (SQ). In vitro, les NPs siRNA RET/PTC1-SQ et NPs siRNA RET/PTC3-SQ sont incapables d’inhiber l’expression de l’oncogène et l’oncoprotéine sauf transfectés par lipofectamine. Pour cela, un peptide, le GALA-Chol a été combiné aux NPs siRNA RET/PTC1-SQ ce qui les a rendu efficace in vitro dans l’inhibition de l’oncogène et de l’oncoprotéine mais inefficace sur la croissance tumorale in vivo probablement par agrégation des NPs siRNA RET/PTC1-SQ GALA-Chol dans la circulation sanguine. En revanche les NPs siRNA RET/PTC1-SQ (0.5mg/kg/souris) et NPs siRNA RET/PTC3-SQ (2.5mg/kg/souris) sont efficaces in vivo, ils inhibent considérablement la croissance tumorale, réduisent l’expression des oncogènes et des oncoprotéines RET/PTCs, induisent la mort cellulaire par clivage de la caspase-3 et de PARP-1 et restaurent partiellement la différenciation (diminution de marqueur Ki67). Ces résultats suggèrent l'utilisation des NPs siRNAs-SQ en tant que traitement pour les patients atteints de PTC exprimant les oncogènes de jonctions RET/PTCs. / Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common of thyroid cancers. PTC is characterized by chromosomal rearrangements affecting chromosome 10 and leading to RET/PTC junction oncogenes. The most frequent ones are RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3. Because the junction oncogenes are present only in the tumour cells, they represent a good target for a specific therapy such as small interfering RNA (siRNA). Our aim is to introduce a new pharmacological approach by siRNA for PTC. To perform the experiments, human BHP10-3 SCmice cell line expressing RET/PTC1 was used. Due to absence of commercially available RET/PTC3 cell line, we established a new RP3 cell line (from NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts, transfected stably with the RET/PTC3 expression vector) which was found to become tumorigenic in nude mice. siRNAs were designed within the junction sequences of both RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3. Both siRNAs were found efficient and specific against their own junction oncogenes and were not able to inhibit the expression of alternate sequences. Then, siRNAs were vectorized in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) of squalene (SQ). In vitro, both siRNA RET/PTC1-SQ NPs and siRNA RET/PTC3-SQ NPs were found to be inefficient in gene and protein inhibitions except once transfected with lipofectamine. Therefore, a peptide GALA-Chol was added in siRNA RET/PTC1-SQ NPs which rendered them efficient in vitro in gene and protein inhibitions but found to be inefficient in vivo. The nanoparticles of siRNA RET/PTC1-SQ NPs (0.5 mg/kg/mouse) and siRNA RET/PTC3-SQ NPs (2.5 mg/kg/mouse) were found to drastically reduce the tumor growth and RET/PTCs oncogene and oncoprotein expressions. Moreover, they induced cell death by cleavage of both caspase-3 and PARP-1 and partially restored differentiation (decrease of Ki67 marker). Our findings highly support the use of siRNAs-SQ NPs as a treatment for patients affected by PTC expressing RET/PTCs.