[pt] Não mais servos, mas amigos (Jo 15,15): Uma abordagem teológica da amizade à luz do mistério de Cristo. Esta tese doutoral tem o objetivo de evidenciar a philia oferecida por Cristo aos seus amigos como um caminho seguro para o processo de renovação das relações humanas, sobretudo, nas comunidades cristãs. A partir de uma leitura teológico-litúrgica, a amizade estudada traduz o modelo da Aliança que Deus oferece a toda humanidade que busca uma experiência existencial do amor, retratada em seu teor histórico-salvífico e litúrgico-celebrativo. Para tal, essa tese tem o seu fundamento na Revelação Bíblica de Deus como o Amigo, que cria o ser humano para viver em sua amizade. Este, mesmo que a recuse, é amparado por Deus, que jamais o abandona ao poder da morte. Na Nova Aliança, o Cristo Ressuscitado permite que o amor, na sua expressão de amizade, seja relido para se tornar o arquétipo da nova relação entre Jesus e os seus discípulos, ao unir à philia o ato de doar a vida. A Liturgia, por sua vez, como fonte de vida, de oração e de amizade, reconduz os cristãos ao culmen et fons da autêntica espiritualidade da Igreja, pois os convida a uma participação plena no ato celebrativo que, na Eucaristia, realiza a sua máxima expressão comunitária, vivida no coração da Igreja. Neste contexto salvífico-celebrativo, o mistério de Cristo anseia por frutificar na vida de cada cristão, gerando uma nova compreensão da liturgia: um ato salvífico-celebrativo realizado entre amigos, no qual a presença do Ressuscitado é reconhecida e celebrada como Memorial e antecipação da Liturgia Celeste; o agir humano é divinizado, e sua ação consiste em gestos de amizade recíproca (Redenção) que favorecem a convivência na alegria da Aliança. Esta experiência pode representar uma contribuição relevante para a renovação da comunidade cristã, na qual a liturgia, ao se revelar como uma escola de amizade e hospitalidade, se faz relevante também nos novos espaços digitais, no intuito de incentivar os seus usuários a uma comunhão nas relações digitais e educá-los à conscientização do valor do encontro entre amigos de modo presencial. Tal realização eficaz ocorre por meio de uma assembleia litúrgica. Ao resgatar essa temática sob o prisma da Oração Eucarística IV do Missal Romano, a amizade cristã é relida como um processo, ao mesmo tempo, afetivo e real do mistério celebrado. Desta forma, conclui-se que, quando uma celebração litúrgica assume o seu autêntico caráter de serviço, no âmbito cristológico da amizade, acende-se uma centelha que é capaz de reanimar e infundir na comunidade a força sobrenatural de uma philia que permite a cada cristão reclinar-se no peito do Amigo. / [en] No longer servants, but friends (Jn 15:15): A theological approach to friendship in the light of the mystery of Christ. This doctoral thesis aims to highlight the philia offered by Christ to his friends as a sure path for the process of renewal of human relationships, above all, in Christian communities. From a theological liturgical reading, the friendship that was studied translates the model of the Covenant that God offers to all humanity that seeks an existential experience of love, portrayed in its historical-salvific and liturgical-celebrative content. For such, this thesis has its foundation in the Biblical Revelation of God as the Friend, who creates the human being to live in his friendship. The latter, even if he refuses it, is supported by God, who never abandons him to the power of death. In the New Covenant, the Risen Christ allows love, in its expression of friendship, to be reread to become the archetype of the new relationship between Jesus and his disciples, by uniting the act of giving life to the philia. The Liturgy, in turn, as a source of life, prayer and friendship, brings Christians back to the culmen et fons of the authentic spirituality of the Church, as it invites them to participate fully in the celebratory act which, in the Eucharist, fulfills its maximum community expression, lived in the heart of the Church. In this salvific-celebrative context, the mystery of Christ yearns to bear fruit in the life of every Christian, generating a new understanding of the liturgy: a salvific-celebrative act performed among friends, in which the presence of the Risen is recognized and celebrated as a memorial and anticipation of the Celestial Liturgy; human action is deified, and its action consists of gestures of mutual friendship (Redemption) that favor coexistence in the joy of the Covenant. This experience can represent a relevant contribution to the renewal of the Christian community, in which the liturgy, by revealing itself as a school of friendship and hospitality, is also relevant in new digital spaces, in order to encourage its users to a communion in digital relationships and educate them to raise awareness of the value of meeting friends in person. Such effective realization takes place through a liturgical assembly. When rescuing this theme under the prism of Eucharistic Prayer IV of the Roman Missal, Christian friendship is reread as a process, at the same time, affective and real of the celebrated mystery. In this way, it is concluded that, when a liturgical celebration assumes its authentic character of service, in the Christological context of friendship, a spark is lit that is capable of reanimating and infusing in the community the supernatural strength of a philia that allows each Christian to lean on the Friend s chest.

[pt] A amizade é um fenômeno universal e próprio da condição humana que nasce da livre oferta de si mesmo para lançar-se ao mistério do outro. Por meio dela, os homens tornam-se capazes de encontrar um caminho para a sua humanização. Este trabalho, sob a perspectiva da teologia patrística, retrata a amizade de Gregório de Nazianzo e Basílio de Cesaréia, como um modelo para todo o cristão que busca uma experiência existencial do amor, revestida da Aliança que Deus faz com a humanidade. Para tal, investigou-se sistematicamente a temática da philia cristã, à luz desses dois padres capadócios que fizeram uma grande síntese do pensamento clássico e cristão no século IV. Essa dissertação se fundamenta na Oração 43 de Gregório de Nazianzo, especificamente nos parágrafos 14 a 24, que retrata duas personalidades tão distintas, movidas pela busca da expressão mais sensível do amor de Deus, capazes de viver uma comunhão universal e indivisível, tornadas como uma alma em dois corpos a ponto de ser imperceptível a costura que as uniu. Objetiva-se, portanto, demonstrar a relevância da amizade cristã na Oração 43,14-24 como importante instrumento no processo de humanização e de renovação das relações fraternas. / [en] Friendship is a universal and proper phenomenon of the human condition that is born of the free offer of oneself to launch itself into the mystery of the other. Through it men become capable of finding a way for their humanization. This work, from the perspective of patristic theology, portrays the friendship of Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil of Caesarea as a model for every Christian who seeks an existential experience of love, clothed in the Alliance God makes with humanity. For this, we systematically investigated the theme of Christian philia in the light of these two Cappadocian priests who made a great synthesis of classical and Christian thought in the fourth century. This dissertation is based on St. Gregory of Nazianzus Prayer 43, specifically in paragraphs 14 to 24, which portrays two very different personalities who, motivated by the search for the most sensitive expression of God s love, were able to live a universal and indivisible communion, and allowed to become like a soul in two bodies to the point of rendering imperceptible the seam that united them. This dissertation aims to demonstrate the relevance of Christian friendship through Prayer 43,14-24 as an important tool in the process of humanization and renewal of fraternal relationships.

L'arrivée de Hitler au pouvoir et la mise en œuvre de la politique du IIIème Reich provoquent l'arrivée en France de plusieurs vagues successives de réfugiés provenant d'Allemagne et de tous les pays nouvellement conquis par le nazisme. Lyon, véritablecitadelle contre l'obscurantisme, allait s'élever comme un rempart pour les protéger et venir en aide aux nouveaux arrivants, parmi lesquels les Juifs.Le 26 août 1942, 1016 juifs étrangers, entrés en France après le 1er janvier 1936, des dix départements de la Région de Lyon, situés en zone dite libre, avaient été arrêtés et dirigés au camp de Vénissieux, situé dans la proche banlieue de Lyon, par les forces de police et de gendarmerie françaises afin d'être livrés par Vichy à l'occupant nazi. En utilisant la couverture de l'Amitié Chrétienne et grâce au soutien des membres résistants des services de Vichy, des combattants sans armes et de toutes obédiences, qui avaient déjà entrepris d'autres actions de sauvetage et qui se connaissaient, participèrent au travail de la commission de criblage de Vénissieux afin de plaider chaque dossier des internés dans un sens favorables aux exemptions.Trois jours plus tard, le 29 août 1942, 545 d'entre eux ont été conduits à la gare de St Priest pour être livrés à l'occupant en vue de leur déportation à Auschwitz tandis que les 470 restants viennent d'être libérés dont une centaine d'enfants, et prennent le chemin de la liberté. Ceux que nous avons pu retrouver nous livrent le récit de cet épisode tragique.L'affaire emblématique de Vénissieux restera dans l'histoire de la Shoah en France comme la plus grande opération de sauvetage entreprise dans un camp en France. Elle a été le résultat d'une conjonction d'éléments favorables saisis avec brio par les meilleurs du sauvetage, des résistants sans arme membres des œuvres charitables de toutes confessions qui agirent de concert avec Gilbert LESAGE du Service des Etrangers (SSE) et sous le couvert de l'Amitié Chrétienne avec l’appui du Service Social d'Aide aux Etrangers (SSAE), en coopération avec des membres de l'œuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) et avec le soutien des Eclaireurs Israélites de France (EIF), du Consistoire, des rabbins. / The arrival of Hitler to power and the installation of the policy of the 3rd Reich lead to the arrival in France of several successive waves of refugees coming from Germany and all the countries conquered by the Nazis. Lyon, a real citadel against obscurantism , was going to rise like a rampart to protect them and come to the rescue of the newcomers, among them the Jews.On August 26th, 1942, 1016 foreign Jews, who arrived in France after January 1st, 1936, of the ten departments of the area of Lyon, located in the so called "free zone", had been arrested by the French police and sent to the Vénissieux camp, located in the outskirts of Lyon, in order to be handed over to the nazi occupant.Under the cover of the Christian Friendship and thanks to the help of the resistant members inside the Vichy regime, fighters without weapons and of all denominations, who had already undertaken other rescue actions and who knew each other, took part in the screening commission in Vénissieux, in order to save as many internees as possible. Three days later, on August 29th, 1942, 545 prisoners where led to the train station of St Priest, handed over to the occupant and deported to Auschwitz, while 470 others, among which 100 children, and set off to freedom.The survivors we could find after the war, gave us the account of this epic. Still, the emblematic case of Vénissieux, will remain in the history of the Shoah in France. It was the result of an environment of favourable elements seized with brilliance by the best of the rescuers, unarmed partisans, members of charitable organisations of all faiths who acted in liaison with Gilbert LESAGE from the SSE ( Service des Etrangers ) and under the cover of the Christian Frienship together with the SSAE (Service Sociald’Aide aux Etrangers), in cooperation with members of the OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants ) and the help of the Eclaireurs Israélites de France, the Consistoire and rabbis.