Orientador: Hilary Castle de Menezes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T00:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_LucianeCarneiro_D.pdf: 2906438 bytes, checksum: ecefb4e80722a27e338165f61b693999 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar diversas formulações de blends de café arábica com café robusta através de avaliação sensorial com consumidores, tanto para preparo em filtro de papel como para café espresso. Inicialmente, foi determinada a faixa de grau de torração mais adequada para cada café estudado, através de avaliação sensorial com experts e com equipe treinada para Análise Descritiva Quantitativa. Os resultados apontaram uma torração média como a que apresentava maior intensidade de aroma e sabor característicos de café sem a percepção do sabor queimado, caracterizada pela perda de peso de 15 a 16% e pela da luminosidade do grão (L*) entre 37 e 38. A etapa fundamental do trabalho se deu em seguida com a avaliação dos blends (de 10 a 50% de robusta, cereja descascado) mais uma amostra de arábica 100%, preparados em filtro de papel e tipo espresso, através de Teste de Aceitação com consumidores diários de café. Os resultados para ambos os preparos mostraram não haver diferença significativa (ao nível de 5%) na apreciação das amostras por parte dos consumidores. Os resultados do teste sensorial foram complementados por avaliações químicas. Utilizando-se de técnicas de Comatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), foram analisados os teores de ácidos clorogênicos, ácidos carboxílicos e açúcares dos cafés arábica e robusta (processado via seca ¿ RS, e cereja descascado - RCD), bem como de alguns blends (arábica 80% e robusta CD 20%; arábica 60% e robusta CD 40%). Foram determinados os teores desses componentes nos cafés verdes, após torração e nas bebidas (filtrada e espresso). Os resultados apontaram diferenças entre o café arábica e os robustas para diversos compostos, especialmente no café verde, havendo também algumas diferenças entre os robustas RCD e RS. Os teores dos componentes encontrados nos blends apresentaram comportamento coerente se comparados os resultados com o café arábica e o robusta RCD 100%. Com a torração as diferenças tenderam a diminuir tornando-se ainda menores com a extração da bebida, seja ela em filtro de papel ou tipo espresso. Para finalizar, foi observado o perfil de voláteis das amostras citadas no parágrafo anterior, exceto para o café verde, usando técnica de isolamento do headspace retido em polímero poroso e analisado por Cromatografia Gasosa (CG). Os resultados mostraram diferenças consideráveis nos perfis encontrados para o café arábica e os cafés robusta especialmente nas bebidas. No entanto, pouca diferença foi notada entre os blends e o café arábica. No geral, embora haja considerável diferença entre o café arábica e o café robusta, quando este é adicionado ao café arábica, até proporções de 50% (como mostrado na avaliação sensorial) pouca diferença se nota, tanto química quanto em relação à aceitação sensorial do produto final. Este resultado mostra a viabilidade do uso do café robusta para ambos os preparos de bebidas, em oposição ao preconceito que existe por parte de alguns setores do agronegócio café / Abstract: The main objective of this thesis was to study various blends of arabica and robusta coffees, prepared both by filtration and the espresso technique, by carrying out sensory evaluations with consumers. Initially, for each coffee studied, the most adequate degree of roast was determined using a sensory evaluation by experts and by a panel trained for Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. The results indicated a medium roast as being that presenting greater intensity of characteristic coffee aroma and flavour with no perception of a burnt flavour, characterised by a loss of mass from 15 to 16% and by a bean luminosity (L*) between 37 and 38. The fundamental stage of the work followed with the evaluation of the blends (from 10 to 50% semi-dry processed robusta) plus a 100% arabica sample, prepared both by filtration and by the espresso technique, using an acceptance test with daily coffee consumers. The results for both types of preparation showed no significant difference (at the 5% significance level) in the appreciation of the samples by the consumers. The results of the sensory test were complemented by chemical evaluations. The chlorogenic acid, carboxylic acid and sugar contents of the arabica and robusta (dry processed ¿ RS, semi-dry processed ¿ RCD) coffees, and of some blends (80% arabica + 20% RCD robusta; 60% arabica + 40% RCD robusta) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of these components were determined in the raw coffees, after roasting and in the brews (filtered and espresso). The results showed differences between the arabica and robusta coffees for various components, especially in the raw coffees, some differences between the RCD and RS robustas also being found. The values found in the blends were coherent considering the values found for the 100% robusta RCD and arabica samples. The differences tended to decrease with roasting and were even smaller in the brews, be the samples prepared by filtration or the espresso technique. To finalise the work, the volatile profiles of the samples cited in the previous paragraph, with the exception of the raw samples, were observed, using a technique of isolation from the headspace by retention in a porous polymer and analysis by gas chromatography (GC). The results showed considerable differences between the profiles of the arabica and robusta coffees, especially in the brews, but little difference was noted between the blends and the arabica coffee. In general, despite considerable differences between the arabica coffee and the robusta coffee, when the latter is added to the former up to 50% (as shown in the sensory evaluation), little difference is detected, either chemically or by the sensory acceptance of the final product. These results show the viability of using robusta coffee in both types of brew preparation, contrary to the prejudiced idea existing in some parts of coffee agro-business / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador : Maria Aparecida Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:46:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morais_MarcilioMachado_D.pdf: 20352796 bytes, checksum: 3cb1864bd6ef2b4592f66efb7fa5c07c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Na secagem de determinados alimentos como frutas, juntamente com a água há também a evaporação de outras substâncias voláteis presentes em quantidades menores. Quando essas substâncias possuem características odoríferas, a qualidade do produto final seco pode ser prejudicada devido à diminuição do aroma. Por isso, torna-se interessante considerar nos estudos de secagem a evaporação, além da água, desses outros componentes voláteis. A modificação da atmosfera tem sido utilizada somente em armazenamento, principalmente de vegetais, mas pode também ser estendida à secagem, pois pode influenciar a perda de voláteis responsáveis pelas características sensoriais do produto final. No presente trabalho, desenvolveu-se um sistema de secagem, no qual a atmosfera de secagem pode ser modificada pela adição de gases ou líquidos. O referido sistema é composto por um túnel de secagem, feito de paredes de policarbonato e de um sistema de aquisição e controle de dados, onde se pode acompanhar continuamente o peso da amostra e controlar a temperatura do gás de secagem. As amostras submetidas à secagem foram um sistemamodelo e o abacaxi (Smooth Cayenne). O primeiro foi desenvolvido a partir da composição química básica do abacaxi e da adição de outros compostos, contendo um dos principais componentes do aroma desta fruta (hexanoato de etila). A atmosfera de secagem foi modificada pela adição de etanol (0,5% v/v) ao ar por meio de um bico atomizador, localizado na parte superior do túnel de secagem. Nos experimentos de secagem (temperatura: 40 e 60ºC; velocidade do gás de secagem: 0,42 e 0,84 m/s; umidade relativa do gás de secagem: 8 e 23%), acompanhou-se a variação do teor de água com o tempo e a variação do teor dos componentes do aroma, sendo estes últimos determinados por cromatografia gasosa. Desenvolveu-se a metodologia analítica de determinação do aroma em ambos os sistemas, a partir dos estudos de extração de aromas e de análise cromatográfica gasosa. O aroma presente no sistema-modelo foi extraído em hexano e os componentes voláteis do aroma do abacaxi foram extraídos em éter etílico. A modificação da atmosfera de secagem do sistema-modelo com etanol, promoveu uma evaporação menos intensa de água e do componente do aroma. Já nos experimentos de secagem de abacaxi, aparentemente a evaporação do aroma foi mais intensa em atmosfera modificada do que em atmosfera normal / Abstract: In the drying of some foods such as fruits, along with water removal there is also the evaporation of other volatile substances present in lesser amounts. When these substances possess odoriferous characteristics, the quality of the final dried product can be lowered due to aroma loss. Therefore, it is interesting to consider in the drying studies the evaporation of these volatile components other than water. The modification of atmosphere has been used only in storage, especially for vegetables, but can be extended to drying since it can influence the loss of volatile components responsible for the sensorial characteristics of the final product. In the present work, a drying equipment was developed, in which the drying atmosphere can be modified by the addition of gases or liquids. The equipment is composed of a drying tunnel with polycarbonate walls and a data acquisition and control system, allowing continuous monitoring of the sample weight and control of the drying gas temperature. Samples submitted to drying were a model-system and pineapple (Smooth Cayenne). The model-system was developed from the basic chemical composition of pineapple and the addition of other compounds, containing one of the main aroma components (ethyl hexanoate). The drying atmosphere was modified by the addition of ethanol (0,5% v/v) to air using a double-fluid atomizer, which is located in the upper part of the drying tunnel. In the experiments, the variation with time of water content and aroma components concentration, were monitored. The latter was measured by gas chromatography. An analytical methodology for determination of the aroma components in both systems was developed from the studies of aroma extraction and gas chromatography. The aroma present in the model-system was extracted with hexane and the volatile aroma components from the pineapple were extracted with ethylic ether. The modification of the atmosphere with ethanol in drying of the model-system promoted a less intense evaporation of both water and aroma component. In the experiments of pineapple drying, apparently the evaporation of aroma was more intense in modified atmosphere than in normal atmosphere / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Thesis (MScFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study quality control tools were developed for the rooibos industry, primarily to determine the quality of rooibos infusions. A considerable variation between samples of the same quality grade has been noted. As there are no guidelines or procedures in place to help minimise this inconsistency it was important to develop quality control tools, which could confront this problem. Both the sensory characteristics and phenolic composition of rooibos infusions were analysed in order to create and validate these quality control tools. Descriptive sensory analysis was used for the development of a targeted sensory wheel and sensory lexicon, to be used as quality control tools by the rooibos industry, and to validate the major rooibos sensory profiles. In order to ensure all possible variation was taken into account, 230 fermented rooibos samples were sourced from the Northern Cape and Western Cape areas within South Africa over a 3-year period (2011-2013). The aroma, flavour, taste and mouthfeel attributes found to associate with rooibos sensory quality were validated and assembled into a rooibos sensory wheel, which included the average intensity, as well as the percentage occurrence of each attribute. Two major characteristic sensory profiles prevalent within rooibos, namely the primary and secondary profiles, were identified. Both profiles had a sweet taste and an astringent mouthfeel, however, the primary sensory profile is predominantly made up of “rooibos-woody”, “fynbos-floral” and “honey” aroma notes, while “fruity-sweet”, “caramel” and “apricot” aroma notes are the predominant sensory attributes of the secondary profile. The predictive value of the phenolic compounds of the infusions towards the taste and mouthfeel attributes (“sweet”, “sour”, “bitter” and “astringent”) was examined using different regression analyses, namely, Pearson’s correlation, partial least squares regression (PLS) and step-wise regression. Correlations between individual phenolic compounds and the taste and mouthfeel attributes were found to be significant, but low. Although a large sample set (N = 260) spanning 5 years (2009-2013) and two production areas (Western Cape and Northern Cape, South Africa) was used, no individual phenolic compounds could be singled out as being responsible for a specific taste or mouthfeel attribute. Furthermore, no difference was found between the phenolic compositions of the infusions based on production area, a trend that was also seen for the sensory characterisation of rooibos infusions. Sorting, a rapid sensory profiling method was evaluated for its potential use as a quality control tool for the rooibos industry. Instructed sorting was shown to successfully determine rooibos sensory quality, especially based on the aroma quality of the infusions. However, determining the quality of the infusion based on flavour quality was more difficult, possibly due to the low sensory attribute intensities. Categorisation of rooibos samples based on the two major aroma profiles i.e. the primary and secondary characteristic profiles, was achieved with uninstructed sorting. The potential of using sorting as a rapid technique to determine both quality and characteristic aroma profiles, was therefore demonstrated, indicating its relevance as another quality control tool to the rooibos industry. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gehaltebeheer hulpmiddels is as deel van hierdie studie vir die rooibosbedryf ontwikkel, hoofsaaklik om die sensoriese kwaliteit van rooibostee te bepaal. Aansienlike verskille is tussen monsters van dieselfde gehaltegraad opgemerk, primêr omdat daar in die wyer rooibosbedryf beperkte riglyne of prosedures in plek is om kwaliteitsverskille effektief te bepaal. Dit is as belangrik geag om gehaltebeheer hulpmiddels te ontwikkel om laasgenoemde probleem aan te spreek. Spesifieke gehaltebeheer hulpmiddels is dus vir hierdie studie ontwikkel en gevalideer deur die sensoriese eienskappe en fenoliese samestelling van rooibostee te analiseer. Beskrywende sensoriese analise (BSA) is gebruik om ‘n sensoriese wiel en leksikon vir die rooibosbedryf te ontwikkel en te valideer. Om alle moontlike produkvariasie te ondervang, is 230 gefermenteerde rooibos monsters afkomstig van die Noord-Kaap en Wes-Kaap areas in Suid-Afrika oor ‘n tydperk van drie jaar (2011-2013) verkry. Die aroma, geur, smaak en mondgevoel eienskappe wat met rooibos se sensoriese kwaliteit assosieer, is bevestig en uiteindelik gebruik om die sensoriese wiel te ontwikkel. Die gemiddelde intensiteit en persentasie voorkoms van elke eienskap is in die wiel ingesluit. Twee belangrike “karakteristieke” sensoriese profiele wat met rooibos geassosieer word, is geïdentifiseer, nl. die primêre en sekondêre sensoriese profiele. Tipies van beide sensoriese profiele is ‘n kenmerkende soet smaak en vrank mondgevoel, daarenteen bestaan die primêre sensoriese profiel hoofsaaklik uit "rooibos-houtagtige", "fynbos-blomagtige" en "heuning" aromas, terwyl "vrugtige-soet", "karamel" en "appelkoos" aromas die oorheersende sensoriese eienskappe van die sekondêre profiel is. Die korrelasie tussen die fenoliese verbindings en die smaak en mondgevoel eienskappe van rooibos ("soet", "suur", "bitter" en "vrankheid") is ondersoek met behulp van verskillende tipe regressieontledings, nl. Pearson se korrelasie, gedeeltelike kleinstekwadrate regressie (PLS) en stapsgewyse regressie. Korrelasies tussen individuele fenoliese verbindings en die smaak en mondgevoel eienskappe was laag, maar steeds betekenisvol. Alhoewel die uitgebreide stel monsters (N = 260) verteenwoordigend was van vyf oesjare (2009-2013) en twee produksiegebiede (Wes-Kaap en Noord-Kaap, Suid-Afrika), kon geen individuele fenoliese verbindings uitgesonder word as betekenisvolle voorspellers van spesifieke smaak of mondgevoel eienskappe nie. Verder is daar ook geen verskil tussen die verskillende produksie-areas wat betref fenoliese samestelling gevind nie. Soortgelyke resultate is bevind vir die sensoriese karakterisering van rooibostee. Sortering, 'n vinnige sensoriese profileringsmetode, is geëvalueer vir sy potensiële gebruik as 'n gehaltebeheer hulpmiddel vir die rooibosbedryf. Gestrukteerde sortering was suksesvol om rooibos se sensoriese kwaliteit, veral die algemene aroma kwaliteit van rooibos, te bepaal. Hierdie profileringsmetode was egter nie so suksesvol om rooibos se algemene geur, smaak en mondgevoeleienskappe te bepaal nie. Hierdie tendens kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die betekenisvolle laer intensiteite van laasgenoemde sensoriese eienskappe. Die kategorisering van die rooibos monsters op grond van hul karakteristieke primêre en sekondêre sensoriese profiele is suksesvol deur middel van ongestrukteerde sortering bepaal. In die geheel gesien is die potensiaal van die sorteringstegniek as ‘n vinnige metode om die algemene sensoriese kwaliteit, asook die karakteristieke aroma profiele van rooibos te bepaal, dus bewys. Hierdie vinnige sensoriese profileringstegniek hou dus besliste voordele in vir die rooibosbedryf as dit kom by sensoriese gehaltebeheer.

Submitted by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-04-20T21:56:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_7529_Lindamara Maria de Souza20140630-82317.pdf: 3532286 bytes, checksum: 2c24c77fad763f25826fe7fa50a73f20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-04-27T12:36:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_7529_Lindamara Maria de Souza20140630-82317.pdf: 3532286 bytes, checksum: 2c24c77fad763f25826fe7fa50a73f20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T12:36:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_7529_Lindamara Maria de Souza20140630-82317.pdf: 3532286 bytes, checksum: 2c24c77fad763f25826fe7fa50a73f20 (MD5) / CAPES / A cocaína é uma droga estimulante do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) e um potente anestésico local. A duração de seus efeitos depende da forma consumida (sal, principalmente o cloridrato de cocaína, ou de base, de base livre ou crack) e no modo de administração (injetando, aspiração ou o fumo). A cocaína é definida como um alcaloide tropânico por apresentar em sua estrutura o núcleo tropano. Entretanto, apesar de sua composição definida, com a finalidade de diluir e aumentar o volume final da droga, o mercado ilícito se utiliza de uma grande diversidade de aditivos químicos como benzocaína, lidocaína, cafeína, procaína, entre outros. Esta dissertação foi dividida em três capítulos destinados a: i) avaliar o teste colorimétrico, ou seja, o teste de Scott, usando a espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier utilizando acessório de reflexão total atenuada (ATR-FTIR). Dezessete aditivos químicos foram avaliados, onde quatro forneceram resultados falsos positivos (prometazina, lidocaína, leite em pó e fermento). Quando o teste de Scott é realizado e aliado a técnicas espectroscópicas como ATR-FTIR e quimiometria, resultados conclusivos são obtidos e podem ser usados à rotina de laboratórios forenses. ii) Foi estudado o perfil químico orgânico de amostras de cocaína apreendidas no ano de 2012 nos meses de janeiro a julho usando a cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um espectrometro de massas quadrupolar (GC-MS). Neste capítulo, 101 amostras foram analizadas no modo full scan e 83 destas usadas para construção de um modelo quimiométrico usando a análise de componentes principais (PCA). Os principais adulterantes encontrados foram lidocaína, fenacetina e cafeína. Adicionalmente, cocaína, lidocaína e cafeína foram quantificadas a partir do monitoramento do íon selecionado (SIM) e seus valores de linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação determinados. iii) as amostras de cocaína apreendidas pela polícia civil foram classificadas em função do tempo (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012) e da localização de apreensão (em função das quatro macrorregiões do estado) usando a técnica de GC-MS aliada à análise multivariada (PCA), onde um total de 512 amostras foram investigadas. / Cocaine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant drug that causes psychological dependence. The duration of its effects depends on the form consumed (salt, e.g. cocaine hydrochloride, or base, e.g. crack) and on the mode of administration (snorting, smoking or injecting). Cocaine is defined as a tropanic alkaloid present in its structure by the tropane core. Despite its defined composition, aiming to increase the final amount of drug, illicit market applies a wide variety of diluent chemicals such as benzocaine, lidocaine, caffeine, procaine, among others. This project was divided into three chapters dedicated to: i) evaluating colorimetric, ie, the Scott test, using infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform using Attenuated Total Reflection accessory (ATR-FTIR). Seventeen chemical additives were evaluated, which provided four false positives (promethazine, lidocaine, powdered milk and yeast). As the Scott test is performed and combined with spectroscopic techniques such as ATR-FTIR and chemometrics, conclusive results are obtained and can be used for routine forensic laboratories. ii) organic chemical profile of samples seized in the year 2012 in the months from January to July were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was studied. In this chapter, 101 samples were analyzed in full scan mode and 83 of these used to construct a model of principal component analysis (PCA). The main adulterants found were lidocaine, phenacetin and caffeine. Additionally, cocaine, lidocaine and caffeine were quantified from the selected ion monitoring (SIM), and their values of linearity, limits of detection and quantification determined. iii) samples of cocaine seized by the Civil Police were classified according to the time (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012) and the location of apprehension (in relation to the four geographical regions of the state) using the technique of GC-MS associated with multivariate analysis (PCA), where a total of 512 samples were investigated.