Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-08-23T13:12:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese de doutorado Sergio Ferraz Fonseca.pdf: 3939876 bytes, checksum: 82b8a0029f316dd9c9495a7f795faf44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T19:19:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese de doutorado Sergio Ferraz Fonseca.pdf: 3939876 bytes, checksum: 82b8a0029f316dd9c9495a7f795faf44 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T19:19:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese de doutorado Sergio Ferraz Fonseca.pdf: 3939876 bytes, checksum: 82b8a0029f316dd9c9495a7f795faf44 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-07 / Com a necessidade de encontrar fármacos mais potentes, são necessárias pesquisas que visam potencializar as atividades já presentes em compostos de origem natural através de metodologias que sejam as mais ecológicas e eficientes possíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar compostos derivados da crisina 1 e do cardanol 3, contendo grupamentos organosselênio em suas estruturas, com o intuito de potencializar suas atividades farmacológicas. Os derivados da crisina foram sintetizados através de uma metodologia utilizando ultrassom como fonte de energia e iodeto de cobre como catalisador, obtendo-se seis novos compostos bis-selenilados., os quais foram obtidos em bons a ótimos rendimentos (60-89%) e posteriormente avaliados quanto às suas propriedades antioxidantes e antiproliferativas in vitro, onde foi possível observar que a presença de selênio aumentou ambas as propriedades da crisina. O composto com o grupo metila na posição orto apresentou os melhores resultados frente aos radicais DPPH (Imax: 39.79 µM) e ABTS+ (IC50: 6.5µM). No ensaio de Espécies Reativas (ERs), o mesmo apresentou alta atividade antioxidante no córtex de camundongos (IC50: 5.67 µM), enquanto o composto com o grupo metoxila foi mais ativo no hipocampo (IC50: 5.63 µM). Todos os compostos foram efetivos na prevenção da peroxidação lipídica, dando destaque para o composto contendo o átomo de flúor no teste com córtex (IC50: 0.54 µM) e o composto com o grupo metila no hipocampo (IC50: 0.27 µM). Além disso, o composto com flúor foi mais efetivo na inibição do crescimento de células tumorais pulmonares (A549), com um IC50 de 19.9 µM após 72 h, enquanto que o composto com grupo metoxila foi o mais efetivo após 48 h (IC50 of 41.4 µM). Em relação à síntese de derivados do cardanol 3, foi realizado um estudo para encontrar as melhores condições reacionais. Determinou-se que utilizando uma mistura de 3, disseleneto de difenila, m-CPBA como agente oxidante e ácido acético como solvente, com ultrassom como fonte de energia obteve-se o melhor resultado, com o produto desejado 37 em 25% de rendimento. A atividade antioxidante in vitro deste composto foi avaliada, e os resultados obtidos demonstram que o mesmo apresenta uma atividade antioxidante bastante promissora, com resultados superiores aos dos seus materiais de partida. / With the necessity of finding more powerful drugs, new researches are needed aiming to improve the pharmacological activities already present in natural compounds through the most ecological and efficient methodologies possible. The aim of this work was to synthesize new selenium-containing chrysin 1 and cardanol 3 derivatives in order to increase its’ biological activities. Chrysin derivatives were synthesize through a methodology using ultrasound as an energy source and cooper iodine as catalyst, achieving six new compounds with two organoselenium moieties, witch were obtained in good to excellent yields (60-90%) and after they were evaluated by their in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, where it was possible to see that the presence of selenium boosted both chrysin’s activities.The compound with a methyl group in the orto position presented the best results against the DPPH (Imax: 39.79 µM) and ABTS+ (IC50: 6.5µM) radicals. In the Reactive Species assay (RS), it presented high antioxidant activity in mice cortex (IC50: 5.67 µM), while the compound with the methoxyl group was more effective in the hippocampus (IC50: 5.63 µM). All compounds were effective against lipid peroxidation, highlighting the compound with the fluorine atom in the cortex assay (IC50: 0.54 µM) and the compound with the methyl group in the hippocampus assay (IC50: 0.27 µM). Besides, compound with the fluorine atom was more effective inhibiting lung cancer cells’ growth (A549), with an IC50 of 19.9 µM after 72 h, while the compound with the methoxyl group was more effective after 48h (IC50 of 41.4 µM). Regarding the synthesis of cardanol 3 derivatives, a study was performed in order to find the best reaction conditions. It was determined that by using a mixture of 3, diphenyl diselenide, m-CPBA as an oxidant agent and acetic acid as solvent, with ultrasound as energy source we achieved the best result, with the desired product 37 in 25% yield. The in vitro antioxidant activity of this compound was evaluated, and the obtained results reveled that this compound presents a very promising antioxidant activity, with superior results compared to its’ starting materials.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T19:44:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Renata Giacomeli.pdf: 1026894 bytes, checksum: b5f9c6a47c7fdc580b5b82dbafdcf4a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T19:44:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Renata Giacomeli.pdf: 1026894 bytes, checksum: b5f9c6a47c7fdc580b5b82dbafdcf4a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T19:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Renata Giacomeli.pdf: 1026894 bytes, checksum: b5f9c6a47c7fdc580b5b82dbafdcf4a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-23 / A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma desordem neurodegenerativa crônica caracterizada clinicamente pela perda progressiva de função cognitiva, distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos e comportamentais. Patologicamente esta doença caracteriza-se pelo acúmulo anormal do peptídeo β-amilóide (Aβ) no córtex e no hipocampo, emaranhados neurofibrilares intracelulares formados por Tau hiperfosforilada, disfunção progressiva sináptica e, posteriormente perda neuronal. As opções terapêuticas disponíveis melhoram os sintomas, mas não impedem a progressão da doença, portanto, ainda está faltando uma estratégia terapêutica efetiva para DA. A Crisina (5, 7-dihidroxiflavona) é um flavonoide natural encontrada em extratos de plantas (tais como Passiflora caerulea e Populus tremula), própolis e mel que apresenta propriedades farmacológicas relevantes, incluindo efeito antioxidante, antiinflamatório, hipolipidêmico, anti-aterogênico, anticâncer e, de forma mais significativa, efeito neuroprotetor. Porém, existem algumas desvantagens que podem limitar a sua potencial aplicação na terapêutica tais como baixa solubilidade e má absorção intestinal. Somando-se a isso, um fato determinante na neuroterapia é o efeito restritivo da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE), a qual limita a eficácia de tratamentos. Muitos estudos têm-se centrado sobre este problema fundamental através da concepção de estratégias diferentes para 5 facilitar a passagem de ativos em todo a BHE. Entre estes, as abordagens baseadas em nanotecnologia ganharam impulso significativo, já que podem efetivamente transportar substâncias ativas através da BHE. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar um sistema baseado em nanopartículas, capaz de veicular a crisina, bem como investigar os efeitos biológicos em um modelo de DA induzida por injeção intracerebroventricular (icv) do peptídeo beta amiloide1-42 (Aβ1-42) em camundongos Swiss fêmeas com idade entre 18 e 22 meses. Para tanto, determinou-se parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, neuroinflamação e níveis do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) no córtex pré-frontal e hipocampo, também verificou-se os efeitos comportamentais cognitivos dos camundongos. Os animais foram divididos em 10 grupos: (1) veículo/tampão phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); (2) veículo/nanocápsula (NC)-branca; (3) veículo/crisina livre (5 mg/kg); (4) veículo/NC-crisina (1 mg/kg); (5) veículo/NC-crisina (5 mg/kg); (6) Aβ1-42/PBS; (7) Aβ1-42/NC-branca; (8) Aβ1-42/crisina livre (5 mg/kg); (9) Aβ1-42/NC-crisina (1 mg/kg) e; (10) Aβ1-42/NC-crisina (5 mg/kg). O peptídeo Aβ1-42 ou o veículo foram infundidos por injeção icv e, um dia depois, iniciou-se o tratamento, por via oral, durante 14 dias. Após o fim do tratamento, os animais foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais. Os resultados demonstraram que os efeitos neuroprotetores do crisina foram mais elevados quando administrada em nanopartículas. O nanossistema melhorou as concentrações de crisina nos tecidos cerebrais, bem como a eficácia farmacológica. O presente estudo demonstrou que o tratamento com crisina, principalmente na formulação de nanopartículas, foi eficaz em atenuar as seguintes alterações resultantes da exposição de camundongos à Aβ1-42: o comprometimento da memória em testes de comportamento, o aumento dos níveis de espécies reativas (RS), fator de necrose tumoral α (TNF-α) e interleucina-1β (IL-1β), a redução dos níveis de tióis não-proteicos (NPSH), BDNF e IL-10; o aumento da atividade de glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e glutationa redutase (GR) em córtex pré-frontal e hipocampo. Em conclusão, esses resultados demonstram que a atenuação da neuroinflamação e do estresse oxidativo está envolvido no efeito neuroprotetor da crisina neste modelo de DA, além disso, sugerem que a formulação de nanopartículas potencializa seus efeitos, o que pode fornecer uma nova abordagem terapêutica para o tratamento e prevenção de DA. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by progressive loss of cognitive function, neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders. Pathologically the disease is characterized by abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aß) in cortex and hippocampus, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated Tau, and synaptic dysfunction progressively later neuronal loss. The therapeutic options available improve symptoms but did not prevent disease progression, therefore, is still missing an effective therapeutic strategy for AD. Chrysin (5, 7-dihidroxiflavone) is a flavonoid found in natural plant extracts (such as Passiflora caerulea and Populus tremula), honey and propolis which has significant pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer effects and, more significantly, neuroprotection. However, there are some disadvantages that may limit their potential application in therapeutics such as low solubility and intestinal malabsorption. Adding to this, a key fact in Neurotherapy is the restrictive effect of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the effectiveness of treatments. Many studies have focused on this fundamental problem by designing different strategies to facilitate the transition of assets across the BBB. Among these, nanotechnology-based approaches have gained significant momentum as they can effectively carry active substances through the BBB. The 7 objective of this work was to prepare a system based on nanoparticles, capable of relaying chrysin, as well as investigating the biological effects in a model of AD induced by intracerebroventricular injection (icv) of Beta amyloid1-42 peptide (Aβ1-42) in swiss mice females aged between 18 and 22 months. Therefore, it was determined parameters of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, it was also observed cognitive behavioral effects in mice. The animals were divided into 10 groups: (1) vehicle/phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); (2) Vehicle/blank-nanocapsule (NC); (3) vehicle/free chrysin (5 mg / kg); (4) Vehicle/NC-chrysin (1 mg / kg); (5) vehicle/NC-chrysin (5 mg / kg); (6) Aβ1-42/PBS; (7) Aβ1-42/blank-NC; (8) Aβ1-42/free chrysin (5 mg / kg); (9) Aβ1-42/NC-chrysin (1mg / kg) and; (10) Aβ1-42/NC-chrysin (5 mg / kg). The Aβ1-42 peptide or vehicle were infused icv injection and, one day later, treatment began, orally, for 14 days. After the end of treatment, animals were subjected to behavioral testing. The results showed that the neuroprotective effects of chrysin were higher when administered in nanoparticles. The nano system improved chrysin concentrations in the brain tissue as well as the pharmacological effectiveness. The present study demonstrated that treatment with chrysin, especially in nanoparticle formulation was effective in attenuating the following shortcomings arising from exposure of mice to Aβ1-42: the memory impairment in behavioral tests; the increased reactive oxygen species (RS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, reduction non-thiol protein (NPSH), BDNF, and IL-10 levels; increasing the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that blocking neuroinflammation and oxidative stress is involved in the neuroprotective effect of chrysin in this model, moreover, suggest that the nanoparticle formulation potentiates their effects, which may provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment and prevention of AD.

Chrysin is a flavonoid that can be used as a medication for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to its anti-inflammatory activities. However, no studies have investigated the effectiveness of an inhaled formulation of chrysin on its own or in combination with corticosteroids. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the aerosol performance of chrysin formulations as well as the performance of combined formulations of chrysin and budesonide. Dry powder inhaler formulations were used first, where chrysin was processed using three different techniques, namely ball-milling, sonocrystallisation, and spray drying, to obtain a suitable particle size for inhalation. The highest fine particle fraction was 27% when the sonocrystallised samples were used. As the lung deposition was relatively low, budesonide was not added to the formulations. Next, liquid formulations of chrysin and budesonide were prepared in two concentrations using limonene and oleic acid as the oil phase. In a comparison of low and high drug concentrations of the formulations, the FPF of the formulations prepared with limonene ranged from 45% to 53.3% and from 49.3% to 53.9% for chrysin and budesonide, respectively; by contrast, the FPF of the formulations prepared with oleic acid oil ranged from 41% to 50.4% and from 46% to 53.3% for chrysin and budesonide, respectively. A genotoxicity study confirmed the safety of these combined formulations, and an anti-inflammatory study confirmed the potential for chrysin to be used with budesonide in a combined formulation; thus, chrysin’s anti-inflammatory efficacy can be improved and the required inhaled dose can be reduced.