Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-10T14:37:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DELZUITE TELES LEITE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2014..pdf: 725468 bytes, checksum: 544a41814b10bf7b892a5b7b656a15db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T14:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DELZUITE TELES LEITE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2014..pdf: 725468 bytes, checksum: 544a41814b10bf7b892a5b7b656a15db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Capes / Para que predadores de insetos pragas sejam utilizados no cultivo de melão, associados a produtos fitossanitários, é necessário que esses produtos sejam seletivos a inimigos naturais. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos tóxicos de alguns inseticidas utilizados no cultivo do meloeiro para o controle de pragas, sobre ovos de Chrysoperla genanigra e larvas de Chrysoperla externa, analisando igualmente os efeitos sobre as fases subsequentes do desenvolvimento dos estágios contaminados dos predadores. Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Seletividade de Produtos Fitossanitários do Setor de Fitossanidade do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. Os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com a metodologia padrão da International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). Os produtos testados com suas respectivas dosagens (g do igrediente ativo/ L de água) foram: Clotianidina (0,1), Pimetrozina (0,25), Lambda-Cialotrina (0,025), Clorantraniliprole (0,0025), Indoxacarbe (0,036), Piriproxifem (0,1), Beta-Ciflutrina/ Imidacloprido (0,0625 +0,5), Imidacloprido (1,05) e Beta-Cipermetrina (0,04), o controle foi composto apenas por água destilada. As aplicações dos produtos foram realizadas com pulverizador pressurizado manualmente. No primeiro experimento as aplicações dos inseticidas foram efetuadas sobre os ovos de C. genanigra em placas de Petri, em seguida foram individualizados em tubos de vidro de 2,0 cm de diâmetro por 8,0 cm de altura, vedados na sua parte superior com filme plástico de cloreto de polivinila (PVC) e mantidos em sala climatizada a 25 ± 2 ºC, UR 70 ± 10% e 12h de fotofase. Os parâmetros biológicos avaliados foram à duração e sobrevivência da fase imatura, a razão sexual dos adultos provenientes dos ovos tratados, como também a oviposição média total/ fêmea no período avaliado e a viabilidade dos ovos da progênie. No segundo experimento a aplicação dos tratamentos foram indiretos para larvas de C. externa, aplicados sobre placas de Petri com posterior liberação das larvas, prosseguindo os passos do primeiro experimento. Avaliou-se duração e sobrevivência da fase imatura, a razão sexual dos adultos provenientes dos ovos tratados, como também a oviposição média total/ fêmea no período avaliado e a viabilidade dos ovos da progênie. O Lambda-cialotrina, Indoxacarbe, Pimetrozinae o Imidacloprido foram seletivos para a espécie C. genanigra, enquanto que o Clotiadinina, Beta-cipermetrina, Beta-ciflutrina/ Imidacloprido, Clorantraniliprole e o Piriproxifem foram tóxicos para esta espécie. Para larvas de C. externa, os inseticidas Pimetrozina e o Clorantraniliprole foram seletivos, enquanto que o Clotiadinina, Lambda-cialotrina, Indoxacarbe, Piriproxifem, Beta-ciflutina/ Imidacloprido, Imidacloprido e o Beta-cipermetrina se mostraram tóxicos. / For predators of pest insects are used in melon cultivation, associated with pesticides, it is necessary that those products are selective to natural enemies. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of some insecticides used in melon cultivation to control pests on eggs of Chrysoperla genanigra and larvae of Chrysoperla externa, also analyzing the effects on the subsequent phases of the development of contaminated predators stages. The tests were developed in the Laboratory of Selectivity of Plant Protection Products Sector of the Plant Protection Department of Plant Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid. The experiments were performed according to the standard methodology of the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). Products tested with their respective strengths (assets g / L igrediente water) were Chlothianidin (0.1), Pymetrozine (0.25), Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.025), Clorantraniliprole (0.0025), Indoxacarb (0.036 ), pyriproxyfen (0.1), Beta-cyfluthrin / Imidacloprid (0.0625 +0.5), Imidacloprid (1.05) and Beta-Cypermethrin (0.04), the control was only composed of distilled water. The applications of the products were performed manually pressurized spray. In the first experiment insecticide applications were made on the egg genanigra C. in Petri dishes were then individually in glass tubes of 2.0 cm diameter by 8.0 cm tall sealed in its upper part with plastic film of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and kept under controlled environmental conditions at 25 ± 2 º C, 70 ± 10% UR and 12h photophase. The parameters evaluated were the duration and survival of the immature stage, the sex ratio of adults from treated eggs as well as the total average oviposition / female in the study period and egg viability of the progeny. In the second experiment the treatments were indirect larvae of C. externa, on a Petri dish with subsequent release of larvae, continuing in the footsteps of the first experiment. We assessed duration and survival of the immature stage, the sex ratio of adults from treated eggs as well as the total average oviposition / female in the study period and egg viability of the progeny. Lambdacyhalothrin, indoxacarb and Pymetrozine Imidacloprid were selective for the species C. genanigra, while clothianidin, beta-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin / Imidacloprid, Pyriproxyfen and Clorantraniliprole were toxic for this species. For larvae of C. externa, and the Pymetrozine Clorantraniliprole insecticides were harmless, whereas clothianidin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb pyriproxyfen, Beta-ciflutina / Imidacloprid, Imidacloprid and Beta-cypermethrin proved toxic.

Chrysopa carnea Stephens is widely distributed throughout the world. The larva is a potential control agent of pests in greenhouses, field crops and orchards. Its use as a biocontrol agent in integrated control is enhanced by its tolerance to some insecticides. Because of its considerable usefulness, studies to investigate the bionomics of this predator under both laboratory and field conditions were initiated. The study of population dynamics in alfalfa fields indicated that the major factors which govern the fluctuation of Chrysopa are: climate, food (e.g. aphids), diseases, parasites and agricultural practices (e.g. cutting of alfalfa hay). In each year and for each field, it was apparent that population levels of larvae rose to peaks five to six times; this suggests that there are five to six generations per year. The study of the effect of temperature and photoperiod on development in the laboratory showed that the egg, larva and pupa responded significantly to both temperature and photoperiod and an interaction between these two parameters was detected. Relative to fecundity and longevity, the investigations revealed that there was a photoperiod response only with respect to number of eggs laid and preoviposition period and that interaction between temperature and photoperiod was absent. In the case of the oviposition period, a response to temperature was detected and interaction between temperature and photoperiod existed. The different regimes had no significant effect on longevity of either sex. Consumption of prey differed significantly--being highest with beet armyworm eggs (Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) followed by corn earworm (Heliothis zea (Boddie) and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens (Fabricius). Fewer pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) were consumed than any of the lepidoterous eggs. Resistance to starvation differed significantly among the three instars; the newly-emerged Chyrsopa larvae had the shortest survival period. Studies on consumption of different instars of tobacco budworm by different instars of the predator indicated that the first instar was most vulnerable to attack by each of the first and third instars of the predator. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of cold storage (4.4°C) of eggs and pupal cocoons for different periods of time. The results indicated that percent egg hatch and survival of emerging larvae were highest when stored for one week. Pupal storage for different periods had no detrimental effect on survival of pupae nor fecundity of emerging adults.

Genetically modified (GM) maize was developed mainly to control lepidopteran pests such as the maize stem borer (Busseola fusca) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Since the first commercialization of GM crops with insecticidal properties, possible non-target effects such as the effect at the third trophic level on important predators for example lacewing species (Chrysoperla spp.) have been of concern. Contradicting results were reported in previous studies with regard to the effect of Cry 1Ab protein produced by Bt maize on the performance of lacewings. Some studies found that Bt proteins had no effect while others reported that C. carnea performed poorly if they consumed prey that consumed Cry 1Ab protein. In South Africa one of the most common chrysopid species in maize ecosystems is Chrysoperla pudica (Navás) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Evolution of Bt resistant pests, such as B. fusca in South Africa facilitates a new pathway for exposure of predators to healthy prey that consumes Cry 1Ab proteins. The aims of this study was to determine the effect of the Cry 1Ab protein expressed in Bt maize on a non-target organism‟s (C. pudica) biology via indirect exposure, and to determine the concentration of Cry 1Ab protein in the plant, prey and predator. Chrysoperla pudica larvae were indirectly exposed to the Bt-toxin through healthy Bt-maize feeding prey (B. fusca larvae) in two feeding experiments and lacewing survival and life history parameters recorded. Bt had a limited effect on some parameters that were evaluated. The larval and pupal periods of C. pudica larvae that were exposed to the Bt-toxin had a significant difference from that of the control treatment. The Bt-toxin had a significant effect on fecundity, fertility and malformation after emergence of C. pudica adults of which larvae fed only on Bt resistant B. fusca larvae, but not on the mortality rate. Cry 1Ab concentration was the highest in the plant, followed by the prey and lacewing larvae. This study showed that the Cry 1Ab protein had a slight adverse effect only on certain life parameters of C. pudica, and that Cry 1Ab protein was hardly detectable in C. pudica larvae. However, since this study represented a worst-case scenario where diverse prey was not available, insignificant effects is expected under field conditions where prey is diverse. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Genetically modified (GM) maize was developed mainly to control lepidopteran pests such as the maize stem borer (Busseola fusca) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Since the first commercialization of GM crops with insecticidal properties, possible non-target effects such as the effect at the third trophic level on important predators for example lacewing species (Chrysoperla spp.) have been of concern. Contradicting results were reported in previous studies with regard to the effect of Cry 1Ab protein produced by Bt maize on the performance of lacewings. Some studies found that Bt proteins had no effect while others reported that C. carnea performed poorly if they consumed prey that consumed Cry 1Ab protein. In South Africa one of the most common chrysopid species in maize ecosystems is Chrysoperla pudica (Navás) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Evolution of Bt resistant pests, such as B. fusca in South Africa facilitates a new pathway for exposure of predators to healthy prey that consumes Cry 1Ab proteins. The aims of this study was to determine the effect of the Cry 1Ab protein expressed in Bt maize on a non-target organism‟s (C. pudica) biology via indirect exposure, and to determine the concentration of Cry 1Ab protein in the plant, prey and predator. Chrysoperla pudica larvae were indirectly exposed to the Bt-toxin through healthy Bt-maize feeding prey (B. fusca larvae) in two feeding experiments and lacewing survival and life history parameters recorded. Bt had a limited effect on some parameters that were evaluated. The larval and pupal periods of C. pudica larvae that were exposed to the Bt-toxin had a significant difference from that of the control treatment. The Bt-toxin had a significant effect on fecundity, fertility and malformation after emergence of C. pudica adults of which larvae fed only on Bt resistant B. fusca larvae, but not on the mortality rate. Cry 1Ab concentration was the highest in the plant, followed by the prey and lacewing larvae. This study showed that the Cry 1Ab protein had a slight adverse effect only on certain life parameters of C. pudica, and that Cry 1Ab protein was hardly detectable in C. pudica larvae. However, since this study represented a worst-case scenario where diverse prey was not available, insignificant effects is expected under field conditions where prey is diverse. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 baggio_mv_me_jabo.pdf: 512063 bytes, checksum: 11244a431e6c0f8cc5195b1c7d20e1bd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Chrysoperla externa é uma espécie de crisopídeo encontrada em diversos agroecossistemas brasileiros, capaz de se alimentar de diferentes pragas agrícolas. Em cada ambiente em que for encontrada poderá sofrer diferentes pressões seletivas do ambiente. Para a verificação das mutações genéticas presentes nas populações de C. externa podem ser usados marcadores moleculares, em especial os genes mitocondriais, que são de fácil manipulação. C. externa é de fácil criação e a mais estudada para multiplicação massal, por isso se faz necessário estudar a resposta das populações quando liberadas em ambientes diferentes, visto que estas podem não sobreviver em áreas biogeográficas distintas, inviabilizando o seu papel como agente de controle de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar geneticamente as populações de C. externa nos municípios de Brotas (SP), Jaboticabal (SP), Rifaina (SP), São Carlos (SP), São José dos Campos (SP) e São Sebastião do Paraíso (MG). Para o gene COI foram verificados oito haplótipos, seis mutações e a maior diversidade haplotípica foi encontrada em Brotas e São Sebastião do Paraíso. Para o gene 16S foram observadas quatro mutações, seis haplótipos e a maior diversidade haplotípica ocorreu no município de São Sebastião do Paraíso. A distância genética encontrada entre as populações de C. externa não foi significativa para os dois genes analisados, evidenciando que provavelmente as populações são geneticamente compatíveis. O estudo da estrutura genética dessas populações de C. externa, de ambos os genes, mostrou que essas populações não apresentam um padrão de distribuição haplotípica. Então, talvez sejam necessários outros estudos com populações desta espécie oriundas de localidades mais distantes geograficamente dos que as utilizadas neste trabalho / Chrysoperla externa is a species of green lacewing found in several Brazilian agroecosystems able to feed on various agricultural pests. In each environment that is found may experience different environmental selective pressures. In order to verify genetic mutations in C. externa populations it may be used molecular markers, in particular mitochondrial genes, which are easy handling and extraction. C. externa is easy to create and the most studied for mass multiplication, so it is necessary to study on the response of populations when released in different environments, since they may not survive in different biogeographic areas, derailing its role as a pest controller. The objective of this study was to characterize genetically the populations of C. externa from the cities of Brotas (SP), Jaboticabal (SP), Rifaina (SP), São Carlos (SP), São José dos Campos (SP) and São Sebastião do Paraíso (MG). For the COI gene it was found eight haplotypes, six mutations and greater haplotype diversity in Brotas and São Sebastião do Paraíso. In the 16S there were four mutations, six haplotypes and haplotype diversity was higher in São Sebastião do Paraíso. The genetic distance among populations of C. externa was not significant for the two genes analyzed, showing that the populations are probably genetically compatible. The study of the genetic structure of populations of C. externa, showed for both genes that these populations do not show a pattern of haplotype distribution. So, it may need further study on populations of this species originating from geographically more distant locations of those used in this work

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 283358 bytes, checksum: 8cb5f40c4c335c506afac7b5547897ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The sustainable management of pests is one of the challenges of modern agriculture. One possibility to reduce pest attack on crops is to enhance the abundance and to increase the effectiveness of natural enemies via diversification of crop area with plants that provide extra food source for predators and parasitoids. The objective of this thesis is to study the suitability of food produced by plants to natural enemies. In Chapter I, the suitability of nectar produced by buckwheat and by castor bean, plants with potential use in agroecossystem diversification, was evaluated as food source for the generalist predador Chrysoperla externa. The survival of larvae and adults of C. externa was higher when they fed on buckwheat floral nectar and on castor bean extrafloral nectar, than when they had no access to these nectars. In Chapter II, a combination of a carbohydrate (buckwheat nectar) and a protein food (sunn hemp pollen) was evaluated for survival and reproduction of C. externa. The addition of sunn hemp pollen to buckwheat nectar diet increased C. externa survival. The reproductive success of C. externa was similar when adult females fed only sunn hemp pollen and when buckwheat nectar was added to the pollen diet. Having found that buckwheat nectar is suitable for a generalist predator, I continue investigating its use by other members of the arthrropod food web preseny in coffee agroecosystems. Thus, in Chapter III, the use of buckwheat nectar by an important coffee pest, the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella and by its parasitoid Mirax sp. was evaluated. Survival of both, pest and parasitoid, was increased in the presence of buckwheat nectar. However, feeding on buckwheat nectar decreased its reproductive success. Together, these results show the potential of buckwheat, castor bean and sunn hemp for use in biological conservation control, especially in coffee agroecosystems. / O manejo sustentável de pragas é um dos desafios da agricultura moderna. Uma possibilidade para reduzir ataque de pragas sobre os cultivos é aumentar o número e a eficiência de inimigos naturais através da diversificação de área de plantio com plantas que forneçam fontes alternativas de alimentos para predadores e parasitóides. O objetivo desta tese é estudar a viabilidade de alimento produzido por plantas para inimigos naturais. No capítulo I, a viabilidade do néctar produzido pelo trigo mourisco e pela mamona, plantas com potencial de uso na diversificação de agroecossistemas, foi avaliado como fonte de alimento para o predador generalista Chrysoperla externa. A sobrevivência de larvas e adultos de C. externa foi maior quando se alimentaram de néctar floral de trigo mourisco e do néctar extrafloral da mamona do que quando esses predadores não tiveram acesso a esses néctares. No capítulo II, foi avaliada a adição conjunta de fonte de carboidrato (néctar de trigo mourisco) com alimento proteico (pólen de crotalária) para a sobrevivência e reprodução de C. externa. A adição de pólen de crotalária ao néctar de trigo mourisco aumentou a sobrevivência de C. externa. O sucesso reprodutivo de C. externa foi semelhante quando fêmeas adultas se alimentaram somente de pólen de crotalária e quando néctar de trigo mourisco foi adicionado na dieta com pólen. Tendo encontrado que o néctar do trigo mourisco é viável para o predador generalista, continuou-se a investigar o uso dessa fonte de alimento para outros artrópodos presentes no agroecossistema cafeeiro. Desse modo, no capítulo III foi avaliado o uso do néctar do trigo mourisco pelo bicho mineiro Leucoptera coffeella, uma importante praga do sistema cafeeiro e por um de seus parasitóide, Mirax sp.. A sobrevivência de ambos, praga e parasitóide, foi aumentada na presença do néctar do trigo mourisco. Porém, se alimentando do néctar do trigo mourisco, o bicho mineiro teve o seu sucesso reprodutivo diminuído. Juntos, os resultados dessa tese mostraram o potencial do trigo mourisco, da mamona e da crotalária para o uso no controle biológico conservativo, especialmente no sistema cafeeiro.