No description available.

Faunistic composition and population dynamics of chrysopids were investigated in two old fields in Quebec. Nine species were collected; Chrysopa oculata Say and Chrysopa chi Fitch are dominant and resident. / Parasitism due to Chrysopophthorus americanus Mason has little effect on the reproductive potential of C. oculata and C. chi populations. However, embryonic mortality, resulting from autosomal translocations, is a major mortality factor in both species. Their karyotypes are described and developmental studies conducted on them and Chrysopa lineaticornis Fitch are reported. / Inheritance of wing and cephalic characters was investigated in C. oculata. A population genetics study revealed seasonal selection against the allelic gene B (black gradates) and superior fitness of its recessive counterpart b (green gradates). A meiotic drive mechanism also favors the b allele, and the allele A determining "facial band" expression. / Chrysopa chi exhibits obligatory and facultative prepupal diapause. The field population, however, is primarily univoltine. Voltinism is controlled by two independently segregating autosomal genes; the recessive alleles, in the homozygous state, determine obligatory diapause and, consequently, univoltinism. Diapause termination is reported.

No description available.

Larvae of the common green lacewing (GLW), Chrysopa carnea Stephens, have been reported tolerant to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides including permethrin (C/T) (3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate), the trans isomer being more toxic than cis. An investigation was performed to determine the possible role of metabolism in this tolerance. Following topical application, GLW metabolized 80% of cis and 71% of trans within two hrs. About 95% of both cis and trans were metabolized by 50 hrs. Metabolism of C/T in vitro was compared to a susceptible insect, the tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens (F.). GLW degraded cis 1.7-fold faster than trans, while TBW metabolized trans at a slightly higher rate than cis. When esterases and oxidases were active together or alone, cis and trans were metabolized faster by GLW than TBW. Metabolism of C/T by GLW was primarily oxidative with hydrolysis as a secondary mechanism. Trans is more toxic to GLW apparently because of this isomer's lower rate of detoxication. Several metabolites of C/T, cis-, and trans-permethrin were identified in studies with GLW in vivo and in vitro. It appeared that cis was metabolized more intensively than trans in vivo. The roles of esterases and oxidases in metabolizing C/T, cis-, and trans-isomers were studied in vitro and the following number of metabolites were identified: with C/T--five with esterases plus oxidases, six with esterases, and seven with oxidases alone. With cis--six metabolites were produced when esterases plus oxidases were active, five with esterases, and four with oxidases alone. With trans--esterases plus oxidases produced four metabolites, three with esterases alone, and seven with the oxidases alone. A few unknowns were exhibited in each case. Hydroxylation at the 2'-position of the phenoxybenzyl group seems to be important for GLW tolerance to C/T. Hydroxylation could be the first step in detoxifying C/T and its isomers. The toxicity of trans to GLW could be explained by the limited routes by which esterases acting alone can degrade this isomer; only three metabolites were produced with esterases while seven were produced with oxidases.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2009. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ca_me_jabo.pdf: 273761 bytes, checksum: 551bde4fc7f49c934781cda9ae5e5305 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o potencial de predação de E. flavens através da liberação de ovos embrionados e larvas de primeiro ínstar de C. externa em plantas de amendoim cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (plantas que não receberam liberação, plantas que receberam liberação de ovos embrionados e plantas que receberam liberação de larvas de primeiro ínstar) e 15 repetições no primeiro experimento e 20 no segundo. Foram realizadas amostragens antes da liberação e com 4, 9 e 15 dias após. No primeiro experimento e em relação às diferentes amostragens, as plantas que não receberam liberação o número médio de tripes não variou significativamente. As plantas que receberam liberação de ovos e larvas apresentaram aumento significativo do número médio de tripes aos quatro dias. Aos nove dias o número médio de tripes reduziu-se significativamente nas plantas que receberam liberação de ovos e aos 15 dias nas plantas que receberam liberação de larvas. No segundo experimento e em relação às diferentes amostragens, o número médio de tripes nas plantas que não receberam liberação não variou significativamente, como ocorrido no primeiro experimento. As plantas que receberam liberação de ovos apresentaram redução significativa no número médio de tripes aos quatro dias após a liberação. O mesmo ocorreu com as plantas que receberam liberação de larvas. Foi observado no segundo experimento, através da fórmula de Abbott, eficiência de redução da população de tripes de 71 e 74%, quando foram liberados ovos e larvas, respectivamente. Dessa maneira foi possível verificar que C. externa possui potencial de predação sobre o tripes do amendoim E. flavens / This study was carried out in order to verify the potential of predation of E. flavens through the release of fertilized eggs and first instar larvae of C. externa peanut plants grown in a greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three treatments (plants that did not receive release, plants that received release embryonated eggs and plants that received release of the first larval instar) and 15 repetitions in the first experiment and 20 in the second. Samplings were made before the release and with 4, 9 and 15 days. In the first experiment and for the different samples, plants that were not release the average number of thrips did not vary significantly. The plants that received the release of eggs and larvae showed significant increase in the average number of thrips to four days. At nine days the average number of thrips decreased significantly in plants that received release of eggs and 15 days in plants that received release of larvae. In the second experiment and for the different samples, the average number of thrips on plants that did not receive release did not vary significantly, as occurred in the first experiment. The plants that received the release of eggs showed a significant reduction in the average number of thrips to four days after release. The same occurred with the plants that received release of larvae. Was observed in the second experiment, using the formula of Abbott, efficiency of reducing the population of thrips on 71 and 74%, when they were released eggs and larvae, respectively. Thus we observed that C. has the potential external predation on thrips in peanut E. flavens

A família Chrysopidae é a mais diversa dentro da ordem Neuroptera e os crisopídeos são considerados promissores agentes de controle biológico, pois, alimentam-se de uma ampla variedade de pequenos insetos-pragas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar os aspectos biológicos e reprodutivos, determinar as exigências térmicas e estabelecer o zoneamento climático de quatro espécies de crisopídeos, Chysoperla externa (Hagen), Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen), Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) e Ceraeochrysa paraguaria (Navás) para o estado de São Paulo. Os resultados demostraram que, as quatro espécies de crisopídeos conseguiram completar seu período ovo-adulto na faixa térmica de 18 a 32 °C, sendo as melhores viabilidades obtidas entre 20 e 28 °C. Foi observado que a espécie Ch. externa teve um desenvolvimento mais rápido do que as demais espécies em cada estágio de desenvolvimento e período ovo-adulto. Na tabela de vida de fertilidade, o crescimento populacional foi favorecido na faixa térmica de 22 a 28 °C para Ce. cincta, de 22 a 25 °C para Ce. paraguaria, de 25 a 28 °C para Ch. externa e para Ce. cubana na temperatura de 28 °C. As exigências térmicas das espécies indicaram que a temperatura base (Tb) foi de 10,5; 12,95; 11,99; 11,77 °C e a constante térmica de 443,81; 362,7; 399,68 e 314,95 GD para as espécies Ce. cincta, Ce. cubana, Ce. paraguaria e Ch. externa, respectivamente. Mediante as exigências térmicas e o uso de ferramentas computacionais como o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) foi possível representar de forma espacial o desenvolvimento das quatro espécies de crisopídeos. Devido ao período mais curto de vida, Ch. externa conseguiu completar 14 gerações/ano e as demais espécies de 10 a 11 gerações/ano nas regiões mais quentes do estado de São Paulo. Nas regiões mais frias, o número de gerações anuais estimado para cada espécie foi menor. Além disso, foi observado que entre as espécies estudadas, Ch. externa pode ser indicada para regiões com temperaturas amenas a quentes, Ce. cincta para climas amenos a frios, Ce. paraguaria para regiões com temperaturas amenas e Ce. cubana para regiões com temperaturas quentes . Os dados obtidos neste estudo poderão ser utilizados em criação massal das espécies, auxiliar na previsão de ocorrência dos predadores no campo e escolher quais das espécies se adaptam melhor a determinados climas no ambiente visando o uso destes predadores em programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. / The Chrysopidae family is the most diverse in the order Neuroptera and lacewings are considered promising biological control agents, because they feed on a wide variety of small insect pests. The objective of this work was to compare the biological and reproductive aspects, to determine the thermal requirements and to establish the climatic zoning of four species of lacewings, Chysoperla externa (Hagen), Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen), Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) and Ceraeochrysa paraguaria (Navás) for the state of São Paulo. The results showed that the four species of lacewings were able to complete their egg-adult cycle in the thermal range of 18 to 32 °C and the best viability obtained between 22 and 28 °C. It was observed that the Ch. externa species had a faster development than the other species at each stage of development and the egg-adult cycle. In the fertility life table, the population growth was favored in the thermal range of 22 and 28 °C for Ce. cincta, from 22 to 25 °C for Ce. paraguaria, from 25 to 28 °C for Ch. externa and for Ce. cubana temperature at 28 °C. The thermal requirements of the species indicated that the base temperature (Tt) were 10.5, 12.95, 11.99, and 11.77 °C and the thermal constant were 443.81, 362.7, 399.68, and 314.95 DD for Ce. cincta, Ce. cubana, Ce. paraguaria and Ch. externa, respectively. Through the thermal requirements and the use of computational tools such as the Geographic Information System (GIS), it was possible to represent spatially the development of the four species of lacewings. It was observed that the estimated number of monthly generations was influenced by temperature, and in the warmer months the life cycle was faster than in the colder months. Due to the shorter life span of Ch. externa, this species managed to complete 14 generations/year, with the remaining 10 to 11 generations/year in the warmer regions of the state of São Paulo. In colder regions, the number of estimated annual generations for each species was lower. In addition, it was observed that among the species studied, Ch. externa can be indicated for regions with mild to warm temperatures, Ce. cincta for mild climates to cold, Ce. paraguaria for regions with mild temperatures and Ce. cubana regions to warm temperatures. The data obtained in this study could be used for mass rearing the species, to help predict the occurrence of predators in the field and to choose which of the species are best adapted to certain climates in the environment aiming the use of these predators in Integrated Pest Management programs.

Los campos de cultivo agrícola se ven afectados en la producción por diversos factores, entre los cuales se encuentra el ataque de plagas de insectos, siendo una medida para su control y exterminio el uso de insecticidas sintéticos, sin embargo, la mayoría genera una alta contaminación ambiental. Debido a esto, los bioinsecticidas de origen vegetal surgieron como una alternativa menos contaminante por su rápida degradación en el ambiente y baja peligrosidad para el hombre. El presente trabajo evaluó la toxicidad de los extractos acuosos, etanólicos y hexánicos de las hojas de Minthostachys mollis (Lamiaceae) “muña” y semillas de Annona muricata (Annonaceae) “guanábana”, Lupinus mutabilis (Fabaceae) “tarwi” y Chenopodium quinoa (Chenopodiaceae) “quinua” sobre hembras adultas del ácaro Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) “arañita roja” y larvas del primer instar de Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) “león de áfidos”. Se emplearon dos concentraciones para todos los extractos: 10% y 20% (p/v), en un periodo de exposición entre las 24 y 72h. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y la prueba post hoc de Duncan con un nivel de significancia de p≤0,05. Los parámetros de toxicidad se observaron en los valores NOEC (Concentración sin efecto observado) y LOEC (Concentración más baja con efecto observado). Se realizó el screening fitoquímico de los extractos botánicos empleados en los bioensayos. El extracto acuoso de M. mollis y el extracto etanólico de C. quinoa, ambos al 20% de concentración, causaron mortalidades en T. urticae del 28,98% y 29,63%, respectivamente. Los extractos hexánicos de A. muricata y M. mollis no presentaron actividad acaricida. El extracto etanólico de M. mollis registró la mayor toxicidad de todos los extractos evaluados a las 72h de exposición en C. externa, con una mortalidad del 75,76%. El extracto hexánico de A. muricata no produjo mortalidad en este insecto a las 24, 48 y 72h de exposición. La diferenciación en toxicidad (mayor a menor) de los extractos vegetales para C. externa fue: etanólico> acuoso> hexánico. Según el CR (cociente de riesgo) obtenido a las 48h de exposición, los extractos acuosos no representaron un riesgo en la mortalidad de C. externa. La secuencia de mayor a menor toxicidad del CR de los extractos acuosos fue: L. mutabilis˃ A. muricata˃ C. quinoa˃ M. mollis.Agricultural crops have been affected by several factors among which are plague of insects attack, being an effective measure for its control and extermination: synthetic insecticides use, however the majority of them produce high levels of environmental pollution. Due to this, bioinsecticides of plant origin emerging as alternative less polluting because of rapid degradation in the environment and low danger to man. This work analizes the toxicity of hexanic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Minthostachys mollis (Lamiaceae) “muña” and seeds of Annona muricata “guanábana” (Annonaceae), Lupinus mutabilis “tarwi” (Fabaceae) and Chenopodium quinoa “quinua” (Chenopodiaceae) on adult female mite of Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae): "red spider mite" and the first instar stage larva of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): "lacewings". Two concentrations were used for all extract: 10% and 20% (w/v) in an exposure period between 24 and 72h. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc test of Duncan were performed with a significant level p ≤ 0.05. Toxicity endpoints were observed with values in NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration). Phytochemical screening of botanical extracts used in bioassays was performed. Aqueous extract of M. mollis and ethanolic extract of C. quinoa both at concentration of 20% causing losses in T. urticae of 28,98% and 29,63% respectively. Hexanic extracts of A. muricata and M. mollis did not show acaricide activity. Ethanolic extract of M. mollis registered the greater toxicity of all evaluated extracts at 72 hours in exposure of C. externa with mortality 75,76%. Hexanic extract of A. muricata had no significant effect on mortality in this insect at 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure. Differentiation in toxicity (to a greater up lesser) of vegetal extracts for C. externa was: ethanol> aqueous> hexane. According to obtained quotient risk (CR) at 48 hours of exposure, aqueous extracts did not represent an increased risk of mortality of C. externa. The descending sequence of toxicity of CR of aqueous extracts was: L. mutabilis˃ A. muricata˃ C. quinoa˃ M. mollis.

Orientador: Sérgio de Freitas / Banca: Rogéria Inês Rosa Lara / Banca: Fabrícia Zimermann Vilela Torres / Banca: Nelson Wanderley Perioto / Banca: Antonio Carlos Busoli / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de espécies de crisopídeos em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizada em Três Pontas, Estado de Minas Gerais. A captura ativa foi realizada com rede entomológica confeccionada com tecido voil e armadilhas contendo melaço de cana-de-açúcar a 10% como fonte atrativa. As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente através de captura ativa no período de 13 de setembro de 2008 a 05 de setembro de 2009, e duas coletas com armadilhas atrativas em cada estação do ano. As coletas com rede entomológica foram iniciadas as 7:00 h e finalizadas as 17:00 h. Após esse horário, nas datas determinadas, foram distribuídas as armadilhas atrativas, que eram recolhidas no outro dia até as 7:00 h. Os insetos capturados foram montados em alfinetes entomológicos, etiquetados, triados e identificados. Plantas que tiveram alta concentração de crisopídeos foram coletadas, preparadas exsicatas e encaminhadas a especialista para identificação. Foram capturados 1.467 crisopídeos, distribuídos em 33 espécies, pertencentes as tribos Chrysopini e Leucochrysini. A espécie de maior ocorrência foi Ceraeochrysa tucumana (Navás, 1919), tendo a presença relatada em todas as amostragens. Não foi encontrado diferença entre os horários de coleta para os gêneros de crisopídeos. Nas coletas noturnas, foram capturados seis indivíduos, pertencentes as espécies Leucochrysa (Nodita) vignisi Freitas & Penny, 2001; Ceraeochrysa achillea Freitas e Penny, 2009; Chrysopodes spinella (Adams e Penny, 1987) e C. tucumana. Foi possível verificar associação entre espécies de crisopídeos com plantas do gênero Casearia / Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the diversity and faunistic analysis of lacewings species in Semideciduous Forest located in Três Pontas, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Active capture was performed with an sweep net made of cheesecloth and traps with molasses cane sugar to 10% as attractive. Samples were weekly with active collected in period from 13/IX/2008 to 05/IX/2009 and two collections with attractive traps in each season. Sampling insect nets were opened at 7:00 pm and finished 17:00 h am. After this time, on certain dates, were distributed attractive traps, which were collected the next day until 7:00 pm. The insects were mounted on entomological pins, labeled, sorted and identified. Plants that have high concentrations of lacewings were collected, prepared and dried specimens sent to a specialist for identification. 1,467 lacewings were captured, distributed in 33 species belonging to the tribes Chrysopini and Leucochrysini. The species most frequent was Ceraeochrysa tucumana (Navás, 1919) and reported presence in all the samples. No difference was found between sampling times for the genus of Chrysopidae. In nocturnal collections were captured six individuals of the species Leucochrysa (Nodita) vignisi Freitas & Penny, 2001; Ceraeochrysa achillea Freitas and Penny, 2009; Chrysopodes Spinella (Adams and Penny, 1987) and C. tucumana. There was an obvious association between species of lacewings with plants of the genus Casearia / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_cs_dr_jabo.pdf: 1184348 bytes, checksum: 72a5cd3418ac6600e255840e2a9fecb6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de espécies de crisopídeos em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizada em Três Pontas, Estado de Minas Gerais. A captura ativa foi realizada com rede entomológica confeccionada com tecido voil e armadilhas contendo melaço de cana-de-açúcar a 10% como fonte atrativa. As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente através de captura ativa no período de 13 de setembro de 2008 a 05 de setembro de 2009, e duas coletas com armadilhas atrativas em cada estação do ano. As coletas com rede entomológica foram iniciadas as 7:00 h e finalizadas as 17:00 h. Após esse horário, nas datas determinadas, foram distribuídas as armadilhas atrativas, que eram recolhidas no outro dia até as 7:00 h. Os insetos capturados foram montados em alfinetes entomológicos, etiquetados, triados e identificados. Plantas que tiveram alta concentração de crisopídeos foram coletadas, preparadas exsicatas e encaminhadas a especialista para identificação. Foram capturados 1.467 crisopídeos, distribuídos em 33 espécies, pertencentes as tribos Chrysopini e Leucochrysini. A espécie de maior ocorrência foi Ceraeochrysa tucumana (Navás, 1919), tendo a presença relatada em todas as amostragens. Não foi encontrado diferença entre os horários de coleta para os gêneros de crisopídeos. Nas coletas noturnas, foram capturados seis indivíduos, pertencentes as espécies Leucochrysa (Nodita) vignisi Freitas & Penny, 2001; Ceraeochrysa achillea Freitas e Penny, 2009; Chrysopodes spinella (Adams e Penny, 1987) e C. tucumana. Foi possível verificar associação entre espécies de crisopídeos com plantas do gênero Casearia / The objective of this work was to study the diversity and faunistic analysis of lacewings species in Semideciduous Forest located in Três Pontas, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Active capture was performed with an sweep net made of cheesecloth and traps with molasses cane sugar to 10% as attractive. Samples were weekly with active collected in period from 13/IX/2008 to 05/IX/2009 and two collections with attractive traps in each season. Sampling insect nets were opened at 7:00 pm and finished 17:00 h am. After this time, on certain dates, were distributed attractive traps, which were collected the next day until 7:00 pm. The insects were mounted on entomological pins, labeled, sorted and identified. Plants that have high concentrations of lacewings were collected, prepared and dried specimens sent to a specialist for identification. 1,467 lacewings were captured, distributed in 33 species belonging to the tribes Chrysopini and Leucochrysini. The species most frequent was Ceraeochrysa tucumana (Navás, 1919) and reported presence in all the samples. No difference was found between sampling times for the genus of Chrysopidae. In nocturnal collections were captured six individuals of the species Leucochrysa (Nodita) vignisi Freitas & Penny, 2001; Ceraeochrysa achillea Freitas and Penny, 2009; Chrysopodes Spinella (Adams and Penny, 1987) and C. tucumana. There was an obvious association between species of lacewings with plants of the genus Casearia