Fong Siu Lai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-196). / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Abstract --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter One --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter 1 --- STRUCTURE OF SKIN --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1 --- epidermis / Chapter 1.1.1 --- stratum corneum / Chapter 1.1.2 --- stratum lucidum / Chapter 1.1.3 --- stratum granulosum / Chapter 1.1.4 --- stratum spinosum / Chapter 1.1.5 --- stratum germinativum / Chapter 1.2 --- dermis / Chapter 1.2.1 --- collagen / Chapter 1.2.2 --- elastin / Chapter 1.2.3 --- reticulin / Chapter 1.2.4 --- fibroblasts / Chapter 1.2.5 --- ground subsatnce / Chapter 1.3 --- dermo-epidermal junction / Chapter 1.4 --- skin appendages / Chapter 1.4.1 --- hair / Chapter 1.4.2 --- nails / Chapter 1.4.3 --- glands / Chapter 1.5 --- cutaneous vascular system / Chapter 1.5.1 --- cutaneous blood flow and its significance / Chapter 1.5.2 --- cutaneous lymphatic flow / Chapter 2 --- FUNCTIONS OF SKIN --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- protection / Chapter 2.2 --- sensation / Chapter 2.3 --- thermal regulation / Chapter 2.4 --- absorption / Chapter 2.5 --- protection against ultraviolet radiation / Chapter 2.6 --- storage / Chapter 3 --- BIOMECHANICS OF SKIN --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- skin elasticity and the physical variation / Chapter 3.2 --- mechanical properties / Chapter 3.2.1 --- tensile strength / Chapter 3.2.2 --- distensibility / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Young's modulus / Chapter 3.2.4 --- visco-elastic character / Chapter 3.2.5 --- hysteresis / Chapter 3.3 --- fibre orientation / Chapter 3.4 --- mechanical considerations / Chapter 3.5 --- physiological factors / Chapter 3.6 --- clinical application / Chapter 4 --- PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF HUMAN SKIN --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1 --- response to mechanical loading / Chapter 4.1.1 --- triple response / Chapter 4.1.2 --- reactive hyperaemia / Chapter 4.2 --- thermal response / Chapter 4.2.1 --- skin temperature / Chapter 4.2.2 --- response to heat / Chapter 4.2.3 --- response to cold / Chapter 4.3 --- local tissue response to burn / Chapter Chapter Three --- BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.55 / Chapter 1 --- BURN INJURIES --- p.55 / Chapter 1.1 --- nature / Chapter 1.2 --- depth / Chapter 1.3 --- extent / Chapter 1.4 --- location of burn / Chapter 1.5 --- age / Chapter 1.6 --- "associated major trauma, inhalation injury" / Chapter 1.7 --- general health status / Chapter 2 --- WOUND HEALING PROCESS --- p.65 / Chapter 2.1 --- role of collagen in wound healing / Chapter 2.2 --- role of oxygen in wound healing / Chapter 2.3 --- role of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing / Chapter 2.4 --- role of mast cells in wound healing / Chapter 3 --- HYPERTROPHIC SCAR --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1 --- aetiological factors / Chapter 3.1.1 --- age / Chapter 3.1.2 --- time for wound healing / Chapter 3.1.3 --- racial factor / Chapter 3.1.4 --- depth of injury / Chapter 3.1.5 --- location / Chapter 3.1.6 --- tension / Chapter 3.2 --- characteristics / Chapter 3.3 --- pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar / Chapter 3.3.1 --- blood flow / Chapter 3.3.2 --- tissue gas / Chapter 3.3.3 --- filamentous material / Chapter 3.3.4 --- mast cells / Chapter 3.3.5 --- chondroitin sulfate / Chapter 3.3.6 --- enzyme proline hydroxylase / Chapter 3.4 --- histopathology / Chapter 3.5 --- response towards pressure / Chapter 4 --- TREATMENT OF POST-BURN HYPERTROPHIC SCAR AND THEIR RESPONSE --- p.92 / Chapter 4.1 --- surgery / Chapter 4.2 --- radiotherapy / Chapter 4.3 --- ultrasonics / Chapter 4.4 --- chemotherapy/ intralesional injection of steroid / Chapter 4.5 --- pressure therapy / Chapter 4.6 --- topical silicone gel / Chapter 4.6.1 --- mechanics / Chapter 4.6.2 --- bacteriology / Chapter 4.6.3 --- water-vapour transmission rate / Chapter 4.6.4 --- appearance in the Scanning Electronic Microscope / Chapter 4.7 --- prevention of hypertrophic scar and scar contracture / Chapter 5 --- ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR HYPERTROPHIC SCAR AND THE CLINICAL APPLICATION --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1 --- clinical observation of the appearance / Chapter 5.2 --- ultrasonography and thickness / Chapter 5.2.1 --- ultrasound / Chapter 5.2.2 --- pulse-echo distance measurement / Chapter 5.2.3 --- echo generation / Chapter 5.2.4 --- transducer beam pattern / Chapter 5.2.5 --- ultrasound instrumentation / Chapter 5.2.6 --- application of ultrasound in the study of hypertrophic scar thickness / Chapter 5.3 --- elastometry (Cutometer) and elasticity / Chapter 5.4 --- application of elastometry / Chapter Chapter Four --- OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY --- p.123 / Chapter 1 --- Objectives of the study --- p.123 / Chapter 2 --- Study subjects --- p.123 / Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.125 / Chapter 4 --- Assessment of thickness of hypertrophic scar --- p.128 / Chapter 5 --- Assessment of visco-elasticity of hypertrophic scar --- p.130 / Chapter 6 --- Clinical rating scale --- p.133 / Chapter 7 --- Study of normal skin as control --- p.133 / Chapter 8 --- Reliability of the ultrasound and cutometer measurement --- p.134 / Chapter Chapter Five --- RESULTS --- p.136 / Chapter 1 --- Inter- and intra- examiner variations of the ultrasound and cutometer measurement --- p.136 / Chapter 2 --- Comparison with normal skin control --- p.138 / Chapter 3 --- Results of ultrasonographic measurements of thickness of hypertrophic scar and its correlation with the clinical grading --- p.139 / Chapter 4 --- Results of Cutometer reading (visco-elastic properties) and the correlation with clinical grading --- p.142 / Chapter 5 --- Observation from raw data --- p.152 / Chapter Chapter Six --- DISCUSSION --- p.154 / Chapter 1 --- Measuring thickness with ultrasonography and clinical grading --- p.157 / Chapter 2 --- Elastic properties of hypertrophic scar and clinical grading --- p.158 / Chapter 3 --- The predictive value of the ultrasonography and elastometry through monthly longitudinal measurement --- p.161 / Chapter 4 --- Inter- and intra- examinar reliability of the ultrasonography and elastometry in the assessmetn of post-burn hypertrophic scar --- p.164 / Chapter 5 --- "The use of a composite ""Visco-elasticity-Thickness Chart"" and case studies" --- p.165 / Chapter 6 --- Limitations of the study --- p.182 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY --- p.184 / REFERENCES --- p.187 / APPENDICES --- p.197 / Appendix 1 Patients' record --- p.197 / Appendix 2 Record of the scars --- p.200 / Appendix 3 Clinical Grading of the hypertrophic scar --- p.202 / Appendix 4 Measurement of the visco-elastic properties --- p.204 / Appendix 5 Ultrasonic measurements of the hypertrophic scars --- p.235 / Appendix 6 List of graphs --- p.237 / Appendix 7 List of figures --- p.238 / Appendix 8 List of tables --- p.240

by Cheng Chi Wa. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-120). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Title --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Abbreviations --- p.v / Abbreviation Table for Amino Acids --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature review --- p.2 / Chapter Part I --- Hypertrophic Scar / Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of hypertrophic scar --- p.2 / Chapter 2.2 --- Pathology --- p.2 / Chapter 2.3 --- Epidemiology findings --- p.3 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Ethnicity --- p.3 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Age --- p.3 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Body location --- p.3 / Chapter 2.4 --- Mechanism of cutaneous wound healing --- p.4 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Phase I - Haemostasis and inflammation --- p.4 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Haemostasis --- p.6 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Early phase of inflammation --- p.6 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Late phase of inflammation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Phase II - Re-epithelialization --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Migration of epidermal keratinocytes --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Migration of fibroblasts --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Angiogenesis --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Phase III - Tissue remodeling --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Cell maturation and apoptosis --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Exrtracellular matrix remodeling --- p.10 / Chapter 2.5 --- Alteration of wound healing - Possible pathogenic factors of hypertrophic scar --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Changes in Phase I-Inflammation --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Changes in Phase II - Re-epithelialization/ tissue formation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Changes in Phase III - Tissue remodeling --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6 --- The Role of fibroblasts in the formation of hypertrophic scar --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Functions of fibroblasts in wound healing --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Suggested aetiological role in the formation of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6.2.1 --- Fibroproliferation disorder --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.2.2 --- Extracellular Matrix remodeling disorder --- p.18 / Chapter a) --- CoUaqen --- p.18 / Chapter b) --- Proteoglycan --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6.2.3 --- Other differentially expressed factors --- p.20 / Chapter 2.7 --- Treatment of hypertrophic scar --- p.21 / Chapter Part II --- Differential Display / Chapter 2.8 --- Current approaches for the studies of differential gene expression --- p.23 / Chapter 2.9 --- Comparison amongst different approaches --- p.23 / Chapter 2.10 --- The strategy of Differential Display RT-PCR (DDRT-PCR) --- p.24 / Chapter 2.11 --- The application of DDRT-PCR to identify differentially expressed genes --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Aims and Strategies --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Methods and Materials --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Materials --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2 --- Clinical specimen collection --- p.31 / Chapter 4.3 --- Primary explant culture --- p.31 / Chapter 4.4 --- Immunohistochemical staining --- p.32 / Chapter 4.5 --- Total RNA extraction --- p.32 / Chapter 4.6 --- DNase I digestion --- p.33 / Chapter 4.7 --- Differential display-RTPCR (DD-RTPCR) --- p.33 / Chapter 4.8 --- Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis --- p.34 / Chapter 4.9 --- Reamplification of the differentially expressed fragments --- p.35 / Chapter 4.10 --- Molecular cloning of the DNA fragments --- p.35 / Chapter 4.11 --- Screening and miniprep of the plasmid DNA --- p.36 / Chapter 4.12 --- Cycle sequencing --- p.38 / Chapter 4.13 --- Data analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 4.14 --- RT-PCR --- p.39 / Chapter 4.15 --- Probe labeling by PCR with DIG-dUTP --- p.40 / Chapter 4.16 --- Southern blotting --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter5 --- p.42 / Chapter 5.1 --- Clinical Specimen --- p.42 / Chapter 5.2 --- Primary explant culture --- p.42 / Chapter 5.3 --- The total RNA extraction from the cultured fibroblast --- p.45 / Chapter 5.4 --- Differential display RT-PCR --- p.47 / Chapter 5.5 --- Reamplification of the DNA fragments --- p.49 / Chapter 5.6 --- Molecular cloning of the DNA fragment --- p.53 / Chapter 5.7 --- DNA sequencing of the inserts --- p.58 / Chapter 5.8 --- Analysis and identification of the DNA sequences --- p.62 / Chapter 5.9 --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the differentially expressed genes --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter6 --- p.87 / Chapter Part I --- Validity of the Findings / Chapter 6.1 --- The Limitation of Tissue Sampling --- p.87 / Chapter 6.2 --- Tissue Culture model --- p.88 / Chapter 6.3 --- Differential Display RT-PCR --- p.89 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Identification of the differentially expressed genes --- p.89 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Confirmation of the differentially expressed genes --- p.91 / Chapter 6.4 --- Technical difficulties and Limitations --- p.92 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Sampling --- p.92 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Primary tissue culture --- p.93 / Chapter Part II --- Significance and Future Studies / Chapter 6.5 --- Down-regulation of thrombospondin 1 (TSP 1) in the hypertrophic scar fibroblasts --- p.94 / Chapter 6.6 --- Biochemical and biological functions of TSP1 --- p.96 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- The biochemical functions of TSP1 --- p.96 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- The biochemical functions of TSP1 --- p.97 / Chapter 6.7 --- The role of TSP 1 in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar --- p.98 / Chapter 6.7.1 --- Down-regulation of TSP 1 may be responsible for the excessive microvessels in hypertrophic scar --- p.98 / Chapter 6.7.2 --- Down-regulation of TSP 1 may be responsible for the failure of the apoptosis of the fibroblasts in the hypertrophic scar --- p.101 / Chapter 6.8 --- Expression of TSP 1 during wound healing --- p.103 / Chapter 6.9 --- Expression of TSP 1 in hypertrophic scarring --- p.107 / Chapter 6.10 --- Cytochrome b561 and its biological function --- p.109 / Chapter 6.11 --- Future studies --- p.108 / Chapter 6.11.1 --- The expression of TSP 1 in hypertrophic scarring and normal wound healing --- p.108 / Chapter 6.11.2 --- The expression of cytochrome b561 --- p.109 / Chapter 6.11.3 --- A full scale study of differential display RT-PCR --- p.109 / References --- p.110 / Appendices --- p.121 / Chapter I --- The complete mRNA sequence of thrombospondin1 precursor --- p.121 / Chapter II --- The mRNA sequence of cytochrome b561 --- p.123

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2009.

Introdução: as sequelas de queimaduras na morfologia, mobilidade das estruturas motoras orais e nas funções orofaciais, como mastigação, deglutição e fala, são frequentes em pacientes com queimaduras graves na região de cabeça e pescoço. Objetivo: verificar a efetividade de um programa de reabilitação fonoaudiológica da motricidade orofacial em pacientes com queimaduras em cabeça e pescoço. Método: participaram da pesquisa 29 indivíduos encaminhados para avaliação e reabilitação ao Ambulatório de Funções da Face da Divisão de Fonoaudiologia do Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de abril de 2016 a abril de 2018. Os critérios inclusão adotados na pesquisa foram: idade > = 6 anos; queimadura de terceiro grau caracterizada por perda epidérmica e dérmica em áreas de cabeça e pescoço; realização de tratamento cirúrgico prévio da ferida; ausência de falhas dentárias; presença de queixas relacionadas às alterações motoras orais; quadro clínico estável (conforme registros em prontuários médicos); alimentação por via oral exclusiva. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos considerando o tempo da queimadura: Grupo 1 (G1) - pacientes com até um ano após a queimadura; Grupo 2 (G2) - pacientes com mais de um ano após a queimadura. A gravidade da queimadura foi determinada pela escala ABSI (The Abbreviated Burn Severity Index), aplicada no primeiro atendimento hospitalar do paciente. Todos os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação fonoaudiológica em dois momentos distintos, pré e pós-programa terapêutico. A avaliação foi composta pelos seguintes protocolos clínicos: Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial com Escores Expandido (AMIOFE-E), verificação da amplitude mandibular (abertura oral máxima, lateralização para a direita e esquerda e protrusão mandibular) e medida antropométrica do canto de olho à comissura labial. O programa terapêutico adotado foi composto por 8 sessões semanais individuais, com duração de trinta minutos cada. O programa terapêutico foi composto por: manobras de compressão e alongamento em tecido cicatricial, manobras de alongamento intra e extra orais dos músculos da face, exercícios para mobilidade da musculatura da face e região cervical e exercícios para a adequação das funções de mastigação e deglutição. Resultados: a análise estatística evidenciou que o G2 apresentou idade significativamente maior que o G1. Nas análises intragrupos, tanto G1 quanto G2 apresentaram diferenças estatísticas para todos os itens do AMIOFE-E: aparência e condição postural; mobilidade e funções orofaciais (mastigação e deglutição). Quanto às medidas de amplitude mandibular, ambos os grupos apresentaram aumento significativo da medida de abertura oral máxima. Nas análises intergrupos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre G1 e G2, indicando que a melhora foi semelhante para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: a pesquisa comprova a eficácia do programa fonoaudiológico, baseado em evidências e com controle de resultados, em pacientes com queimaduras de terceiro grau em cabeça e pescoço. Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora significativa na atividade miofuncional oral e na amplitude mandibular. Quando comparados os resultados obtidos entre G1 e G2, não foi observada diferença relevante, indicando que o tratamento proposto foi eficiente, independentemente do tempo entre a queimadura e o início do tratamento / Introduction: alterations in the morphology and mobility of the oral motor structures, and orofacial functions (i.e. mastication, swallowing and speech) are often observed in patients who suffered severe head and neck burns. Purpose: the purpose of the present study was to verify the effectiveness of a myofunctional orofacial rehabilitation program for patients with head and neck burns. Method: participants of this study were 29 individuals referred to the Division of Orofacial Myology of Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, between April 2016 and April 2018, for oral motor assessment and rehabilitation. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age >= 6 years; third degree burns to the head and neck (i.e. epidermal and dermal loss); previous surgical treatment to the wound; complete dentition; oral motor alterations deficits; medical stability (according to medical records); receiving all nutrition by mouth. Patients were divided in two groups according to the onset of the injury: Group 1 (G1) - patients with injuries less than a year old; Group 2 (G2) - patients with injuries more than a year old. Burn severity was determined by the ABSI (The Abbreviated Burn Severity Index) according to the patient\'s first hospital record. All participants underwent clinical assessment that involved an oral motor evaluation (Expanded Protocol of Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores - OMES-E), the assessment of the mandibular range of movements (maximal incisor distance, right and left lateral excursions and protrusion) and an anthropometric assessment (measurement of the distance between the commissures of mouth and the corners of the eyes). For comparison purposes, assessments were performed pre and post-treatment. The rehabilitation program involved 8 individual 30 minute weekly sessions. The rehabilitation program involved: compression and stretching maneuvers on the scar tissue; intra and extra oral stretching maneuvers of the facial muscles; facial and cervical muscles mobility exercises; mastication and swallowing exercises. Results: the statistical analysis indicated that G2 was significantly older than G1. When comparing pre and post-treatment results, both group of patients presented significant differences considering the items on the OMES-E (i.e. appearance and posture, mobility and orofacial functions), and the maximal incisor opening. The analysis comparing the performance of G1 and G2 did not indicate differences between the groups. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the rehabilitation program was effective for third degree burns on the head and neck, demonstrating significant improvement of the oral myofunctional parameters and of the maximal incisor opening. The results also suggest that the maturation of the scar tissue did not have an influence on the results of the treatment program

Introdução: as sequelas de queimaduras na morfologia, mobilidade das estruturas motoras orais e nas funções orofaciais, como mastigação, deglutição e fala, são frequentes em pacientes com queimaduras graves na região de cabeça e pescoço. Objetivo: verificar a efetividade de um programa de reabilitação fonoaudiológica da motricidade orofacial em pacientes com queimaduras em cabeça e pescoço. Método: participaram da pesquisa 29 indivíduos encaminhados para avaliação e reabilitação ao Ambulatório de Funções da Face da Divisão de Fonoaudiologia do Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de abril de 2016 a abril de 2018. Os critérios inclusão adotados na pesquisa foram: idade > = 6 anos; queimadura de terceiro grau caracterizada por perda epidérmica e dérmica em áreas de cabeça e pescoço; realização de tratamento cirúrgico prévio da ferida; ausência de falhas dentárias; presença de queixas relacionadas às alterações motoras orais; quadro clínico estável (conforme registros em prontuários médicos); alimentação por via oral exclusiva. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos considerando o tempo da queimadura: Grupo 1 (G1) - pacientes com até um ano após a queimadura; Grupo 2 (G2) - pacientes com mais de um ano após a queimadura. A gravidade da queimadura foi determinada pela escala ABSI (The Abbreviated Burn Severity Index), aplicada no primeiro atendimento hospitalar do paciente. Todos os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação fonoaudiológica em dois momentos distintos, pré e pós-programa terapêutico. A avaliação foi composta pelos seguintes protocolos clínicos: Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial com Escores Expandido (AMIOFE-E), verificação da amplitude mandibular (abertura oral máxima, lateralização para a direita e esquerda e protrusão mandibular) e medida antropométrica do canto de olho à comissura labial. O programa terapêutico adotado foi composto por 8 sessões semanais individuais, com duração de trinta minutos cada. O programa terapêutico foi composto por: manobras de compressão e alongamento em tecido cicatricial, manobras de alongamento intra e extra orais dos músculos da face, exercícios para mobilidade da musculatura da face e região cervical e exercícios para a adequação das funções de mastigação e deglutição. Resultados: a análise estatística evidenciou que o G2 apresentou idade significativamente maior que o G1. Nas análises intragrupos, tanto G1 quanto G2 apresentaram diferenças estatísticas para todos os itens do AMIOFE-E: aparência e condição postural; mobilidade e funções orofaciais (mastigação e deglutição). Quanto às medidas de amplitude mandibular, ambos os grupos apresentaram aumento significativo da medida de abertura oral máxima. Nas análises intergrupos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre G1 e G2, indicando que a melhora foi semelhante para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: a pesquisa comprova a eficácia do programa fonoaudiológico, baseado em evidências e com controle de resultados, em pacientes com queimaduras de terceiro grau em cabeça e pescoço. Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora significativa na atividade miofuncional oral e na amplitude mandibular. Quando comparados os resultados obtidos entre G1 e G2, não foi observada diferença relevante, indicando que o tratamento proposto foi eficiente, independentemente do tempo entre a queimadura e o início do tratamento / Introduction: alterations in the morphology and mobility of the oral motor structures, and orofacial functions (i.e. mastication, swallowing and speech) are often observed in patients who suffered severe head and neck burns. Purpose: the purpose of the present study was to verify the effectiveness of a myofunctional orofacial rehabilitation program for patients with head and neck burns. Method: participants of this study were 29 individuals referred to the Division of Orofacial Myology of Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, between April 2016 and April 2018, for oral motor assessment and rehabilitation. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age >= 6 years; third degree burns to the head and neck (i.e. epidermal and dermal loss); previous surgical treatment to the wound; complete dentition; oral motor alterations deficits; medical stability (according to medical records); receiving all nutrition by mouth. Patients were divided in two groups according to the onset of the injury: Group 1 (G1) - patients with injuries less than a year old; Group 2 (G2) - patients with injuries more than a year old. Burn severity was determined by the ABSI (The Abbreviated Burn Severity Index) according to the patient\'s first hospital record. All participants underwent clinical assessment that involved an oral motor evaluation (Expanded Protocol of Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores - OMES-E), the assessment of the mandibular range of movements (maximal incisor distance, right and left lateral excursions and protrusion) and an anthropometric assessment (measurement of the distance between the commissures of mouth and the corners of the eyes). For comparison purposes, assessments were performed pre and post-treatment. The rehabilitation program involved 8 individual 30 minute weekly sessions. The rehabilitation program involved: compression and stretching maneuvers on the scar tissue; intra and extra oral stretching maneuvers of the facial muscles; facial and cervical muscles mobility exercises; mastication and swallowing exercises. Results: the statistical analysis indicated that G2 was significantly older than G1. When comparing pre and post-treatment results, both group of patients presented significant differences considering the items on the OMES-E (i.e. appearance and posture, mobility and orofacial functions), and the maximal incisor opening. The analysis comparing the performance of G1 and G2 did not indicate differences between the groups. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the rehabilitation program was effective for third degree burns on the head and neck, demonstrating significant improvement of the oral myofunctional parameters and of the maximal incisor opening. The results also suggest that the maturation of the scar tissue did not have an influence on the results of the treatment program

O processo de reparação tecidual evolui tardiamente com alteração das propriedades físicas da pele, cuja gravidade varia, entre outros fatores, em função da profundidade original da lesão. Clinicamente a pele é seca, descamativa, discrômica e com diminuição da elasticidade, especialmente em cicatrizes hipertróficas. As características do tegumento pós-queimadura podem ser melhoradas com agentes de uso tópico normalmente utilizados em patologias como acne e fotoenvelhecimento. Foram avaliados 77 pacientes portadores de seqüela de queimadura peri-oral, entre seis e 46 anos de idade. O tipo de tegumento foi classificado como restaurado, quando epitelizado espontaneamente, ou enxertado. O tratamento tópico consistiu de tretinoína (0,01-0,05%) e ácido glicólico (5-7%) durante três meses. Duas distâncias foram medidas com paquímetro digital em abertura bucal máxima, a inter-dentária (D) e a inter-labial (L). Houve aumento significativo (p£0,01) de D e L nos grupos tratados quando comparados aos respectivos controles, tanto nos pacientes com tegumento restaurado como nos enxertados. O aumento de L foi significativamente maior que D. Sugerimos a utilização da medida inter-labial como parâmetro complementar à medida inter-incisal como método de avaliação indireta da elasticidade cutânea no tegumento pós-queimadura. / Tissue repair processes evolve with alterations of the cutaneous physical properties, which are proportional, among other factors, to the original depth of the lesion. At examination, the skin is dry, dyschromic and less elastic, specially in hypertrophic scars. Post-burn skin characteristics can be improved by topical agents regularly used in pathologies like acne or photodamage. We evaluated 77 patients who had peri-oral burn sequela. The ages ranged from six to 46 years old. The tegument was classified as restored, when spontaneously healed, or skin grafted. The topical treatment consisted of tretinoin (0,01-0,05%) and glycolic acid (5-7%) for three months. Inter-incisal (D) and inter-labial (L) distances were measured at maximal mouth opening with a digital pachymeter. Both inter-incisal and inter-labial distances increased significantly in the groups treated when compared to respective controls (p£0,01). This fact was similar in both types of tegument. Inter-labial distance (L) increased significantly more than D. We suggest its use as a complementary measure to inter-incisal distance for indirect evaluation of skin elasticity in the post-burn tegument.

O processo de reparação tecidual evolui tardiamente com alteração das propriedades físicas da pele, cuja gravidade varia, entre outros fatores, em função da profundidade original da lesão. Clinicamente a pele é seca, descamativa, discrômica e com diminuição da elasticidade, especialmente em cicatrizes hipertróficas. As características do tegumento pós-queimadura podem ser melhoradas com agentes de uso tópico normalmente utilizados em patologias como acne e fotoenvelhecimento. Foram avaliados 77 pacientes portadores de seqüela de queimadura peri-oral, entre seis e 46 anos de idade. O tipo de tegumento foi classificado como restaurado, quando epitelizado espontaneamente, ou enxertado. O tratamento tópico consistiu de tretinoína (0,01-0,05%) e ácido glicólico (5-7%) durante três meses. Duas distâncias foram medidas com paquímetro digital em abertura bucal máxima, a inter-dentária (D) e a inter-labial (L). Houve aumento significativo (p£0,01) de D e L nos grupos tratados quando comparados aos respectivos controles, tanto nos pacientes com tegumento restaurado como nos enxertados. O aumento de L foi significativamente maior que D. Sugerimos a utilização da medida inter-labial como parâmetro complementar à medida inter-incisal como método de avaliação indireta da elasticidade cutânea no tegumento pós-queimadura. / Tissue repair processes evolve with alterations of the cutaneous physical properties, which are proportional, among other factors, to the original depth of the lesion. At examination, the skin is dry, dyschromic and less elastic, specially in hypertrophic scars. Post-burn skin characteristics can be improved by topical agents regularly used in pathologies like acne or photodamage. We evaluated 77 patients who had peri-oral burn sequela. The ages ranged from six to 46 years old. The tegument was classified as restored, when spontaneously healed, or skin grafted. The topical treatment consisted of tretinoin (0,01-0,05%) and glycolic acid (5-7%) for three months. Inter-incisal (D) and inter-labial (L) distances were measured at maximal mouth opening with a digital pachymeter. Both inter-incisal and inter-labial distances increased significantly in the groups treated when compared to respective controls (p£0,01). This fact was similar in both types of tegument. Inter-labial distance (L) increased significantly more than D. We suggest its use as a complementary measure to inter-incisal distance for indirect evaluation of skin elasticity in the post-burn tegument.