Chez les mammifères dont l’Homme, les rythmes circadiens physiologiques et comportementaux sont régulés par l’horloge centrale, localisée dans les noyaux suprachiasmatiques de l’hypothalamus. Possédant une période endogène proche mais pas exactement de 24 heures, cette horloge est constamment synchronisée à la période terrestre par le cycle lumière-obscurité perçu au niveau de l’oeil. Cette synchronisation entraîne l’expression de rythmes appropriés (hormonaux, veille-sommeil, température corporelle, etc.). Les hypothèses de ma thèse sont : 1- une exposition chronique à un spectre lumineux appauvri en longueurs d’ondes courtes, causée par l’opacification du cristallin chez le sujet âgé ou par l’exposition chronique à des lumières artificielles blanches, est à l’origine d’une altération de la réponse du système circadien à la lumière ; 2- une exposition chronique à un spectre lumineux enrichi en longueurs d’ondes courtes chez le sujet jeune, améliore la synchronisation du système circadien, la vigilance, les performances cognitives et la qualité du sommeil. L’objectif de ma thèse est d‘évaluer ces hypothèses selon deux approches : 1. Une approche physiologique : chez le sujet âgé sain, le brunissement physiologique du cristallin oculaire conduit à une filtration des longueurs d’ondes courtes du spectre lumineux. Cette approche inclus la mise au point et la validation d’un système de mesure de transmittance du cristallin in vivo. Ce système est nécessaire pour quantifier la qualité spectrale de la lumière atteignant la rétine. 2. Une approche artificielle : chez des sujets jeunes exposés de manière chronique (63 jours) à des lumières ambiantes blanches ou enrichies en longueurs d’ondes courtes / Physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms in mammals and humans are under the control of a central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. This endogenous clock has a period close to but not exactly 24 hours and therefore needs to be constantly entrained to the 24-h period of the earth, by the light-dark cycle. Light is perceived through the eyes and implicates all the retina’s photoreceptors (rods, cones, melanopsin ganglion cells (ipRGCs)). A properly entrained circadian system leads to an appropriate rhythmic expression of many physiological functions (hormonal secretion, sleep/wake cycles, core body temperature …). My project’s hypotheses are: 1- a chronic exposure to blue deprived light, as occurring in the aged due to lens filtration or under standard indoor lighting, leads to a decreased nonvisual sensitivity to light.; 2- exposure to blue enriched white light in the young subjects enhances non-visual responses to light such as, entrainment of the circadian system, vigilance, mood, sleep quality and cognitive performance. The aim of my thesis is to evaluate these hypotheses using two approaches : 1. A physiological approach: In the aged subject, in whom the ocular crystalline lens specifically filters short wavelength lights, known to be crucial for circadian entrainment. This approach includes the development and clinical validation of a scotopic heterochromatic flicker photometry technique to assess lens transmittance in vivo. This technique is essential to evaluate individual light spectra reaching the retina. 2. An artificial approach: In young subjects chronically exposed (63 days in the Concordia base, Antarctica) solely to standard white or blue enriched white light

The main tasks of the thesis lie in summary of present state in Human Centric Lighting field, in the optical design of luminaire and in practical verification of the proposal. The design is developed in software LightTools and for the verification of functionality the software Dialux EVO is employed. The luminaire is designed primarily with respect to the influence of light on the man and the physiological, psychological and behavioural responses in humans. The thesis is created in cooperation with the company Robe Lighting s.r.o. The proposal of the luminaire corresponds to the current state of knowledge in the area of light influence on humans. The designed luminaire in the trend HCL is distinguished by the high quality of emitted light but also with higher costs of the operation.

Circadian system of mammals is generated in suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus. This system is synchronized with light conditions through phase shifts that occur after light exposition during the subjective night. Recent studies have shown that activation of endocannabinoid receptors attenuates the light-induced phase shifts and influences the ability of circadian system to light entrainment. The aim of this work is to examine this influence on behavioral level and on light-reactive cellular processes within the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Our results show that the activation of endocannabinoid system via CB1 receptor agonist modulates the light-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the expression of c-Fos protein in neurons of suprachiasmatic nuclei in the rat's brain; these cellular processes correlate with the attenuation of light entrainment. Keywords: circadian system, suprachiasmatic nuclei, light entrainment, endocannabinoid system, CB1 receptors, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, ERK1/2, c-Fos