This overview can be summarized as a systematic literature study regarding deliberately arranged teaching about democracy and civic in social education. There is immersive research about deliberation since the 1990´s around deliberative democracy and in which way this model can be used in a classroom with the purpose of forming students into good citizens. The results of this kind of research have been contentious for example some types of researches points towards that some school programs have more advantages in a classroom deliberation than others. Other methods  have  shown  that  deliberative  dialogues  in  the  classroom  is  beneficial  for  developing  broader knowledge among the students. Therefore,  this study will be focused on gathering and categorizing different  types of studies regarding deliberative education amongst students. There has also been an emphasis on showing how this research defines the concept of deliberative education. This  overview  categorizes  studies  with  an  emphasis  on  classroom  climate,  studies  that  focus  on  the teacher’s role as well as studies that focus on the student. The research will show what view the teachers and students have about deliberative education. Such as what positive images and experiences are there and what problems can be found with deliberative education. What effects does deliberative education have on knowledge, values and involvement and is the view unambiguous or is it contradictory. This paper enriches further studies by show holes in the research. Society is in constant change and there are new demands on the knowledge mediation. By compiling results and conclusions this overview can show holes in the research or at least give inspiration to further studies. Since the deliberative dialogues requires different opinions and perspective it can be seen as a method among others to include students to share each other's differences. This can be seen as important especially in regards of future classrooms with a larger variation of people from different backgrounds, both ethnically, culturally, and religiously.

Magister Educationis (Adult Learning and Global Change) - MEd(AL) / This study seeks to determine to what extent undergraduate students in a research university in South Africa are involved in activities that contribute to citizenship education. The research design involves a case study at the University of Cape Town (UCT) whereby an electronic survey, called the Student Experience at the Research University-Africa (SERU) survey, was indigenised to fit the South African context and it was conducted at UCT. The survey had a census design and all undergraduate students at the university were invited to participate. At the end of 2012 a sample of 861 surveys were analyzed using SPSS to determine the activities students were involved in during the research period.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / Leaders are often thought of as being the top management team of the organisation, illuminating the way forward for individuals by directing organisational activities towards a shared vision (Fernald, Solomon & Tarabishy, 2005). As organisations are constantly facing challenges in establishing a profitable presence in a competitive marketplace, effective leadership is one difference between organisations that successfully meet the challenges and those that do not (Wherry, 2012). In order for any organisation to cope with the demands of a dynamic and ever changing environment, it is necessary for management to move towards a leadership style that allows for the empowerment of employees (Carson & King, 2005). Scholars have identified a form of leadership termed “authentic leadership” where authentic leaders display traits such as honesty, sincerity, high moral standards, ethics and trustworthiness (Avolio et al., 2004; May 2004). According to George (2003), authentic leaders are self-aware and transparent therefore this behaviour sends a strong message to their followers influencing what they, the follower, attend to, how they view themselves and ultimately how they behave. Within organisations where authentic leaders are present, the importance of employee initiative and cooperation become very important (Le Pine, Erez & Johnson, 2002). The individual or employee initiative and cooperation can be viewed as in role (within formal job descriptions) or extra role (outside of formal job description) behaviour. Extra-role behaviour is also defined as organisational citizenship behaviour. This research study investigated if the dimensions of authentic leadership (self-awareness, moral perspective, balanced processing and relational transparency) had an effect on the dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour (altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy and civic virtue). The population for this study was a provincial government department within the Western Cape. A non-probability sample based on the method of convenience was utilised of which 131 respondents completed three sets of questionnaires namely; a Biographical questionnaire, Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (Avolio, Gardner & Walumbwa, 2007) and the Organisational Citizenship Questionnaire (Podsakoff, Mackenzie & Fetter, 1990). Statistical analyses involved both descriptive (measures of central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple regression). The findings indicated that a moderate to weak relationship exists between the dimensions of authentic leadership (self-awareness, moral perspective, balanced processing and relational transparency) and the dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour (altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy and civic virtue). Organisational citizenship behaviour of the employees within the organisation is not largely influenced by their leader’s authentic leadership style. Therefore, other factors such as work ethic, organisational commitment, work motivation or personality may have greater influence on organisational citizenship behaviour than authentic leadership. However, a few limitations associated with the study were identified and it is suggested that a qualitative approach be implored as well as other provincial, local or national government departments in the Western Cape be used to contribute to greater representativeness and generalisability. Variables identified in this study are embodied in the human resource functions of the organisation and managers should utilise the findings of this study to better understand human behaviour within the workplace.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Youth Civic Engagement is not a new phenomenon in South Africa. Throughout the history of country, spanning from the early resistance to colonialism in 1652 to the formation of the African National Congress in 1912 and its Youth League in 1944, the Soweto uprising in 1976, right up to the 1994 independence struggle, the youth has always played a pivotal role in social transformation. Unlike in the past where there was a common enemy in Apartheid, today the country faces a more complex set of socio-economic challenges. Despite being a middle income country, South Africa grapples with extreme poverty and income inequality, which impacts on educational opportunities and ultimately civic awareness and involvement. Approximately 42% of young people under the age of 30 are unemployed. The country currently has a youth population (14-35 years of age) which is about 41% of its entire population of almost 54 million. This youth population growth in itself implies that youth development should be a major priority area if growth and development are to be realised. The research is based in Khayelitsha. The social-economic problems faced among Khayelitsha township youth are complex and multidimensional in nature. The research question is: how is youth civic engagement able to initiate and foster collective action among community members of Site C in Khayelitsha, in order to promote social change? ILISO Care Society, a Community Based Organisation based in Site C was used as a case study for the research. In line with the theory and conceptual framework of social capital, the study demonstrates how reciprocal relations, trust and strong bonds, act as seedbeds for collective action. The Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change is incorporated into the framework to narrow down the social capital theory to an operational level. It is also used to illustrate how novel methods of dialogical communication adopted by ILISO Care Society reinforce social learning and promote democratic practices among young people. Both the quantitative and qualitative approaches were used for the study, with much of the analysis being grounded in qualitative methods. Data collection was done by means of the following utilities: a survey questionnaire which was administered among 52 respondents, semi- structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation by the principle researcher. The study revealed how the legacy of apartheid’s segregation policies have had enduring effects particularly on the education system, in turn, negatively impacting on youth civic participation, as well as other interlinked spheres of society. Most importantly, the findings revealed that the ILISO youth civic engagement projects have contributed in increasing the level of confidence (efficacy) to solve community problems of not only the ILISO project members, but also the wider Site C community. This was evidenced in the research participants‟ own belief in their ability to produce change (self-efficacy) and the ILISO youth members‟ shared belief as a group, in their ability (collective self-efficacy) to bring about social transformation. This has led to Site C youth acting collectively (collective action)when faced with challenges, thereby promoting social change.

This study assessed the civic knowledge, skills, and attitudes of Hispanic eighth grade students in Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS), Florida. Three hundred sixty one Hispanic students of Cuban (253), Colombian (57), and Nicaraguan (51) ancestry from 10 middle schools participated in the study. Two hundred twenty eight students were from low socio-economic status (SES) background, and 133 were of middle SES background. There were 136 boys and 225 girls. The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement Civic Education Student Questionnaire was used to collect data. The instrument assessed the students’ civic knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to test for differences in the civic knowledge, skills, and attitudes of participants based on ancestry, SES, and gender. The findings indicated that there was no significant difference in the civic knowledge, skills, and attitudes of Hispanic eighth grade students that were of Cuban, Colombian, and Nicaraguan ancestry. There was no significant difference in the civic vi ii skills and in five of the civic attitude scales for students from low SES families compared to those from middle SES families. However, there was a significant difference in the civic knowledge and in the civic attitude concerning classroom discussions and participation based on SES. The civic knowledge of middle SES students was higher than that of low SES students. Furthermore, middle SES Hispanic students displayed a higher mean score for the civic attitude of classroom discussions and participation than low SES students. There was no significant difference in the civic knowledge and in five of the civic attitude scales between boys and girls. However, there was a significant difference in the civic skills and the civic attitude of support for women’s rights between boys and girls. Hispanic girls displayed a higher mean score in civic skills than Hispanic boys. Furthermore, the mean score of civic attitude of support for women’s rights for Hispanic girls was higher than that of Hispanic boys. It was concluded that Cuban, Colombian, or Nicaraguan participants did not demonstrate differences in civic attitudes and levels of civic knowledge and skills that eighth grade students possessed. In addition, when compared to boys, girls demonstrated a higher level of civic skills and a greater support for women’s rights and participation in politics and their roles in politics. Moreover, SES was demonstrated to be a key factor in the acquisition of civic knowledge, regardless of ancestry.

This thesis is a study in the ideological foundations of Victorian civic pride. It argues that the Victorian civic renaissance had an extensive intellectual genealogy. The thesis hopes to foster a reevaluation of the Victorian city in its intellectual context, and broaden the perimeters of enquiry within urban history. In doing so, it contributes to the debate over middle class identity in Victorian England. The four chapters indicate the dominant strands of thinking that determined the development of the Victorian city. The first chapter addresses the pre-Reformation ideal of civil society. It throws new light upon the work of Southey, Cobbett, Pugin, and Ruskin. By contrasting the edifices of the virtuous, medieval past against the civic symbols of the faithless and individualist present, they fostered a corporatist civic tradition which powerfully influenced the Victorian city. The second chapter describes the defence of the industrial city by liberal civic elites. Their rhetoric was as concerned with defending Nonconformity and the historical role of the middle class as the manufacturing city. Influenced by the French Doctrinaires, advocates of liberal civic thought championed the city, and its inhabitants, as the harbingers of liberty, prosperity and progress. Chapter three charts how Victorian 'merchant princes' looked to ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy to support their wealth and industry. It emphasises the draw of Periclean Athens and medieval Florence as potent civic ideals. Their successful combination of commerce and culture made the cities instrumental models in the development of Victorian civic pride. The final chapter explains how the Saxon spirit of local self-government became part of a national identity. The English polity based upon a system of decentralization and multiple municipal centres was contrasted against Norman centralization which resulted in Parisian despotism. _With the growth of statist legislation in the 1840s this narrative of local self-government was placed under strain. The chapter discusses how Saxon civic thought influenced central policy and urban identity.

This thesis is a study of Tottenham High Road, and how the urban blocks which comprise its depth are composed. Depth has a number of components: architecture, space and time; depth is the armature in which people live their social lives, and the place where local cultures emerge. The conception of depth offers a way of capturing urban life in its richness and its reciprocities. The literature about high streets offers few detailed analyses of their spatial and psycho-social ordering and this thesis seeks to fill that gap. The approach is a hermeneutics of praxis, using ethnographic methods, in-depth interviews, and situating the information spatially using architectural drawing techniques. It offers a novel method of investigating and understanding the structures and processes which make up the high streets and which, in aggregate, make the whole city. Tottenham High Road is used here as a case study, a vehicle through which to interpret evidence about the existence and nature of depth, with its manifold structures. Understanding depth is vital to understanding high streets, so this thesis allows a deeper and richer interpretation of high streets than has previously been possible. There is a problem in planning orthodoxy around high streets, typified in Tottenham: the richness of depth is flattened and codified, in order to frame swathes of city as sites from which to reap economic reward. In fact, depth contains all of human life, and understanding it, therefore, is an ethical responsibility for planning. Depth has a number of characteristics, ordered by different processes and forces. Firstly, physical order, shaped by both economic and social forces. For example, the most public uses are found in the ‘shallowest’ parts of depth, and these are the most valuable sites because they command the greatest passing trade. Secondly, depth has a social order, through playing out of place ballet by people as they live their lives. The social order operates interdependently and reciprocally with the physical order of depth. Commitment between people and places (citizenship) results in special place cultures, which are hosted in depth. Depth has variation in the scope of decorum from the outer edge of the block to the centre: more things are possible inside the block than at its edge. The insights about depth in this thesis are relevant to many areas of life: to planning, to politics and to existing theory, because depth provides an account for the ethical order in which other areas of human life take place. With an understanding of depth it is possible to evaluate planning proposals, efforts at ensuring political participation, to shed light on existing theories such as Cosmopolitanism, and to add a valuable layer of information about the real structures of London to the existing literature.

My thesis asks why Taiwan does not facilitate a path to citizenship to recent immigrants, despite the obvious advantages to do so, as the government’s attempt to promote its society as a model of civic nationalism in Asia, in relation to the pressing need to address labour shortages caused by population aging. I argue that the political economy of care provision that seeks to address the latter problem trumps concerns over national identity. I will look at the changes in the supply of labour in the sector of care since the 1990s as the evidence. Taiwan illustrates the case of East Asian nations’ rapid transition to post-industrial societies, which are now confronted with acute socio-demographic and care crises stemming from aging populations, low fertility rates and a traditional reliance on the family to provide social welfare. This thesis argues that this change in the supply of labour represents a key indicator of the multiple dimensions of the question of exclusion faced by migrant domestic workers in Taiwan. Civil society actors promoting Taiwan’s civic nationalism in the feminist and labour movements and in a few religious associations are unable to address the rights of foreign live-in caregivers because of the dynamics of the political economy of care in Asia and its dependence on migration for reproductive labour.

In the past several years many authors and critics of the urban scene have denounced the visual chaos that is now many North American cities. This condition has been attributed to several historical factors as well as to some present negative policies and practices by governments which affect the quality of the urban environment. Despite this traditional lack of concern, current trends point to a new and enlightened interest in the aesthetic quality of our cities. Various legislative acts have been passed by senior governments to enable certain municipalities to adopt local regulations and ordinances based on aesthetic objectives in order to control the visual, character of both public and private development. The historical evolution of this type of legislation is outlined, as well as the judicial attitude affecting its legality in the face of traditional conflicts between individual property rights and the inherent regulatory power of the municipality. In addition, special attention is given to the administration of this type of legislation, normally effected by an architectural board of review system which is empowered to assess the aesthetic merits of a project's design before approval to build is granted. The author affirms, however, that contrary to traditional concepts urban aesthetics in the architecture-urban fields today are based on broader and more comprehensive design criteria than merely the arrangement of an individual building's form or architectural "style". He further hypothesizes that the role of architectural review boards must be broadened to include the functional as well as the aesthetic aspects of design review in order to improve the city's total physical environment. A case study of the Vancouver Civic Design Panel is used to test the validity of the hypothesis as well as to assess the merits of the design panel system in principle. Within the context of the case study, the conclusions reached generally confirm the author's original affirmation and hypothesis. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The aim of this work is to map out the general requirements for content and types of internal directives for private non-profit type of organization - civic associations. After analyzing the use of directives in this type of organization dedicated to the work of drawing up the specific requirements in various civic-oriented organizations.