À la lecture de l'article 2365 c.c.Q., le créancier et la caution ne peuvent pas percevoir les droits et les libertés que ce texte concrétise à leur encontre ou à leur profit. Pour pallier ce problème, les auteurs et la jurisprudence ont alors laissé place à leur imagination afin de tenter de classifier cette disposition à l'intérieur d'institutions juridiques éprouvées, le tout en vue de démythifier le contenu de la règle de droit. Pour notre part, nous considérons que l'exception de non-subrogation est une notion originale en soi, qui trouve sa source à l'intérieur même de son institution. La thèse que nous soutenons est que l'exception de non-subrogation, mode de libération qui a pour mission de combattre le comportement opportuniste, cristallise l'obligation de bonne foi en imposant implicitement au créancier une obligation de bonne subrogation. Tout manquement du créancier à cette obligation a comme conséquence de rendre le droit de créance du créancier irrecevable à l'égard de la caution devant les tribunaux. Ce précepte éclaircit le contexte de l'article 2365 C.c.Q. et, par le fait même, il permet de délimiter le contour de son domaine et de préciser ses conditions d'application. L'exception de non-subrogation est un mécanisme juridique qui date de l'époque romaine. Elle est maintenant intégrée dans presque tous les systèmes juridiques du monde, tant en droit civil qu'en common law. Dans la législation québécoise, elle s'est cristallisée à l'article 2365 C.c.Q. Il s'agit d'une disposition d'ordre public qui ne peut être invoquée que par la caution. Son application dépend du cumul de quatre conditions: 1) le fait du créancier; 2) la perte d'un droit subrogatoire; 3) le préjudice de la caution; 4) le lien causal entre les trois derniers éléments. Lorsque ces quatre conditions sont remplies, la caution est libérée de son engagement dans la mesure du préjudice qu'elle subit. / Article 2365 of the Civil Code of Quebec ("C.C.Q.") states that the creditor and the surety cannot claim rights and liberties that the text secures for or against them. To deal with this problem, the authors and authorities gave free reign to imagination in an attempt to categorize this provision within recognized legal institutions and thereby demythicize the content of the rule of law. We are of the opinion that the non-subrogation exception is in itself an original concept that arises from within its institution. We believe that the non-subrogation exception, a discharge mode which aims at fighting opportunistic behaviour, crystallises the duty of good faith by implicitly imposing upon the creditor the obligation of subrogation. The creditor's failure to comply with this obligation will result in his right to claim in respect of the surety not being receivable in court. This throws some light on the context of Article 2365 C.c.Q., defines its boundaries and clarifies its applicability. The non-subrogation exception is a legal mechanism that goes back to Roman times. ft has now been incorporated into both civil and common law in almost ail legal systems in the world. In Quebec legislation, it falls under Article 2365 C.C.Q. It is a public order provision that only the surety can cite. The enforcement of this provision is subject to the following conditions: 1) the act of the creditor; 2) the loss of a subrogatory right; 3) the surety's prejudice; 4) the causal link between the three. When these conditions are fulfilled, the surety is released from his obligation to the extent of the prejudice he has suffered.

The United States is among one of the only democratic industrialized nations in the world that does not provide guaranteed access to civil representation in cases involving basic human need. This leaves indigent litigants who are at risk of losing their homes or their children left to seek counsel through insufficient pro-bono programs or limited scope legal self-help centers. This thesis provides a history of the struggle for the right to civil counsel, known as Civil Gideon, and explores a variety of proposed solutions to bridge the justice gap for indigent litigants. Despite considerable support for Civil Gideon among scholars and the legal community, the public is unaware of the justice gap- about 80% of Americans assume the right to civil counsel already exists. This thesis conducted two studies to understand possible reasons for this gap between public knowledge and reality and to identify the possibility of manipulating public knowledge through exposure to injustices. The findings from these studies are used to inform a network approach to shape public support for Civil Gideon so that the US court system can truly represent opportunity and equality for all citizens.

The state of California has one of the largest and most violent gang populations in the United States. Although there have been a variety of anti-gang measures and policies enacted by local and state governments, none have been more effective than the Civil Gang Injunction (CGI). This civil action prohibits certain street gangs, and their members, from participating in activities that would otherwise be considered lawful. In order to obtain an injunction a prosecutor must demonstrate to the court that the gang is engaged in ongoing criminal conduct and represents a public nuisance to a geographically defined area. When a neighborhood is under an injunction, not only is police presence in the area increased but officers are also given more freedom to investigate and apprehend gang members who are suspected to be in violation of the terms. As this thesis will argue, injunctions, when used correctly, have proven to be an effective weapon in diminishing the influence of territorial street gangs on community well-being. When used incorrectly, however, they often only provide a temporary fix to a long-lasting problem. They also have been known to contribute to an increase in crime in neighboring areas, an increased number of wrongful arrests, and in some cases they have promoted criminality amongst young people. To explore the efficacy of injunctions, this thesis will focus on three empirical studies that cover a period from 1993 to 2003, when the rates of gang-related violence were at an all-time high and injunctions became the primary tool for City and District Attorneys to combat the nuisance. Two of these studies argue that injunctions have a positive impact on violent crime statistics, whereas the third concludes that they do not. By comparing these conflicting pieces of quantitative evidence, this thesis aims to gauge the actual effect of injunctions on crime rates and weigh the perceived benefits of this measure against its unintended negative effects.

The primary focus of this work is Article 57 of the Draft European Constitution, concerning the constitutionalisation of a new aspect in EU external relations law, 'the European Neighbourhood Policy'. No comprehensive study of this constitutional article has yet been undertaken in EU legal research. Through the medium of the title of my thesis I wish to examine whether it amounts to an emergent jus gentium for the EU or its antithesis, the consolidation of jus civile. In parallel with the nature of the subject, this study is necessarily a legal-political one. Key points identified are the strategic use of human rights, extraterritoriality of law, foreign direct investment and legal imperialism. A number of recent developments, both judicial and legislative, have provoked this study.

Zugl.: Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Diss., 2006

Univ., Diss.--Hamburg, 2003.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 173 - 183.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université de Sherbrooke, 1997. / Comprend des réf. bibliogr.

No description available.

Il fedecommesso esiste da oltre due millenni. Nel corso della sua esistenza, il fedecommesso ha avuto diversi finalità: nel tempo più remoto serviva per la consegna patrimoniale post mortem alle persone limitate dalla legge a ricevere. Doppo, fu uttile per la perpetuazione del patrimonio in una stessa famiglia. In tempi presenti atua come un modo di passare il patrimonio al concepturo. Questo nuovo scopo del fedecommesso, di proteggere una persona che non è stato ancora concepita, sembra molto opportuna ed adeguata al nuovo formato del diritto civile per la sua perpettiva costituzionale. I valori protetti dal fedecommesso, come una forma di diritto privato, sono ampati in sede costituzionale. Questo fornisce all'istituto il carattere costituzionale del diritto civile. Così, il fedecommesso non è solo un antico istituto che rimane in vigore, ma è uno strumento per mostrare la prspetiva troppo attuale del diritto civile, che deve essere in convergenza con legalità costituzionale. / O fideicomisso existe há mais de dois milênios. Durante a sua existência, o fideicomisso teve diferentes utilizações, desde a mais remota entrega de patrimônio post mortem para pessoas impedidas pela lei de recebê-lo, passando pela perpetuação do patrimônio numa mesma família, e chegando aos tempos atuais como forma de transmitir patrimônio para o concepturo. Esta atual finalidade do fideicomisso, de proteger uma pessoa que ainda não foi concebida, mostra-se muito oportuna e adequada ao novo formato do Direito Civil pelo seu viés constitucional. Os valores protegidos pelo fideicomisso, como modalidade de direito privado, encontram amparo pleno no rol de tutelas constitucionais, dando ao instituto o seu caráter de direito civil constitucional. Desta forma, o fideicomisso não é apenas um instituto milenar que permanece em vigor, mas é instrumento para demonstrar a mais atual virtude do direito civil que é estar em convergência com o direito constitucional. / The fideicomisso has existed for over two thousand years. First: In ancient times as a way to distribute assets post mortem to persons restricted by law to inherit these assets. Second: to assure the protection and perpetuation of assets in the same family. Thirdly, in present times as a way to transmit assets to yet unborn persons - the concepturo. This current role and purpose of the fideicomisso, to protect a person who has not yet been conceived, presents itself under a new format of constitutional civil law. Old values protected by the fideicomisso, as a form of private law, are now protecting by the constitutionals principles, thus giving the history institute of a fideicomisso a new character. Consequently, the fideicomisso is not only an ancient institution which remains in use, but has become an instrument whit reflects the current view of civil law as impregnated and strongly influenced by norms of order to give additional protection by force of these constitutional principles.