The author's Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1912. / Slip with printed thesis note inserted before the title-page. Bibliography: p. [xiii]-xiv.

It has been a while now since his untimely passing on the 25th September,2003. Edward Said was one of the most prolific public intellectuals of the 20th century and his model of the intellectual is still a source of inspiration and respect. The present thesis engages in the debate around the intellectual and his/her relationship to the public sphere. It argues that Said’s thoughts in ‘Traveling Theory’ provide not only a theory of critical consciousness but also a politically empowering tool by use of which intellectuals are able penetrate spheres. Political public spheres have always been the defining spheres of intellectual figures throughout history. This triggers the starting point of connection; it suggests that Said’s model of the public intellectual represents a residual figure of the man of letters. It argues that both the man of letters and public intellectuals, in different epochs, were made to suffer the consequences of the transformations of the public spheres. Yet, Said’s model strikes a balance between the professional and the amateur. The political tool in the traveling theory acts here as a defining element of the intellectuals’ practice in achieving some form of balance between those spheres. Said’s theatre of thought has shown an indefatigable commitment to a connection between spheres; academic, public and political. It is through his politics of humanism that he beautifully conflates ideas and ideals. His politics in the struggle for Palestine is in fact a politics of truth, coexistence and reconciliation. This also manifested itself in his political writings, beginning from Question of Palestine and continuing until Freud and the non-European. Finally, it is his intellectual legacy and his legacy as a public intellectual that makes him so relevant to the recent Arab Spring. Having looked back at two years of his life (1967-1993) and recalled his spirit when looking at Arab intellectuals’ interventions in the Arab Spring, one can clearly glimpse Said’s underlying alternatives, which reverberated in some of the Arab intellectuals as a model of the intellectual who can act beyond ideology.

This thesis examines the dress and personal appearance of members of the middle and lower classes during Late Antiquity. Although members of this social stratum are often represented in Late Antique written sources, their clothing is rarely described in any detail, nor can artistic depictions be relied upon to illustrate their garments realistically. Information has therefore been assembled on garments and garment fragments from over 52 museum and archaeological collections, in order to assess the ways that cloth and clothing was made, embellished, cared for and recycled during this period. Together with knowledge gained by making and modelling exact replicas based on extant garments, this has enabled both the accurate depiction of the dress of ordinary people during this period, and the more precise interpretation of Late Antique descriptions and depictions of the clothed figure. By further assessing this information using different theoretical approaches including that of ‘object biography’, this thesis goes on to explore the ways in which cultural meaning is invested in clothing, and what this tells us both about the people who made, wore and used it, and about the society of which they were a part.

[No abstract available] / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

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In the past 30 years, scholars have explored the role that individual goods played in the organization of Late Bronze Age (LBA) political economies in Greece. The goods that are studied, however, are typically wealth items like perfumed oil. This dissertation presents a new view of Mycenaean economic structures by introducing evidence from cooking ware vessels. Despite their ubiquitous nature, cooking ware vessels are often overlooked by classical archaeologists because they lack the visual appeal that is characteristic of decorated fine ware vessels. Previous scholarship on the topic of Mycenaean cooking wares is rare, though the work of scholars such as Julie Hruby and Bartlomiej Lis have made great strides in aiding our understanding of these vessels. This dissertation serves as a remedy for the scarcity of studies on cooking ware vessels and their significance in interpreting the political economies of Late Helladic (LH) Greece. In particular, I focus on identifying the scope of palatial involvement that existed in the production, distribution, and consumption of Mycenaean cooking pots throughout the Argolid and Corinthia. In order to investigate the importance of cooking ware vessels in Mycenaean Greece I develop a conceptual framework that implements scientific analyses. This directly challenges the assumption that all cooking ware vessels were utilitarian goods and, therefore, must have been produced by small-scale, independent workshops. To form my model I use theoretical constructs established by Cathy Costin and Michael Galaty. These two scholars closely analyzed the characteristics of different contexts of production, such as independent and attached workshops. My own model considers these hypotheses and builds upon them, using several variables to determine how Mycenaean cooking ware vessels functioned in the political economy. These variables include vessels’ use, the source of clay or rock fragments found within the vessels’ fabrics, and the quantities of cooking vessels found at the site. Throughout this dissertation I examine the diachronic patterns of production and exchange of cooking ware vessels at five LBA sites in the Argolid and Corinthia: Kalamianos, the East Alley deposit at Korakou, Petsas House at Mycenae, Stiri, and the ``Potter's Shop'' at Zygouries. This includes analyzing the chronological and geographical distribution of specific cooking ware vessel fabrics and identifying specific production techniques. These five sites represent different periods of occupation (short- to long-term), sizes of assemblages (from small, domestic quantities to large stockpiles of ceramics), and types of study (survey and excavation). Patterns and trends are identified using stylistic, macroscopic, petrographic, and chemical analyses on cooking ware. Stylistic studies of vessels made with this ware type are uncommon, and in this dissertation I seek to develop a typology of shapes to encourage future study of these vessels. Macroscopic analysis considers the aspects of cooking ware that can be recognized with the naked eye, assisting in identifications made in museums and in the field. Petrographic and chemical analyses (specifically Neutron Activation Analysis) were used in order to refine the information assembled through macroscopic study. The results of these analyses are then applied to my theoretical model in order to identify the form of production and exchange of cooking ware vessels, in particular whether a workshop was attached to a palace or elite group and if redistribution was a mode of exchange for these goods. This type of comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and multi-step approach to these vessels is rare among Mycenaean cooking ware vessel studies. Using the conceptual framework that I developed for this project, I was able to conclude that the fabric, shape, and use of cooking ware vessels are, in fact, important indicators of different economic and political situations in Mycenaean Greece, especially when such vessels are used in elite feasting events. I argue that these vessels were transformed into politically charged goods when they were used in such occasions, which are important events that serve a pivotal role in creating social and political alliances, conveying relationships of indebtedness, and generating wealth, prestige, and power. Through this study it is apparent large quantities of specialized cooking vessels attest to the interest elites had in acquiring these vessels (perhaps through taxation methods, rather than redistribution). These institutions, however, were not concerned with controlling their production. Furthermore, I argue that my model serves as an effective method for reaching these conclusions, emphasizing the potential cooking ware vessels have for identifying the strategies used by elite members of Mycenaean society as they gained and maintained control over their political, economic, and social world. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Classics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2016. / October 21, 2016. / ceramic analysis, cooking vessels, Mycenaean civilization, neutron activation analysis, petrographic analysis, political economy / Includes bibliographical references. / Daniel J. Pullen, Professor Directing Dissertation; Leroy Odom, University Representative; Nancy De Grummond, Committee Member; Christopher Pfaff, Committee Member; Kim Shelton, Committee Member; Thomas J. Tartaron, Committee Member.

In this study, I reconsider the term, "Mycenaean," and its social significance. As a starting point, I utilize the essential qualities of the term's definition: a group of individuals living in mainland Greece during the Late Helladic period. Because the use of this term implicitly distinguishes the organization of such individuals from the previous and subsequent epochs, I also seek a social group that was organized uniquely relative to the periods that bookend it. With this stated goal, I consider identity during a broad chronological period, Early Helladic III to Protogeometric, in mainland Greece and compare the reconstructed social networks diachronically. In order to identify past social groups, I develop a new methodology that employs a behavioral approach to the analysis of domestic architecture. The integration of social groups is maintained by the performance and recognition of shared practices in the context and environment of interaction among the members. Thus, a high degree of correspondence of behaviors related to the daily lived-in environment, i.e. domestic architecture, can reveal networks of individuals constituting a daily social group. With this, I examine 458 domestic structures excavated in mainland Greece each for evidence of 180 individual aspects of architectural construction and spatial organization. I then consider the overall correspondence of such direct behaviors and behavior-guiding attributes, together named Behavioral Aspects, and the mean values for individual construction techniques. With these data, I reconstruct social networks during each phase of the study period and comment on social organization and architectural change during the study period. In the end, I identify a Late Helladic social group that is uniquely organized relative to the preceding and subsequent epochs. In Late Helladic II to Late Helladic IIIC, individuals in mainland Greece become integrated into a single social group. Prior to this period, the behavioral correspondence analysis indicates the existence of two separate social groups that cohabitated many settlements. These groups were most distinct in Early Helladic III, but became increasingly integrated over time. Following the Late Helladic IIIC period there is a demonstrable fragmentation of the social network and a different spatial organization of the domestic architecture. This suggests a social crisis of some sort and the incorporation of new behaviors and perceptions of built space during the Protogeometric period. Such a sudden process of change appears to be the result of multiple causes, including isolation, population movement, and the introduction of outside groups. With all of this considered, the unified social network and conservatism of building traditions in LH II to LH IIIC attest to a unique social organization and stable social relations within mainland Greece, qualities of the defined "Mycenaean" social group. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Classics in partial fulfillment of the Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester 2016. / February 25, 2016. / Bronze Age Greece, Domestic Architecture, Greek Archaeology, Greek Architecture, Identity, Mycenaean / Includes bibliographical references. / Daniel Pullen, Professor Directing Dissertation; Jack Freiberg, University Representative; Christopher Pfaff, Committee Member; Andrea De Giorgi, Committee Member.

This study examines the commercial architecture of Athens and Corinth during the Roman period (ca. 200 BCE to ca. 330 CE). Excavated buildings are catalogued, divided into types by their architectural characteristics, and analyzed for differences between building types and across time. The economic impact of each building type is then assessed in a framework inspired by New Institutional Economics by showing how each would have functioned to lessen transaction costs. The patterns which emerge from this analysis are significant for our understanding of economic and social changes in Greece in the Roman period. First, there is a general trend over time for the size of commercial buildings to increase while the footprint of the units within them decreases. The layout of the units shifts as well: units which are wider than they are deep are replaced by units which are deeper than they are wide, thus maximizing the number of units per building which could front onto the street or colonnaded aisle. At the same time, the doorways of the units, where preserved, become wider than they had been in earlier buildings. All of these features denote an increase in economic competition and an attempt to reduce the transaction costs of search and inspection. The smaller, independent buildings in which production and retail once took place also disappear and are replaced by Attached and Terrace Shops, where commerce is incorporated into a larger building. The collapse of these smaller, independent structures in favor of larger establishments parallels the disappearance of small farms in the countryside and their replacement by larger villas or latifundia. In the city as in the country, these trends are evidence for an increasing concentration of wealth in the form of property ownership. Simultaneously, the evidence for craft production within the buildings decreases. Where many of the earlier buildings seem to have been occupied by craftsmen-retailers, the later buildings are more likely to have been dedicated to retail alone. If craft production no longer took place on site, at a minimum retailers would have been more dependent on wider systems of production and distribution to acquire stock for sale. It is possible that this dependency was not merely between city center shops and producers at the edge of the city, but across wider distances – that is, a greater dependency on regional and interregional trade. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Classics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / 2019 / October 7, 2019. / commercial architecture, market, New Institutional Economics, Roman Greece, shops / Includes bibliographical references. / Christopher A. Pfaff, Professor Directing Dissertation; David B. Levenson, University Representative; Trevor S. Luke, Committee Member; James P. Sickinger, Committee Member.

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