Critical thinking is a widely shared educational goal which has been granted more explicit attention than ever in recent years. Five major approaches to this area of educational concern have been influential to the development of educational practices, research programs, and conceptualization in the field. Three of these approaches (the 'process' or basic skills approach, the problem solving approach, and the logic approach) are found to be based on unfounded assumptions about the nature of reasoning and thinking, and inadequate attention to the purposes which make critical thinking such a widely accepted educational goal. A fourth (the information processing approach) is found to involve instances of reductionism which render incoherent many of the terms with which we understand and assess our own reasoning, and that of others. The fifth approach (the multi-aspect approach associated with Robert Ennis) is not so essentially flawed, but is found to contain some significant problems. Most notably there is a problem with fixing the reference of 'mental abilities' (which is essential for the issue of generalizability of critical thinking abilities) and with understanding the relationship between judgment and the other aspects of critical thinking. It is argued that writers in the field of critical thinking generally have tried to purchase objectivity for their conceptions by connecting them with the ideal of disengaged knowledge, either as exemplified by the study of formal logic or the natural sciences. It is argued that, in contrast with this approach, we ought to recognize that values and value judgments are at the heart of critical thinking. The ideal of disengagement tends to interfere with our understanding of thinking as a normative (rule-governed) activity grounded in our social practices. This thesis argues for the adoption of a realist position with regard to values, an expressivist understanding of language, an interpretive stance toward the study of rationality, and a social constructivist conception of rules. Some consequences of these positions for instruction, teacher preparation, and future research are suggested. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Unsatisfied with critical responses to Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations?" this dissertation attempts to trace two central elements of his argument. First, "On Barbarians" traces the evolution of the civilized/ barbarian dichotomy from its origins in the nineteenth century to its recent incarnations in International Relations theory. The relevance of Europe's imperial heritage is emphasized, along with certain thematic threads in popular discourse: demography, surveillance, and the distinction between popular and elite culture. The ubiquitous self/other dichotomy, which is central to political identity, has been understood in European imperial discourse to mean European civilization and barbaric others. This rhetoric remains powerful, even in current IR discourse. By reinscribing this civilized/barbarian dichotomy, Huntington in effect uses International Relations theory as a form of identity politics. Second, this dissertation analyzes the presence of culture and identity in the discipline of International Relations theory. Despite specific empirical considerations, Huntington's underlying interest in culture and identity is well-founded, which this dissertation attempts to demonstrate using material from the history of International Relations, post-colonial, and critical theorists. In sum, "On Barbarians" illustrates the critical benefit of studying culture and identity to LR through a critical examination of the civilized/barbarian discourse.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Tübingen. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-283).

Unsatisfied with critical responses to Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations?" this dissertation attempts to trace two central elements of his argument. First, "On Barbarians" traces the evolution of the civilized/ barbarian dichotomy from its origins in the nineteenth century to its recent incarnations in International Relations theory. The relevance of Europe's imperial heritage is emphasized, along with certain thematic threads in popular discourse: demography, surveillance, and the distinction between popular and elite culture. The ubiquitous self/other dichotomy, which is central to political identity, has been understood in European imperial discourse to mean European civilization and barbaric others. This rhetoric remains powerful, even in current IR discourse. By reinscribing this civilized/barbarian dichotomy, Huntington in effect uses International Relations theory as a form of identity politics. Second, this dissertation analyzes the presence of culture and identity in the discipline of International Relations theory. Despite specific empirical considerations, Huntington's underlying interest in culture and identity is well-founded, which this dissertation attempts to demonstrate using material from the history of International Relations, post-colonial, and critical theorists. In sum, "On Barbarians" illustrates the critical benefit of studying culture and identity to LR through a critical examination of the civilized/barbarian discourse. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Orientador: Milton Lahuerta / Banca: Renata Medeiros Paoliello / Banca: Ana Paula Silva / Banca: Alessandra Santos Nascimento / Banca: Gabriel Burnatelli de Antonio / Resumo: De maneira sintética, vislumbramos realizar uma investigação sociológica acerca da construção da identidade do sujeito bandido e do mundo do crime no Brasil. Para isso, nos apoiaremos nas teorias que partem dos estudos sobre modernidade e identidade desenvolvidos por autores como: Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, Stuart Hall, dentre outros. Em nosso entendimento, estes autores observam que as sociedades atuais vivem um processo de radicalização da modernidade que desencadeia transformações econômicas, políticas, culturais e sociais profundas. A partir dessas análises intentamos compreender como as transformações oriundas do processo de modernização interferem na configuração das identidades construídas tendo o mundo do crime como um de seus referenciais axiológicos, possibilitando aos sujeitos assumirem a identidade criminosa como sua identidade social, apoiados na organização das atividades criminosas, cujo grau de sofisticação pode ser observado na atuação das facções nos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros. Após a discussão acerca da modernidade e suas transformações a tese seguirá o seguinte curso: primeiro faremos um resgate histórico biográfico de bandidos com trajetórias de destaque no cenário nacional. Tal resgate será feito através de arquivos da imprensa sobre esses sujeitos e obras biográficas e/ou autobiográficas que possuam como enredo a atuação desses criminosos para que, a partir desse material analisemos as trajetórias individuais e contextualizemos essas trajetó... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In a synthetic way, we envisage conducting a sociological investigation about the construction of the identity of the bandit subject and the world of crime in Brazil. For this, we will support us on the theories that start from the studies on modernity and identity developed by authors like Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, Stuart Hall, among others. In our understanding, these authors observe that today's societies are living a process of radicalization of modernity that triggers profound economic, political, cultural and social transformations. Based on these analyses, we try to understand how the transformations arising from the modernization process interfere in the configuration of the constructed identities, having the world of crime as one of its axiological references, allowing the subjects to assume the criminal identity as their social identity, supported in the organization of criminal activities, whose sophistication can be observed in the performance of the criminal factions in the great Brazilian urban centres. After the discussion about modernity and its transformations, the thesis will set the following course: first, we will make a historical biographical rescue of bandits with trajectories of prominence in the national scene. Such rescue will be done through archives of the press about these subjects and biographical and/or autobiographical works that have as a plot the action of these criminals so that, from this material, we analyse the individual trajectories... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Mauro de Souza Ventura / Banca: Laan Mendes de Barros / Banca: Arlindo Rebechi Junior / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem por finalidade o estudo do universo temático e editorial do suplemento literário Sabático, do jornal O Estado de S. Paulo. Nossa proposta é investigar o jornalismo cultural - entendido enquanto instância de difusão e consagração, que atua nos mecanismos de criação de consensos sobre o valor da cultura e da arte -, intrigados pelo surgimento de um novo produto editorial e cujo nascimento propõe o resgate de um periódico lendário - Suplemento Literário - em um cenário aparentemente adverso a publicação realizadas sob seus moldes. Para tanto, dividimos nossa pesquisa em duas etapas: discussão teórica e análise do objeto. Iniciamos o trabalho abordando o desenvolvimento histórico dos sentidos de cultura e a combinação da mesma enquanto campo autônomo. Discorremos sobre o mecanismo de produção de valor da obra de arte e sobre a formação, estrutura e funcionamento do mercado de bens simbólicos, além de questões referentes à esfera cultural no contexto da pós-modernidade. Em seguida, relacionamos a prática jornalística observada no suplemento literário Sabático aos processos de configuração do campo cultural, buscando compor um conjunto de conceitos, práticas e dilemas a cerca do jornalismo cultural a fim de fundamentar uma proposta de análise do corpus desta pesquisa / Abstract: This essay's purpose is to study the thematic and editorial universe from O Estado de S. Paulo literacy supplement, Sabático. Our purpose is to investigate cultural journalism - understood as an instance of propagation and dedication that operates on the gears of consenso's creation about the value of culture and art -, as we're intrigued by the appearance of a new editorial product which birth proposes the rescue of a legendary journal - Suplemento Literário - in a scene apparently unfavorable to publications of its form. Therefore, we divide our research in two: theoretical discussion an objects' analysis. We begin this work by approaching the historical development of the meanings of culture and its constitution as an independent field. We discourse about the mechanisms of value production of a work of art, and about the formation, structure and operation of the market of symbolic goods, and also about questions related to the cultural sphere in the context of Postmodernity. Next, we connect the journalistic practice observed in the literacy supplement Sabático with the cultural field's configuration processes, in a way to compose a series of concepts, practices and dilemmas about the cultural journalism, in order to justify the analysis' purpose of this essay / Mestre

Orientador: María Dolores Aybar Ramírez / Banca: Marisa Martins Gama-Khalil / Banca: Norma Domingos / Banca: Karin Volobuef / Banca: Adalberto Luis Vicente / Resumo: A abordagem sobre os mitos da modernidade constitui uma temática muito abrangente nos Estudos Literários. Fausto, Don Juan e Dom Quixote são apenas alguns exemplos de personagens que se tornaram representações da individualidade moderna na Literatura. No decorrer dos séculos, inúmeras variações desses mitos ilustraram as obras de escritores diversos, um dos motivos que possibilitou a propagação dessas figuras. Assim, encontramos na Literatura Francesa, mais especificamente na obra do escritor Honoré de Balzac, questões relacionadas não apenas ao social, mas também ao individual, à natureza do homem. Nesse sentido, a personagem Don Juan Belvidéro, do conto "L'elixir de longue vie", torna-se uma das variações mais satânicas do mito de Don Juan, uma vez que as atitudes egoístas e ambiciosas da personagem possibilitam até mesmo sua própria queda. Raphaël de Valentin, protagonista de La peau de chagrin, pode ser, então, a representação de Fausto, aquele que compactou com Mefistófeles em troca de poder. Todavia, Raphaël é apenas um indivíduo que não alcançou nada em vida e recebe a chance de possuir tudo o que sempre desejou, usando um talismã mágico, com a única desvantagem de dar em troca seus dias de vida. Logo, analisaremos essas duas narrativas para verificarmos a construção dessas personagens, que foram alicerçadas nos mitos de Fausto e Don Juan e, para isso, torna-se necessário resgatar algumas variações dessas figuras na história da literatura, para introduzir o trabalho. Discorrer a respeito desses temas modernos na obra de Balzac também é relevante, por esse motivo, a partir da fortuna crítica desenvolvida por Ernest Curtius, Pierre Brunel e outros pesquisadores da obra de Balzac, aprofundaremos nosso trabalho e desenvolveremos as temáticas relacionadas à religião, à modernidade e às relações de poder. Posteriormente, torna-se necessário analisar as narrativas pelas suas... / Abstract: The approach to the myths of modernity is a very comprehensive theme in Literary Studies. Fausto, Don Juan and Don Quixote are just a few examples of characters who become literature's representations of modern individuality. Over the centuries, a lot of variations of these myths illustrated the works of several writers, one of the reasons that enabled the spread of these figures. So we find in French literature, specifically the work of Honoré de Balzac, issues related not only to social but also to the individual, the man's nature. This way, the character Don Juan Belvidero, the story "L'Elixir de longue vie", becomes one of the most satanic variations of the myth of Don Juan, since the selfish and ambitious caracter's behavior motivate his fall . Valentin Raphaël, protagonist of La peau de chagrin, can be then the representation of Fausto, who allied with Mephistopheles in exchange for power. However, Raphael is just a guy who haven't anything in life and gets the chance to own everything he ever desired, using a magic talisman, and the only disadvantage is to give his life in exchanged. We will analyze these two narratives to verify the construction of these characters, both founded in the myth of Fausto and Don Juan and for this it's necessary to rescue some variations of these figures in literary history to this work. Discoursing about these modern themes in Balzac's work is important from the critical fortune developed by Ernest Curtius, Pierre Brunel and other researchers of the Balzac's liteture, to go deep in our work and to develop the themes related to religion, modernity and power relations. Later, wil be necessary to analyze the narratives by their spatial and narratological features, with the help of Michel Foucault and Gérard Genette, so we can also understand if the magical objects appereance in narratives are related to the introduction of modern myths. The Theoretical Ian Watt, Jean Rousset, Pierre Brunel and... / Résumé: L'approche sur les mythes modernes fait partie d'une tématique assez large dans les Études Littéraires. Faust, Don Juan et Don Quixotte ne sont que certains exemples de personnages qui sont devenus des présentations de l'individualité moderne dans la Littérature. À travers les siècles, des innombrables variations de ces mythes ont illustré les ouvrages de plusieurs écrivains, l'une des raisons qui a permis la propagation de ces figures littéraires. Donc, on a trouvé dans la Littérature Française, de manière plus spécifique sur l'ouvrage de l'écrivain Honoré de Balzac, des questions qui ne sont pas rapportés seulement au milieu social, mais aussi au niveau individuel, à la nature humaine. Dans ce sens, le personnage Don Juan Belvidéro, du récit « L'élixir de longue vie », devient une des variations les plus sataniques du mythe de Don Juan, puisque les attitudes egoïstes et ambicieuses du personnage permettent même sa propre chute. Raphaël de Valentin, protagoniste de La peau de chagrin, peut être la présentation de Faust, celui qui a fait le pacte avec Mephistópheles pour réussir le pouvoir. Toutefois, Raphaël n'est qu'un individu qui n'a rien atteint dans la vie et a eu la chance de posséder tout ce qu'il a toujours souhaité, par moyen d'un talisman magique, avec le seul désavantage de donner en retour ses journées de vie. Donc, on travaillera sur ces deux récits pour la vérification de ces personnages qui ont été construits sur les mythes de Faust et Don Juan et, pour cela, il faut rechercher certaines variations de ces figures dans l'histoire de la Littérature, pour introduire le travail. Travailler sur des thèmes modernes dans l'ouvrage de Balzac est aussi important, ainsi, à partir de travaux critiques dévéloppés par Ernest Curtius, Pierre Brunel et d'autres chercheurs de l'ouvrage littéraire de Balzac, on va approfondir le travail et dévélopper les... / Doutor

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris III, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 770-936) and index.

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Following Nietzsche, Oswald Spengler posed the central problems of the cyclical history of civilization in the twentieth century. Subsequent world historical theorists have attempted to answer Spengler's nihilistic perspective on the destined rise and fall of all cultures by rescuing a progressive movement which transcended the downfall of civilizations. World history since Spengler has been written in pursuit of an answer to the crises of modernism: to the 'Death of God,' the problem of progress, the emergent technological order with its bureaucratic management of society, and the need sensed by the metahistorians for a new 'mythical' grounding to avert the fall of the West. The "Crisis of the West" dominates the perspectives of the world historians. Their goals for the solution of 'modernism,' through the religious transformation of society or political and cultural world unity, are central to their motivation as writers and to the formulation of their paradigms.