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Definition of the design evolution of the Hellenic Ionic Order and Ionic votive column typology is at present hampered by lacunae in knowledge regarding the Archaic Ionic capital in its foundational phase in architectural and gIyptic art. The study identifies comprehensive contextually based typological knowledge of the Archaic Ionic capital as prerequisite to further understanding of its founding, in itself required to complete a design history of the Ionic Order and Ionic votive column. In this study this knowledge is represented in the form of a corpus where lacunae in current databases, typological ordering models and subsequent typological interpretations of the capital are filled through the inclusion of new data, integration of existing ordering models and through introducing new dimensions of interpretation. The study discloses! style evolution as well as the design and making processes inherent to the early Ionic capital, and defines the early Ionic capital as one of the artifacts from which a particular focus of cultural endeavour in the Archaic Hellenic period may be reconstructed. Conclusions from the revisionary typological interpretation are employed in the formulation of a critical framework within which the achieved conclusions may be brought in relation with relevant contextual evidence and typological interpretations from other cultural enclaves, from which a history of the early Ionic capital may be constructed. The framework includes identification of existing interpretations and knowledge which have become irrelevant and the still required research, which may be brought in relation to existing knowledge. The achieved ordering model, typological interpretation and historiographical framework together act as open-ended reference, interpretive and explorative tools for further cross-disciplinary research into the evolution of the early Ionic capital as well as its architectural and artistic context. This is due to their integrative, comprehensive and contextual nature, as well as their formulation which accommodates changes emanating from future archaeological interpretation. / Thesis (PhD (Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Architecture / unrestricted

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The aim of this thesis is to discuss and illustrate the visibility of Ottoman imperial women in relation to their spatial presence and contribution to the architecture and cityscape of sixteenth and seventeenth century istanbul. The central premise of the study is that the Ottoman imperial women assumed and exercised power and influence by various means but became publicly visible and acknowledged more through architectural patronage. The focus is on istanbul and a group of buildings and complexes built under the sponsorship of court women who resided in the Harem section of Topkapi Palace. The case studies built in Istanbul in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are examined in terms of their location in the city, the layout of the complexes, the placement and plan of the individual buildings, their orientation, mass characteristics and structural properties. It is discussed whether female patronage had any recognizable consequences on the Ottoman Classical Architecture, and whether female patrons had any impact on the building process, selection of the site and architecture. These complexes, in addition, are discussed as physical manifestation and representation of imperial female power. Accordingly it is argued that, they functioned not only as urban regeneration projects but also as a means to enhance and make imperial female identity visible in a monumental scale to large masses in different parts of the capital.

The aim of this study is to establish the existence of a distinct regional architecture on the Cycladic islands during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. It presents a record of materials and of certain constructional techniques, proportions and forms of Cycladic monumental architecture, from which it is possible to establish and explain the differences and similarities of Cycladic practice with other Greek architectural traditions. It is based on a close examination of all the known major buildings and many fortifications on the Cyclades and Thasos, a colony of Pares with certain similar architectural traits. The first section of the thesis (Chapters 2-4) treats the principal constructional techniques, with separate detailed examinations of the various materials employed, the types and nature of foundation, euthynteria and wall construction. The materials available to the builders played a major part in the nature of these parts, all of which display a pronounced conservatism in technique despite strong influences from outside the archipelago. The second section (Chapters 5-6) looks at a number of significant proportions within Doric colonnades and entablatures, principally outlining the Cycladic tendency for slender columns and a less well established tendency for relatively low architraves throughout the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods; accompanying tables and graphs detail and illustrate the proportions discussed. The final section (Chapters 7-8) studies two particular architectural forms - the tops of triglyphs and Ionic capitals; in the former, particular regional preferences of form are noted, while in the latter there are both conservative and innovative tendencies, as well as strong outside influences. There emerges from this study a local architecture that is conservative in many aspects of its architecture while being receptive to outside influences and even having a certain notable originality of its own. Appendix 1 lists many of the typical traits of essentially Archaic Cycladic architecture, some of which continue into the Classical period. Appendix 2 includes graphs detailing the effect of lower column diameter and column height upon column slenderness. A Catalogue of the Classical and Hellenistic Cycladic and Thasian monuments, together with their bibliography, is included at the end of Volume I.

Although the work of Edwin Lutyens has received much careful scholarly study since the 1980s his important projects in Spain remain very little known. Presently, only a brief article by Gavin Stamp and Margaret Richardson is devoted solely to Lutyens' work, and they are merely touched on in his published biographies, especially that by Christopher Hussey. Unfortunately, Lutyens was unable to complete his Spanish commissions, mostly because of the deterioration of Spain’s economy and social order in the 1930s, and this has played a major role in keeping these projects in the dark. Furthermore, the devastation caused by the Civil War obliterated most of the evidence once held in Spanish archives. Some of the projects of Edwin Lutyens in Spain are remarkable and unique for their use of what may loosely be termed a ‘Spanish style’. The identification of this characteristic can be understood as demonstrating a growing knowledge of and appreciation for Spanish architectural heritage on the part of British architects and architectural historians by the end of the nineteenth century. At the same time, the fact that the design of important private residences in Spain were commissioned to an English architect shows the growing anglophilia of Spanish economic and political elites under Alfonso XIII's reign. During these years, the economic and political ties between Britain and Spain became closer than ever before, which also had an impact on the architecture of the time. Ultimately, this dissertation is predicated on the assumption that it is important to study further, and understand better, the Spanish projects of Edwin Lutyens in order to gain fuller and further insight into his methods as a designer. The first three of them (the first project of the Palace of El Guadalperal, the Palace of La Ventosilla and the Palace for the Count de la Cimera) cast light on Lutyens´s work during the Great War years, a relatively obscure period of his career which was, however, extraordinarily fruitful. The second project for the Palace of El Guadalperal is even larger than his previous Spanish projects, approaching the grandeur and magnificence of the Viceroy’s House in Delhi. In this respect there may be seen to be a correspondence between these otherwise discrete and apparently un-related projects, running from Britain, through Spain, all the way to India. Moreover, given their scale, along with the design input required to make them successful and coherent buildings, they must be appreciated as pivotal moments in the design development, if not built oeuvre, of Edwin Lutyens as an architect. Finally, the Reconstruction of Liria Palace, is not only his last commission in Spain but it can also be considered as the last building he designed. Only when these projects are brought to the fore and analysed properly can a full understanding of Lutyens as an architect be reached.

Le sanctuaire d'Apollon à Délos accueillit en son sein, dès la fin du IVe s., un Pythion, bâtiment consacré à l'Apollon de Delphes, désigné dans les comptes des hiéropes sous le nom de Pythion, ou de « naos aux trois statues ». Les mentions répétées de ce nom dans l'épigraphie délienne, ainsi que les dépenses engagées dans divers travaux de restauration et d'aménagement, témoignent de l'importance de cet édifice. On sait qu'il possédait un lanterneau et abritait trois statues, un palmier et un foyer qui brûlait en permanence. Sa localisation, liée à celle de l'Autel de cornes, a longtemps fait problème, mais elle semble probable maintenant que le Kératôn est identifié de façon certaine : le Pythion correspondrait à l'édifice ionique construit par les Athéniens au IVe s, dont les vestiges sont visibles au Nord-Ouest de la plaine du Hiéron d'Apollon, entre l'Artémision au Nord et le Kératôn au Sud. L'examen des ruines de l'édifice, fondé sur un raisonnement purement architectural, puis l'analyse des sources épigraphiques concernant le Pythion, de manière à mettre à l'épreuve les apports des textes et ceux de l'étude architecturale, permettent d'établir l'identification de l'édifice ionique et du Pythion et d'apporter une synthèse sur l'architecture et l'histoire du Pythion de Délos. / From the end of the 4th century AC, the sanctuary of Apollo in Delos took in a Pythion, a building consecrated to the Delphian Apollo, known in the account of the Delian hieropes as Pythion, or "naos with the three statues". The repeated mentions of this name in the Delian inscriptions, as well as the expenses involved in various restoration works or alterations, bear witness to the importance of the building. We know that it possessed a lantern and sheltered three statues, a palm tree and an hearth that burned continuously. Its location, linked to the one of the Altar of Horns, was a issue for a long time, but it seems probable now that the Keraton is certainly identified : the Pythion could correspond to the ionic edifice built by the Athenians in the 4th century AC, which remains can be seen North-West of the plain of Apollo's Hieron, between the Artemision to the North and the Keraton to the South. The correspondance between the ionic building and the Pythion is based on the study of the ruins, from a purely architural point of view, then on the exam of the epigraphic sources, in such a way that we put to the test the contributions from the texts and the architectural study, before proposing a synthesis on the architecture and the history of the Pythion.

At the eastern end of the Edinburgh World Heritage Site, a protrusion of volcanic rock known as Calton Hill is situated on the northern side of the Waverley Valley. This area sits approximately 100m above sea level at its highest point - around 20m higher than Princes Street in the First ‘New Town’ and at approximately the same height as the Castle Esplanade in the ‘Old Town’ of Edinburgh. During the early nineteenth century, the hill and its land to the north were developed, to extend the city of Edinburgh towards the Port of Leith, in order to open up new routes of access and communications between the port, the city, and the surrounding lands to the south and east. The resulting development provoked debates on the best approach to the development of the urban landscape, the suitability and resonance of specific architectural styles within the urban realm, and the use of public funds for large-scale urban development projects. In addition, the visual prominence of the hill in the city presented a stage for massive changes to the visual context of the boundaries of the city, the relationship between the Old and New Towns, and Edinburgh’s relationship with its surrounding countryside. This blurring of the rural and the urban alongside new interpretations of the classical and the gothic, further emphasised the discordance between societal classes, initially marked out by the mid 18th century expansion of the first New Town and which became further emphasised during the city’s industrial expansion in the latter half of the 19th century. The great care over the choice for the hill’s architectural character as an allegorical commentary on Scotland’s role within the constitutional development of the United Kingdom became muddied throughout the 19thcentury, as shifts in both societal perceptions and government constructs resulted in an evolution of the hill and its structures within the mindset of the Scottish populus. Although the structural evolution of the site during the later 19th and 20th centuries had lesser visual impact on the urban realm, as Scottish national identity swayed from a political to a culturally led discourse in architectural terms, perceptions of the structures on Calton Hill were considered to be representative of Scottish support for the construct of the British State during the 19th century. This was further confirmed by the development of the Scottish Office in the 1930s on the southern side of the hill, and the failed establishment of a Scottish Parliament in 1979, which was to be sited in the vacant Royal High School building. This culminated in the site becoming the focus for grassroots led campaigns for Scottish Independence and Home Rule by the later 20th century. This thesis therefore focuses on the changing relationship between the perception of the hill and its structures over time, by exploring the architectural evolution of the site within broader aesthetic, social and political dialogues. It considers the extent to which the site, its structures, and the discourse surrounding the development of the hill represent the nuances that define Scotland as a nation, and help us to further understand how Scots viewed their identity, within both a British and Scottish context from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries. This approach not only places the architecture on the hill within a broader discourse surrounding architecture’s relationship with national, state and imperial identities, it also demonstrates how a more nuanced exploration of urban landscapes can contribute to a better understanding of the contemporaneous societies who developed the urban realm, and the events and debates that surrounded their development. Due to the wide variety of themes that this thesis explores, and the extended timeframe that this work covers, the geographical limitations of the study area are mercurial in their extent, changing focus with the issues being discussed throughout the text. However, for clarity and for ease of reading, the physical study area has been defined as that of the external limits of Playfair’s 1819 plan for the Third New Town (Plate ii), which in the present day is defined through the following locations: The southern limit is the North Back of Canongate; the northern limit is the bottom of Leith Walk, at the intersection with Great Junction Street; the western limit is where Waterloo Place meets Princes Street, and follows Leith Street to the top of Broughton Street; and the eastern boundary is at the junction of Easter Road, Regent Road and Abbeymount, running down Easter Road to meet Leith Walk at its northernmost point.

This research began with an exploration of the phenomenon of cultural conflict and fusion in the process of architectural modernization in Taiwan. It will examine the impact of modern and contemporary theories on the practice of architecture of the island. It will then seek out the essence of Chinese classical architecture in order to develop an approach for the development of the future Chinese/Taiwanese architecture. In addition, the findings of the study could serve as a reference for scholars who would pursue historical and theoretical studies of in the subject, or for architects who are seeking design concepts to enhance their projects. The study utilizes an interpretive-historical methodology. It emphasizes that researchers should investigate social phenomena within broader and more complex contexts of what to uncover the underlying cultural factors. To highlight their significance, the author will pursue a hypothetic project to examine and demonstrate the meaningfulness and applicability of the concepts learned from the research. Efforts were made to discover ways in which Taiwanese and Chinese architectural culture can deal with foreign influences, such that it will be able to enjoy the benefits of modernization while maintaining its unique character and identity. Moreover, it will attempt to uncover ways in which Chinese architecture can in fact influence the global contemporary architectural culture. Finally, it is hoped that this work will produce a useful reference for students, scholars and architects who wish to develop design projects that reflect and celebrate regional cultures. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3043.pdf: 13472377 bytes, checksum: 643372ef6a8710eaf7b934def17e7b5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / The Fine-Arts Teaching System, founded by the École des Beaux-Arts of Paris in its Architecture Course, which lasted from 1671 to 1968, is considered to be a supreme asset of cultural and symbolic importance in which the traditional school, related to the French capitalist state, was expressed. Furthermore, it is also understood to be cultural capital which merits preservation. The history of the École, the world's most famous institution for the teaching of art and which has influenced the installation of ramifications of its model in various countries, reveals a series of crises which culminated with the final catastrophe in 1968, when the Architecture Course was closed and the competition for the Great Prize of Rome was discontinued. Throughout its history the École always maintained its base in relationships with powerful groups related to the nobility and influenced by prestige, status, pleasure and knowlege. These facts serve to explain the political and cultural processes which have preserved the important relevance of the Fine-Arts Teaching System. Power is an intrinsic factor of art and of the understanding of its essence, originality and knowledgepower, and this is evident and explicit in the formation of the systematised enlightenment of Graeco-Roman classicism conceived in the neoclassic style and practised rightly by the famous French school. The "rigid"classic rules, on being systematised, became powerknowledge to benefit primarily the aristocracy, the monarchical State and afterwards the interests of an authoritarian State regime. The closure of the Architecture Course and the extinction of the Great Prize of Rome Competition , while confirming the phenomenon of genealogical power, exposes the problem of non-flexibilisation of Education in the political and cultural areas in order to defend, above all, the knowledge-power of art in the classic model of Fine-Arts. The industrialisation and growth of the cities and the emergence of new social and political structures, together with their "utopias", are facts which have changed the positive power of classic works to that of technology and of engineering, thus giving origin to modern archtecture. These developments were not considered in relation to the principles of Graeco-Roman culture, which were founded in humanism as represented in the poetry of expression of sensitivity and of emotion. In this respect research indicates defence of the educational principles of a school interested in art and archtecture and focused on the potential it has for the communication of knowledge. In such connection, it should be remembered that schools in general, obsessed as they are by the spirit of commercial objectivity, tend to favour the power-knowledge attitude. Nevertheless, the knowledge-power of the Fine-Arts Teaching System can be saved and should be appreciated as the basic teaching value of a school disinterested in power without knowledge, which is to say power that is not intrinsically art. / O Sistema de Ensino Belas-Artes, instituído pela École des Beaux-Arts de Paris no Curso de Arquitetura de 1671 a 1968, é compreendido como um capital simbólico e cultural valioso, no qual a tradicional escola, relacionado ao Estado capitalista francês, se expressou. A história da École a mais famosa instituição de ensino da arte do mundo, que influenciou a criação de ramificações de seu modelo em vários países revela um processo de crises que culminaram no abalo fatal de 1968, no qual aconteceu o fechamento do Curso de Arquitetura e a extinção do concurso O Grande Prêmio de Roma. Essa história teve sempre como base as relações de poder, vinculado à nobreza, ao prestigio, ao status, ao prazer e ao saber, e serve para explicar os processos políticos e culturais que operaram a pertinência do Sistema de Ensino Belas- Artes. O poder intrínseco à arte, do saber na sua essência e originalidade, saber-poder, evidencia-se e explica-se na construção do conhecimento sistematizado do classicismo grecoromano, concebido no estilo neoclássico, operado justamente pela famosa escola francesa. Os rígidos cânones clássicos, ao serem sistematizados, tornaram-se poder-saber para servir primeiramente à aristocracia, os quais compunham o Estado monárquico, e depois aos interesses de um Estado autoritário. O fechamento do Curso de Arquitetura e a extinção do concurso O Grande Prêmio de Roma, ao confirmarem o fenômeno do poder na sua genealogia, expõem o caráter do problema da não flexibilização do Ensino no campo político e cultural, a fim de defender, sobretudo, o saber-poder da arte no modelo clássico das Belas- Artes. A industrialização e o crescimento das cidades, o surgimento de novas estruturas sociais e políticas, bem como suas utopias, são fatos que deslocaram o poder de construção de obras clássicas para o da tecnologia e da engenharia, dando assim origem a arquitetura moderna. Esses acontecimentos, não foram refletidos e relacionados aos princípios da cultura greco-romana, fundados no humanismo e implicados na poética da expressão do sensível e na emoção. Assim, a pesquisa aponta a defesa do processo educacional de uma escola interessada na arte e na arquitetura no sentido do potencial que elas tem de instaurar o saber, considerando que as escolas, de modo geral, tendem a ser interessadas no poder-saber, envolvidas, como são, pelo espírito da objetividade mercantilista. Todavia, o saber-poder no Sistema de Ensino Belas-Artes pode ser resgatado e deve ser prezado como base, em uma escola de um ensino desinteressado do poder que não seja saber, isto é, que não seja da arte intrinsecamente.