Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) constituem um grupo de poluentes ambientais persistentes são moléculas com dois ou mais anéis aromáticos condensados, pouco solúveis em água e estão presentes no ambiente como resultante de processos naturais e também de atividades antrópicas; desta forma, os HPA podem ser encontrados em diversas matrizes ambientais. No presente trabalho foram utilizados mexilhões da região de Búzios, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Esse organismo foi selecionado devido à facilidade de acumulação de HPA nos tecidos, decorrente das propriedades hidrofóbicas dos HPA. O presente projeto teve como objetivo estudar um novo material de limpeza capaz de minimizar os compostos interferentes da matriz. Os cartuchos de SPE Florisil 5 g, são convencionalmente usados na limpeza de amostras de organismos, porém para diminuir os custos foram testados outros materiais adsorventes que pudessem ser eficientes na remoção dos interferentes presentes nos tecidos de mexilhão. Sendo assim, na etapa de limpeza conhecida como clean-up, foi estudada a recuperação do pireno após a extração por micro-ondas através de duas abordagens diferentes; a) utilização de cartuchos de SPE comerciais de 5 g de Florisil; b) cartuchos preenchidos com argila comercial K-10 bentonite, simulando os cartuchos comerciais. A recuperação e eficiência dos procedimentos de limpeza foram testadas e comparadas. A clean-up com argila K-10 apresentou uma recuperação de até 77% de pireno, sendo eficiente na remoção de compostos de colesteróis; confirmando a eficiência do material escolhido para a limpeza da amostra. A técnica de Cromatografia Gasosa e detecção por Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS) foi aplicada para identificação e quantificação do contaminante pireno no extrato finaa / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a group of persistent environmental pollutants are molecules containing two or more condensed aromatic rings, little soluble in water and are present in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities; in this way, the HPA can be found in various environmental matrices. In this work we used mussels in Búzios, Rio de Janeiro State. That body was selected due to the ease of accumulation of HPA in the tissues, due to the hydrophobic properties of HPA. This project aimed to study a new cleaning material able to minimize interfering compounds of the array. The 5 g Florisil SPE cartridges, are conventionally used in the cleaning of samples of organisms, however for lower costs have been tested other adsorbent materials which could be effective in the removal of the present in the tissues of mussels interfering. Therefore, in step of cleaning known as clean-up, recovery of pyrene was studied after extraction by microwave through two different approaches; a) use of commercial SPE cartridges 5 g of Florisil; b) cartridges filled with K-10 clay bentonite commercial, simulating the commercial cartridges. Recovery and efficiency of cleaning procedures were tested and compared. The clean-up with K-10 clay presented a recovery of up to 77% of pyrene, being effective in removing compounds of cholesterols; confirming the efficiency of the chosen material for cleaning of the sample. The technique of gas chromatography and detection by mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for identification and quantification of contaminant pyrene in the final extract

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utforska möjligheten att minska resurssvinnet vid utförande av en så kallad clean-in-place-rengöring. Arbetet svarar på frågor gällande de möjligheter som finns att effektivisera rengöringsprocessen alternativt att minska medieförbrukningen genom att förkorta sköljtider. Den huvudsakliga metoden som arbetet baseras på är faktorförsök genom försökplanering. Detta är en metod för att strukturera försök med flera korrelerande faktorer. De faktorer som har förändrats med mål att göra resurseffektiviseringar är en minskning av lutlösningstemperatur för rengöring, prov av olika mängd tillsatsmedel i lutlösningen och en förkortad tid för avslutande kallvattensköljning. Analysen visar att godkända resultat för rengöring erhålls även efter genomförda förändringar. En stor del av arbetet fokuserar på förståelse av systemets uppbyggnad och funktion. Att återvinna spolvatten i högre grad och att använda en lägre lutkoncentration skulle vid vidare arbete kunna ge möjlighet att ytterligare minska resursförbrukningen. / The purpose of this degree project is to explore the possibility of reducing the use of resources in performing a so-called clean-in-place cleaning. The work answers questions about the possibilities that are available to streamline the process or to reduce media consumption by shortening rinse times in the cleaning process. The main method on which the work is based is factor attempts through trial planning. This is a method of structuring trials with several correlating factors. The factors that have been altered, with the goal of making resources use more efficient, are a reduction of the caustic temperature for cleaning, using different amounts of additives in the caustic solution and a shortened time for the last cold water rinse in the cleaning process. The analysis shows that approved results for cleaning are also obtained after changes have been made. A large part of the work has been focused on understanding the system's structure and function. Recycling waste water to a greater extent and using a lower caustic concentration could possibly allow to further reduce resource consumption.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) constituem um grupo de poluentes ambientais persistentes são moléculas com dois ou mais anéis aromáticos condensados, pouco solúveis em água e estão presentes no ambiente como resultante de processos naturais e também de atividades antrópicas; desta forma, os HPA podem ser encontrados em diversas matrizes ambientais. No presente trabalho foram utilizados mexilhões da região de Búzios, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Esse organismo foi selecionado devido à facilidade de acumulação de HPA nos tecidos, decorrente das propriedades hidrofóbicas dos HPA. O presente projeto teve como objetivo estudar um novo material de limpeza capaz de minimizar os compostos interferentes da matriz. Os cartuchos de SPE Florisil 5 g, são convencionalmente usados na limpeza de amostras de organismos, porém para diminuir os custos foram testados outros materiais adsorventes que pudessem ser eficientes na remoção dos interferentes presentes nos tecidos de mexilhão. Sendo assim, na etapa de limpeza conhecida como clean-up, foi estudada a recuperação do pireno após a extração por micro-ondas através de duas abordagens diferentes; a) utilização de cartuchos de SPE comerciais de 5 g de Florisil; b) cartuchos preenchidos com argila comercial K-10 bentonite, simulando os cartuchos comerciais. A recuperação e eficiência dos procedimentos de limpeza foram testadas e comparadas. A clean-up com argila K-10 apresentou uma recuperação de até 77% de pireno, sendo eficiente na remoção de compostos de colesteróis; confirmando a eficiência do material escolhido para a limpeza da amostra. A técnica de Cromatografia Gasosa e detecção por Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS) foi aplicada para identificação e quantificação do contaminante pireno no extrato finaa / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a group of persistent environmental pollutants are molecules containing two or more condensed aromatic rings, little soluble in water and are present in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities; in this way, the HPA can be found in various environmental matrices. In this work we used mussels in Búzios, Rio de Janeiro State. That body was selected due to the ease of accumulation of HPA in the tissues, due to the hydrophobic properties of HPA. This project aimed to study a new cleaning material able to minimize interfering compounds of the array. The 5 g Florisil SPE cartridges, are conventionally used in the cleaning of samples of organisms, however for lower costs have been tested other adsorbent materials which could be effective in the removal of the present in the tissues of mussels interfering. Therefore, in step of cleaning known as clean-up, recovery of pyrene was studied after extraction by microwave through two different approaches; a) use of commercial SPE cartridges 5 g of Florisil; b) cartridges filled with K-10 clay bentonite commercial, simulating the commercial cartridges. Recovery and efficiency of cleaning procedures were tested and compared. The clean-up with K-10 clay presented a recovery of up to 77% of pyrene, being effective in removing compounds of cholesterols; confirming the efficiency of the chosen material for cleaning of the sample. The technique of gas chromatography and detection by mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for identification and quantification of contaminant pyrene in the final extract

M.Phil. / Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) can be defined as one of the project-based mechanisms established under the Kyoto protocol mechanism as a supplementary measure to assist Annex 1 parties meet their emission reduction targets through investing in project activities that reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and contribute to sustainable development in Non–Annex 1 countries. These projects reduce GHG emissions and generate credits called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that the Annex 1 party can use to meet their emission reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol [Curnow & Hodes, 2009]. While countries such as China and India have benefited remarkably from the CDM, African countries (including South Africa (SA)) have failed to maximise the financial benefits offered by this mechanism. Even though South Africa is leading, in terms of the number of registered CDM projects in Africa, it is still lagging far behind other developing regions in this regard. The South African leaders in CDM project development are in the private sector. This research aims to identify the constraints that inhibit large scale implementation of CDM projects by Gauteng Municipalities and to investigate the reasons why South African municipalities are lagging behind the private sector in CDM project development, and identify opportunities for further development of CDM projects. This identification was achieved by compiling a list of known barriers (then investigating these barriers together with a number of other factors that may impact negatively on the CDM market in South Africa) The study was conducted using qualitative research techniques, which utilises methods such as participant observation, in-depth interviews and/or focus groups. Three different groups of respondents were identified: (i) the European CER buyers; (ii) the project developers/ CDM consultants in South Africa; and (iii) the Gauteng municipal officials responsible for CDM project development. A separate questionnaire was compiled for each of the three target groups, with purpose of drawing conclusions about the prevailing status of the South African CDM market from the perspectives of these three different groups. Three previous studies have been conducted to investigate the barriers of implementing CDM in South Africa, examining the problem from various perspectives. Little et al. [2007] conducted a study that focused on the inhibiting and facilitating factors affecting the implementation of CDM by South African industries. Wilson [2007] focused on the barriers against and drivers for the implementation of CDM within the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality - this study drew conclusions about CDM implementation in municipalities based on the experiences of this single municipality. Winkler and van Es [2007] dealt with the opportunities and constraints of the CDM implementation in energy efficiency projects throughout South Africa.

Two billion people world-wide use kerosene-burning lamps for household lighting. These lamps produce large quantities of soot. In Chapter 2, I describe our field study examining 230 people in rural Uganda. I show that kerosene lamps are a major source of smoke exposure in the developing world, and that replacing such lamps with solar-powered lights reduces indoor soot levels 17-fold, leading to significant improvements in health within months. This finding is particularly notable because respiratory disease is the #1 cause of death in children under 5 worldwide. Because solar cells are a challenge to manufacture in the developing world, I next examined the potential of harvesting electrons from soil-based microbes as a source of clean energy. Such devices are known as microbial fuel cells (MFCs); because soil is available everywhere, MFCs can, in principle, be locally constructed all over the world. In Chapter 3, I describe our exploration of the biology of MFCs, using high-throughput DNA sequencing to demonstrate a role for genus Pseudomonas in energy production. I also examine numerous agricultural products available throughout the developing world to determine whether any could serve as a suitable ‘feed’ for MFC soil. I find that dried animal blood increases MFC energy production 10-fold. In Chapter 4, I describe our design of a modular, stackable MFC, demonstrate that it can be easily constructed in rural Africa, and use it to power lights and to charge a cell phone battery.

The Ultra-Wideband (UWB) channel is a dense multipath channel. The system performance and design complexity issues of selective-Rake receiver (SRake) are studied. Rake receiver has difficulties achieving desired system performance in the dense multipath environment. The main ideas of SRake receiver are to obtain the SNR level on known multipath channel and determine the desired number of Rake fingers. In the implementation of the SRake, the CLEAN algorithm is used in selecting the paths with relatively high energy. We can improve the performance of SRake receiver by increasing the accuracy of path selection. By the property of local maximum peak within the smaller partition, Two-Stage CLEAN algorithm acquires the more accurate delay time of multipath. In order to mitigate the sidelobe effect and noise interference, the key assumption in the Deng¡¦s Modified CLEAN algorithm is that using average amplitude around the considered data change as the criterion to determine if the data value is a true path. In this thesis, we investigate CLEAN, Two-Stage CLEAN and Deng¡¦s Modified CLEAN algorithm in three different systems including UWB-Impulse Radio, Pulse Radar and DS-UWB. From the performance comparison, it can be seen that the Two-Stage CLEAN algorithm that has the highest accuracy of path selection in UWB system.

This thesis work is about an improvement in Tate and Lyle’s Clean-in-Place system. The thesis investigates how the designs around two machines can be constructed to automate its Clean-in-Place system. Alongside, two step-by-step manuals were created on how the machines should be cleaned. Furthermore a cleaning agent were searched for which eliminates the oat residues that Tate and Lyle faces. The study’s focus was to reduce the cleaning time in their closed systems by automating the cleaning sequences and use a more suitable cleaning agent for their type of residues.   The background to the study can be described as a cleaning problem. Tate and Lyle’s Clean-in-Place system is operated manually and is executed twice a month. The cleaning agents in their current situation is sodium hydroxide and nitric acid which is not adapted for the remaining residues that appear in their equipment piping and edges. The problem arises when the monument remains isn’t properly cleared so the production cannot be resumed since contamination may occur. The equipment is disassembled, cleaned by hand and reassembled before the production can be continued.   The purpose of the thesis work is to find the most advantageous way to clean a decanter centrifuge and a separator. A more suitable cleaning agent are examined as well as the economic benefits that can occur at reduced cleaning time. The work delimited from practical construction and planning for an upgraded system.   The result consists of two step-by-step manuals that specifically describes how the machines should be cleaned with a Clean-in-Place system. Subsequently, two designs were developed around the decanter centrifuge and separator. The designs describe the placement of pipes, valves and pumps as well as suggestions for new pipelines that provide cleaning benefits. Examination of more customized cleaning was done as an experiment in the chemistry department at the School of Engineering in Jönköping. The experiment presented as unsuccessful and wouldn’t be repeated because of optimistic planning. Instead, the result was presented as a Pugh-matrix where four supplements based on similar studies were used. With an automated system and a qualified cleaning the production time could be increased by 9, 7 %. The economic change was presented as an investment calculation. / <p>Vissa bilagan har valt att döljas på grund av sekretesskäl</p>

It is said that eco innovation is the future of Europe’s competitiveness and by that Swedish companies face an exciting opportunity within the field of clean tech. This industry is expected to continue growing worldwide but Swedish companies still have a low export rate even though they have great potential due to their advanced technology. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of firms marketing strategies regarding product-market scope and differentiation and the impact of external conditions. The study will concentrate on the development of Swedish clean-tech firm’s marketing strategies in the U.S. How the perception of competition is impacting entrant firms’ market strategies has been scrutinized with help from a model developed by the authors based on perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies. The findings derived from three case companies claim that there is a relationship between the perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies on entrant firms’ market strategy. This implies that relying on advanced technology is not enough to become successful in new markets and that a successful market strategy is dependent on more than the product itself. The entrant firm must consider its situation and its options with help from their knowledge about barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.   Key words: Strategy, clean tech, barriers, product/market scope / Svenska miljöteknikföretags marknadsexpansion

Texas – the energy center of the world – is emerging as a pioneer in algae biodiesel research and production. There are a number of reasons for this. Texas is the largest emitter of CO₂ in the country, and efforts are being made to reduce the state's dependence on fossil fuels. Also, algae – robust and promising organisms – need non-arable land, lots of sunlight and brackish/waste water, along with CO₂. Texas has all of these in abundance, plus universities and algae start-ups that are doing crucial R / text

<p>It is said that eco innovation is the future of Europe’s competitiveness and by that Swedish companies face an exciting opportunity within the field of clean tech. This industry is expected to continue growing worldwide but Swedish companies still have a low export rate even though they have great potential due to their advanced technology. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of firms marketing strategies regarding product-market scope and differentiation and the impact of external conditions. The study will concentrate on the development of Swedish clean-tech firm’s marketing strategies in the U.S.</p><p>How the perception of competition is impacting entrant firms’ market strategies has been scrutinized with help from a model developed by the authors based on perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.</p><p>The findings derived from three case companies claim that there is a relationship between the perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies on entrant firms’ market strategy. This implies that relying on advanced technology is not enough to become successful in new markets and that a successful market strategy is dependent on more than the product itself. The entrant firm must consider its situation and its options with help from their knowledge about barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Strategy, clean tech, barriers, product/market scope</p> / Svenska miljöteknikföretags marknadsexpansion