Economy is an very important factor to the cause of crimes. The unemployment rate play a key role to the economy side of a society. Besides, the probability of being arrested is also been calculated by the offenders. So this paper tries to use the crime rate ,clearance rate , unemployment rate , as variables to discuss their relations. This paper selects 138 data samples from January, 1995 to June, 2006, analyze them by Literature Survey Method¡BUnit Root Test Method¡BJohansen of Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method. The result shows that constantly descend in the other conditions, when the unemployment rate increases by 1%, causing the crime rate to increase by 3.38%, namely the unemployment rate increases the function for the crime rate. When the clearance rate increase by 1%, the crime rate will be reduced by 0.67%, meaning that then clearance rate can reduce the function of the crime rate.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 86-90.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the filtration efficiency of the bath sponge Spongia ceylonensis (Spongiidae) and fire sponge Tedania klausi (Tedaniidae) collected from Penghu. In the feeding experiements, live and algal powder of Tetraselmis chui (8-16£gm), Chaetoceros muelleri (6-9£gm), Isochrysis galbana (3-7£gm) and Nannochloropsis oculata (2-5£gm) were used to determine the clearance rate of sponges. Sponges S. ceylonensis and T. klausi showed selective feeding under various algal species, concentrations and conditions (live algae or powders). After 90 minutes, the clearance rate of T. klausi fed on N. oculata powder was 71 ml h-1 gDW-1 at algal concentration of 107 cells ml-1, but S. ceylonensis didn¡¦t feed at the same concentration. At 106 cells ml-1 concentrations, the clearance rate of S. ceylonensis fed on live I. galbana was 538 ml h-1 gDW-1 which was higher than T. klausi, i.e. 11 ml h-1 gDW-1. At 105 cells ml-1 concentrations, the clearance rate of T. klausi fed on live T. chui was 431 ml h-1 gDW-1 which was higher than S. ceylonensis, i.e. 23 ml h-1 gDW-1. At 104 cells ml-1 concentrations, S. ceylonensis fed on live T. chui with clearance rate 532 ml h-1 gDW-1, and T. klausi was 315 ml h-1 gDW-1. The results showed differential clearance rates of sponges depend on sponge species, algal species, concentrations and conditions (live or powder). In gerneral, sponge clearance rate is higher when feeds on live algae than algal powders. Although the filtration efficiency of algal powders is low, the advantage of low cost and high accessibility still make algal powder highly competitive in sponge aquaculture industry.

The environment of bivalve Sanguinolaria rostrata growth and reproduction is affected by temperature, salinity and algal concentration.The growth and fattening of the bivalves is closely associated with filter-feeding. Hence, the present work was to investigate the effect of temperature, salinity and algal concentration on the filter-feeding of the bivalves. The salinity ranging from 5 to 30 at the interval of 5 psu, four temperatures at 20¢X, 25¢X, 27¢X and 30¢J, and three algal concentrations of each Isochrysis galbana and each Chaetoceros gracilis, 104 , 105 and 106 cells/ml, were used. Algal concentration was measured each hour and each test run last for 6 hours. A peak appeared at the salinity of 20 psu in each clearance rate vs salinity curve and clearance rate decreased with increasing algal concentration; a peak also appeared at the salinity of either 15¡ã20 psu in the ingestion rate vs salinity curve; and ingestion rate and the amount of pseudofaeces increased with increasing algal concentration. Under the conditions of algal concentration 104 cells/ml and temperature range 20¢X~30¢J, a peak appeared at 25¢J in each clearance rate and each ingestion rate vs temperature curves, and the greatest peak of clearance rate was 1.13 l/h; and the amount of pseudofaeces was the greatest at 25¢J and 20 psu. The bivalves fed with Isochrysis galbana have greater clearance and ingestion rates but less amount of pseudofaeces, compared to those fed with Chaetoceros gracilis.

The effects of the toxic dinoflagellate, karenia brevis (Wilson clone), on larval survival and development of the northern quahog (=hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria), eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) were studied in the laboratory. The effects of K. brevis on feeding activities of juveniles from these species plus the green mussel (Perna viridis) were also examined. Finally, adult bay scallops were exposed to K. brevis for two weeks to investigate possible cytotoxic effects. Survival of 3-day-old larvae was generally > 85% for all shellfish species at Karenia brevis densities of 100 cells . ml-1 or less, and not significantly different between whole and lysed culture. At 1,000 cells . ml-1, survival was significantly less in lysed culture than whole culture for both M. mercenaria and C. virginica. Survival of 7-day-old larvae in all species was not significantly affected at densities up to 1,000 cells . ml-1. At 5,000 cells . ml-1, however, survival was reduced to 37, 26 and 19% for A. irradians, M. mercenaria and C. virginica, respectively. Development of C. virginica and M. mercenaria larvae was protracted at K. brevis densities of 1,000 cells . ml-1. Clearance rates of juveniles were determined under static and flow-through conditions using whole and lysed cultures of K. brevis. The bay scallop was most sensitive, exhibiting a 79% reduction in clearance rate at 1,000 cells . ml-1 of whole culture. The eastern oyster was least responsive, showing a 38% reduction in clearance rate between the same treatments. The green mussel and the northern quahog displayed intermediate responses. Similar results were observed during longer (2 day) exposures to a continuous supply of K. brevis. Bay scallops showed a significant decline in clearance rate at 100 cells . ml-1 after 24 hr exposure; clearance rate of oysters was not affected by K. brevis at this concentration. No mortality was observed for any species during these brief exposures. Adult bay scallops exposed to K. brevis for two weeks showed degenerative and inflammatory changes in the digestive gland, including reduced thickness of the epithelium, increased size of digestive tubule lumens and hemocytic infiltration. The prospect for recovery of bay scallop populations in Florida may be hampered by recurring blooms of K. brevis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-111).

This dissertation is focused on three species of bdelloid rotifers Habrotrocha thienemanni, Macrotrachela insolita and Philodina roseola. We compared filtration activity, clearance rate and food selectivity within species, populations of the same species and clones.

Introdução: Diálise peritoneal (DP) é modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva útil em crianças em estágio final de doença renal. O estado nutricional e o crescimento são considerados como marcadores prognósticos na adequação em diálise pediátrica, que dependem da sua prescrição, do controle da volemia e pressão arterial e do manejo dos distúrbios metabólicos e eletrolíticos. Objetivo: Descrever a prescrição da DP e parâmetros de adequação dos pacientes seguidos na Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP; analisar os resultados hemodinâmicos e antropométricos iniciais e finais; comparar os parâmetros observados na adequação da DP com aqueles sugeridos pela literatura em DP Crônica pediátrica. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva baseada na avaliação de prontuário durante o período entre janeiro de 1998 e maio de 2005, incluindo pacientes em DP por mais de 6 meses. Dados antropométricos, pressão arterial sistêmica, volume de infusão, pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), Teste do Equilíbrio Peritoneal (PET) e Kt/V semanal de uréia e mudanças de prescrição dialítica peritoneal foram analisadas. Resultados: foram analisados dados de 30 pacientes pediátricos, 17/30 (56,7%) sexo masculino. Uropatia foi a etiologia de doença renal crônica em 66,7% dos pacientes. A membrana peritoneal foi caracterizada como alto transportador em 5/18 pacientes, médio/alto transportador em 9/18 pacientes, médio/baixo transportador em 1/18 pacientes e baixo transportador em 3/18 pacientes. O Kt/V de uréia semanal foi > 2,1 em todos os pacientes em que este índice foi coletado. Pressão arterial sistêmica acima do p95 foi observada em 5/30 pacientes. Quatro dos cinco pacientes com hipertensão arterial apresentavam glomerulopatia como etiologia de doença renal crônica. O índice de massa corpórea e o índice de peso para estatura iniciais e finais foram preservados na maioria dos pacientes. Conclusão: Manejo clínico ótimo parece ser mais importante para adequação de DP pediátrica que índices de adequação baseados em estimativa de remoção de pequenos solutos. / I ntroduction: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an useful modality of renal replacement therapy in pediatric end-stage renal disease. Growth and nutritional state are considered outcome markers of adequacy in pediatric dialysis, which depends on the dialysis prescription, volume and blood pressure control and management of metabolic and electrolyte disorders. Objective: To describe the PD prescription and adequacy parameters of patients followed by the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of \"Instituto da Criança\" of \"Hospital das Clínicas\" of University of São Paulo; to analyze initial and final anthropometric and hemodynamic results; to compare the observed PD adequacy parameters with those suggested by the pediatric chronic PD literature. Methods: Retrospective analysis based on patients\' files evaluation covering the period between January 1998 and May 2005 and including patients on PD for more than 6 months. Data on anthropometry, systemic blood pressure, infusion volume, intraperitoneal pressure (IPP), peritoneal equilibration test (PET), weekly Kt/V urea and changes in peritoneal dialysis prescription were analyzed. Results: Data from 30 pediatric patients were analyzed, 17/30 (56,7%) boys. Uropathy was the etiology of chronic renal disease in 66,7% patients. The infusion volume was > 1000 ml/m2 in 9 patients. The peritoneal membrane was characterized as a high transporter in 5/18 patients, high/average transporter in 9/18 patients, low/average transporter in 1/18 patients and low transporter in 3/18 patients. The weekly Kt/V urea was >2,1 in all patients for whom this parameter was collected. Systemic blood pressure was above p95 in 5/30 despite antihypertensive medication. Four of 5 patients with high blood pressure had chronic renal failure related to glomerulopathy. The initial and final body mass index and weight to height index were preserved in most of the patients. Conclusion: Optimal clinical management seems to be more important for pediatric PD adequacy than adequacy indexes based on estimation of small solute removal.

Introdução: Diálise peritoneal (DP) é modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva útil em crianças em estágio final de doença renal. O estado nutricional e o crescimento são considerados como marcadores prognósticos na adequação em diálise pediátrica, que dependem da sua prescrição, do controle da volemia e pressão arterial e do manejo dos distúrbios metabólicos e eletrolíticos. Objetivo: Descrever a prescrição da DP e parâmetros de adequação dos pacientes seguidos na Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP; analisar os resultados hemodinâmicos e antropométricos iniciais e finais; comparar os parâmetros observados na adequação da DP com aqueles sugeridos pela literatura em DP Crônica pediátrica. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva baseada na avaliação de prontuário durante o período entre janeiro de 1998 e maio de 2005, incluindo pacientes em DP por mais de 6 meses. Dados antropométricos, pressão arterial sistêmica, volume de infusão, pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), Teste do Equilíbrio Peritoneal (PET) e Kt/V semanal de uréia e mudanças de prescrição dialítica peritoneal foram analisadas. Resultados: foram analisados dados de 30 pacientes pediátricos, 17/30 (56,7%) sexo masculino. Uropatia foi a etiologia de doença renal crônica em 66,7% dos pacientes. A membrana peritoneal foi caracterizada como alto transportador em 5/18 pacientes, médio/alto transportador em 9/18 pacientes, médio/baixo transportador em 1/18 pacientes e baixo transportador em 3/18 pacientes. O Kt/V de uréia semanal foi > 2,1 em todos os pacientes em que este índice foi coletado. Pressão arterial sistêmica acima do p95 foi observada em 5/30 pacientes. Quatro dos cinco pacientes com hipertensão arterial apresentavam glomerulopatia como etiologia de doença renal crônica. O índice de massa corpórea e o índice de peso para estatura iniciais e finais foram preservados na maioria dos pacientes. Conclusão: Manejo clínico ótimo parece ser mais importante para adequação de DP pediátrica que índices de adequação baseados em estimativa de remoção de pequenos solutos. / I ntroduction: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an useful modality of renal replacement therapy in pediatric end-stage renal disease. Growth and nutritional state are considered outcome markers of adequacy in pediatric dialysis, which depends on the dialysis prescription, volume and blood pressure control and management of metabolic and electrolyte disorders. Objective: To describe the PD prescription and adequacy parameters of patients followed by the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of \"Instituto da Criança\" of \"Hospital das Clínicas\" of University of São Paulo; to analyze initial and final anthropometric and hemodynamic results; to compare the observed PD adequacy parameters with those suggested by the pediatric chronic PD literature. Methods: Retrospective analysis based on patients\' files evaluation covering the period between January 1998 and May 2005 and including patients on PD for more than 6 months. Data on anthropometry, systemic blood pressure, infusion volume, intraperitoneal pressure (IPP), peritoneal equilibration test (PET), weekly Kt/V urea and changes in peritoneal dialysis prescription were analyzed. Results: Data from 30 pediatric patients were analyzed, 17/30 (56,7%) boys. Uropathy was the etiology of chronic renal disease in 66,7% patients. The infusion volume was > 1000 ml/m2 in 9 patients. The peritoneal membrane was characterized as a high transporter in 5/18 patients, high/average transporter in 9/18 patients, low/average transporter in 1/18 patients and low transporter in 3/18 patients. The weekly Kt/V urea was >2,1 in all patients for whom this parameter was collected. Systemic blood pressure was above p95 in 5/30 despite antihypertensive medication. Four of 5 patients with high blood pressure had chronic renal failure related to glomerulopathy. The initial and final body mass index and weight to height index were preserved in most of the patients. Conclusion: Optimal clinical management seems to be more important for pediatric PD adequacy than adequacy indexes based on estimation of small solute removal.

The use of positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging in oncology has grown rapidly in recent years. 2-[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most common tracer of PET, although drawbacks exist. Radiolabeled 1-[11C]-acetate (C-AC) is a simple probe for evaluation of perfusion, anabolism (lipogenesis) and catabolism (oxidative metabolism) in all living tissues. This study explored the potential of AC PET in head and neck cancer, benign and malignant lymph nodes in prostate cancer and normal distribution.  In head and neck cancer, C-AC PET detected more primaries and lymph node metastases than FDG PET. The mean primary tumor volumes delineated by C-AC was 51% larger than that of FDG before radiotherapy (RT). Both FDG and C-AC PET tumor volumes must be carefully validated before used in clinical routine. Baseline tumor clearance rate (kmono) was higher in complete responders (CR) than that in partial responders (PR). kmono tended to correlate inversely with FDG SUV at baseline. Radiosensitive tumors might rely predominantly on oxidative metabolism for their biogenetic needs. kmono increased in PR during RT. The potential reversibility of impaired kmono in radioresistant tumors imply that treatment targeting the intermediary metabolism might improve the outcome. Tumor relative perfusion index (rF) and kmono were coupled in CR throughout the RT, but not in PR. Dynamic C-AC PET provides a new non-invasive method to simultaneously evaluate the tumor oxidative metabolism and perfusion which link the RT response in patients by a single tracer injection. In prostate cancer, elevated C-AC accumulation is common in benign inguinal lymph nodes, probably due to increased lipogenesis rather than lymphatic drainage. CT Hounsfield unit of benign nodes was lower than that of metastases, suggesting that density measurement using CT might improve the specificity of nodal staging of prostate cancer. A novel tracer 2-[18F]-fluoroacetate (F-AC) was synthesized and used for dynamic PET-CT imaging in animals. Compared with C-AC PET-CT, F-AC showed prolonged blood retention, no detectable trapping in myocardium and salivary glands, rapid excretion from liver to bile and urine and de-fluorination resulting in intensive skeletal activity. F-AC does not mimic the normal physiologic path of C-AC and appears to be of little use for assessment of perfusion, intermediary metabolism or lipogenesis.