Objetivo: avaliar por meio de fotografias de perfil e um questionário específico, a estética facial de indivíduos com fissura transforame incisivo bilateral (FTB), operados segundo o protocolo do HRAC-USP. Modelo: Estudo transversal, com análise das fotografias, atribuindo escores aos pacientes e comparando-os estatisticamente. Local de Execução: HRAC-USP. Participantes: Amostra: 30 pacientes, 24 do gênero masculino e 6 do gênero feminino, com idades entre 5 anos e 8 meses a 10 anos e 4 meses, leucodermas, com FTB . Examinadores: 5 Ortodontistas do HRAC-USP (OHRAC), 5 ortodontistas não relacionados à área de fissura (ONF), 5 Cirurgiões Plásticos do HRAC-USP (CPHRAC), 5 Cirurgiões Plásticos não relacionados à área de fissura (CPNF), 5 leigos (L) com formação superior. Variáveis: classificação da agradabilidade facial, em escala de 1 a 9, estruturas reconhecidas como responsáveis pela pior classificação. Resultados: O grupo OHRAC atribuiu mediana de 7 (aparência esteticamente agradável), o grupo CPHRAC atribuiu 5 (esteticamente aceitável). O grupo L atribuiu 4 (esteticamente aceitável). Os grupos ONF e CPNF, designaram 3 (esteticamente desagradável). Existiu diferença significante entre todas as categorias, exceto para os ONF e CPNF. Foram associadas à classificação esteticamente desagradável o nariz, o terço médio da face e o lábio superior. Conclusões: A estética facial da amostra foi classificada em agradável (grupo OHRAC), aceitável (grupos CPHRAC e L) e desagradável (grupos ONF e CPNF). Houve diferença significante entre os grupos, exceto para os ONF e CPNF. As estruturas associadas aos piores escores foram o nariz, o terço médio da face e o lábio superior. / Objective: to evaluate, by means of photographs of profile and a specific questionnaire, the facial esthetics of individuals with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CBCLP) operated according to the protocol of HRAC-USP. Design: cross-sectional study with analysis of the photographs, by assignment of scores to the patients and statistical comparison. Setting: HRAC-USP. Participants: sample: 30 white patients with CBCLP, being 24 males and 6 females, aged 5 years 8 months to 10 years 4 months. Examines: 5 orthodontists of HRAC-USP (OHRAC), 5 orthodontists not treating patients with clefts (ONC), 5 plastic surgeons of HRAC-USP (PSHRAC), 5 plastic surgeons not treating patients with clefts (PSNC), and 5 lay graduated examiners (L). Variables: classification of facial pleasantness in a scale from 1 to 9, structures recognized as responsible for the worst classification. Results: the OHRAC group assigned a median of 7 (esthetically pleasant appearance) and the PSHRAC assigned 5 (esthetically acceptable). Group L assigned 4 (esthetically acceptable). Groups ONC and PSNC assigned 3 (esthetically unpleasant). There was a significant difference between all categories, except for ONC and PSNC. The structures associated to the esthetically unpleasant classification were the nose, middle third of the face and upper lip. Conclusions: the facial esthetics of the sample was classified as pleasant (OHRAC group), acceptable (PSHRAC and L groups) and unpleasant (ONC and PSNC groups). here was a significant difference between groups, except for the ONC and PSNC. The structures associated to the worst scores were the nose, middle third of the face and upper lip.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a ocorrência de mutações na sequência de nucleotídeos do gene AMELX, candidato a defeitos na formação do esmalte dentário, em indivíduos com e sem fissura labiopalatina. Para análise do gene proposto, foi coletado saliva de 165 indivíduos, que foram divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo 1 - composto por 46 indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina e malformação dentária; Grupo 2 - composto por 34 indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina e sem malformação dentária; Grupo 3 - composto por 34 indivíduos sem fissura labiopalatina e com malformação dentária e Grupo 4 - composto por 51 indivíduos sem fissura labiopalatina e malformação dentária. Foi realizada a extração do DNA genômico das amostras de saliva, seguido da PCR e sequenciamento direto. Cada mutação identificada no sequenciamento foi confirmada repetindo-se a reação de sequenciamento da fita antisenso. Após a coleta dos dados no Software SeqScape® 2.6, estes foram devidamente analisados por meio de gráficos e tabelas. Das amostras submetidas ao sequenciamento genético, obteve-se um aproveitamento de 95%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 94% e 100% destas amostras dos éxons 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7, respectivamente. Dos 990 fragmentos sequenciados (seis éxons em 165 amostras de saliva), 918 fragmentos (93%) foram analisados. Detectou-se alteração na sequência de bases em 37 destes fragmentos (4%), sendo 14 no Grupo 1 (1,5%), 12 no Grupo 2 (1,3%), quatro no Grupo 3 (0,4%) e sete no Grupo 4 (0,7%), dos tipos missense e silenciosa, distribuídas nos éxons 2, 6 e 7 do gene AMELX, em oito distintos locais no cromossomo X. De acordo com os resultados obtidos do sequenciamento direto do gene AMELX, foi possível concluir que foram encontradas mutações na sequência de nucleotídeos do gene AMELX, em indivíduos com e sem fissura labiopalatina e malformação dentária. Observou-se ainda que a mutação localizada na posição 75 do éxon 6 esteve presente em todos os grupos estudados, sugerindo que, apesar de ser uma mutação silenciosa, pode ser um polimorfismo novo, a ser catalogado, pois foi detectado em 26 indivíduos, do total de 165, representando 16%. Entretanto, este estudo não pode afirmar que estas mutações alteraram diretamente o fenótipo dos pacientes dos grupos estudados. / The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mutations in the AMELX candidate gene involved in enamel formation, in patients with and without cleft lip and palate and dental malformation. For gene analysis proposed was collected saliva from 165 patients who were divided in 4 groups: Group 1 - 46 individuals with cleft lip and palate and dental malformation, Group 2 - 34 individuals with cleft lip and palate without dental malformations; Group 3 - 34 individuals without cleft lip and palate with dental malformations and Group 4 - 51 individuals without cleft lip and palate and dental malformation. Next, genomic DNA was extracted from this saliva, followed by PCR and direct DNA sequencing. All samples with mutations were sequenced twice; once using the forward primer and a second time using the reverse primer. After data analysis with Software SeqScape® 2.6, the data were collated. Of the 165 samples, 95%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 94% and 100% of the samples were successfully sequenced from exons 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. Overall, of the 990 total sequenced exons (six exons in 165 samples of saliva), 918 exons (93%) were able to be completely sequenced and analyzed. Mutations were detected in 37 of the fragments (4%), more specifically, 14 in Group 1 (1.5%), 12 in Group 2 (1.3%), four in Group 3 (0.4%) and seven in Group 4 (0.7%), which included only missense and silent mutations, distributed throughout exons 2, 6 and 7 in the AMELX gene in eight different locations on chromosome X. According to the results obtained from direct sequencing of protein-coding exons of the AMELX gene, mutations were found in the nucleotide sequence of the AMELX gene in individuals with and without cleft lip and palate and dental malformation. It was also observed that the mutation in position 75 of exon 6 was present in all groups, suggesting that, though a silent mutation, may be a new polymorphism to be cataloged: it was found in 26 patients, the total of 165, representing 16%. However, this study cannot confirm that these mutations directly altered the phenotypes of the patients in the groups tested.

Objetivo: Investigar a saúde mental de jovens com fissura labiopalatina transforame em atendimento no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, USP. Modelo/Pacientes: Estudo observacional transversal, em 60 sujeitos com idade entre 19 e 26 anos: 30 sujeitos com fissura labiopalatina transforame (Grupo 1) e 30 sujeitos sem fissura labiopalatina (Grupo-Controle). O método foi quanti-qualitativo, utilizando como instrumentos a entrevista clínica semiestruturada e o Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG) de Goldberg, que avalia a presença de transtornos mentais comuns não-psicóticos: stress psíquico, desejo de morte, desconfiança no desempenho, distúrbios do sono, distúrbios psicossomáticos e saúde geral. Local: As entrevistas foram realizadas na Sociedade de Promoção Social do Fissurado Lábio-Palatal (PROFIS), prestadora de assistência aos pacientes em tratamento no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais. Resultados: Os dados quantitativos obtidos no QSG, pelos Grupos 1 e Controle foram comparados, não se encontrando diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os pacientes com fissura labiopalatina e o Grupo-Controle, nos fatores de Saúde Mental. Quanto aos gêneros, encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa no fator Desejo de Morte, no Grupo 1, gênero feminino, em comparação ao masculino, porém, abaixo do percentil 90, indicativo de transtorno. Quando comparados com a média brasileira, também não houve diferença estatística significativa. Conclusões: Apesar de a análise qualitativa dos dados revelar sujeitos com histórias de sofrimento, discriminação e dificuldades, verificou-se que eles estão conseguindo enfrentar dificuldades e apresentaram características pessoais de desenvolvimento semelhante ao Grupo-Controle. Deste modo, concluiu-se que, neste estudo, não houve correlação entre fissura labiopalatina transforame e transtornos de saúde mental não psicóticos. / Objective: To investigate the mental health of youngsters with untreated cleft lip/palate attended at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, USP. Model / Patients: Studies in 60 subjects aged between 19 and 26 years old (Group 1) and 30 subjects without untreated cleft lip/palate (Group 1) and 30 subjects without cleft palate (Control Group). Using semi-structured clinical interview instruments and the General Health. Questionnaire (GHQ) of Goldberg, which assesses the presence of common non-psychotic mental health: mental stress, death wish, distrust on performance, sleep disturbances, psychosomatic disorders and general health. Location: The interviews were conducted at the Sociedade de Promoção Social do Fissurado Labio Palatal PROFIS (Society for the Promotion of Social Cleft Lip and Palate), a provider of assistance to patients at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies. Results: The quantitative data obtained on the GHQ, for Groups 1 and Control were compared, and there are no statistically significant difference between patients with cleft lip and palate and the Control Group, on the factors of Mental Health. Regarding gender, we found a statistically significant difference in factor ¨ Death Wish ¨, in Group 1, females compared to males, but below the 90th percentile, indicative of disorder. When compared with the national average, there were no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: Although the qualitative data analysis revealed subjects records of suffering, discrimination and difficulties, it was found that they are tackling problems and personal development presenting characteristics similar to the control group. Thus, we concluded that in this study, there was no correlation between untreated cleft lip/palate and non-psychotic mental health disorders.

Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de estresse e a qualidade de vida em indivíduos adultos nascidos com fissura labiopalatina reabilitados cirurgicamente. Material e Método: Utilizou-se para a avaliação do nível estresse o Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse de Lipp (ISSL) e para a avaliação da qualidade de vida o World Health Organization Quality of Life. Os instrumentos foram aplicados em 100 indivíduos na faixa etária de 18 a 34 anos no período de janeiro a novembro de 2010. Desses, foram sorteados 10 indivíduos do gênero masculino e 10 do feminino para cada tipo de fissura, pré-forame, transforame unilateral e pós-forame compondo-se três grupos de 20 indivíduos totalizando amostra de 60 indivíduos. Resultados: O nível de estresse foi baixo nos indivíduos com FLP, não ocorrendo diferença estatística entre os três grupos. Da mesma forma, a qualidade de vida também se mostrou adequada para todos os grupos analisados, considerando-se os domínios físico, social e meio ambiente. O domínio psicológico apresentou escore menor nos indivíduos do gênero feminino. Conclusão: O nível de estresse assim como a qualidade de vida podem ser considerados adequados nos indivíduos com FPL. / Objective: To assess the level of stress and quality of life in adult subjects with operated cleft lip and palate. Material and Method: The level of stress was assessed through The Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory (ISSL). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument was used to assess quality of life. 100 subjects, aged 18 to 34 years were assessed between January and November 2010. 60 subjects were divided into three groups of 20 subjects each, ten male and ten female randomly chosen. Groups were divided according to the type of cleft (cleft lip, cleft palate and unilateral cleft lip and palate). Results: The level of stress was low in subjects with cleft lip and palate showing no significant difference among the three groups. Quality of Life was also appropriate in all groups concerning physical, social and environmental domains. The psychological domain showed a lower score in female subjects. Conclusion: The level of stress and quality of life may be considered adequate in subjects with cleft lip and palate.

Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever, comparar e analisar as características dos achados timpanométricos com sonda de tom prova nas frequências de 226 Hz, 678 Hz e 1000 Hz. Modelo: Estudo transverso Local de execução: Setor de Fonoaudiologia, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, USP, Bauru. Participantes: Sessenta e oito pacientes com fissura labiopalatina, sem cirurgia prévia, de ambos os sexos, idade entre três e doze meses. Intervenções: anamnese, otoscopia e timpanometria de multifrequência. Resultados: Devido ao efeito de oclusão foi obtido 136 timpanogramas para a sonda de 226 Hz, 94 timpanogramas para a sonda de 678Hz e 135 timpanogramas para a sonda de 1000 Hz, em um total de 365 timpanogramas. A curva que demonstra maior ocorrência é a de Pico Único, isto nas três frequências de sonda: 79,41% em 226 Hz, 40,42% em 678 Hz e 37,04% em 1000 Hz. A curva de PD foi encontrada apenas nas frequências de 678 Hz e 1000 Hz com ocorrência de 5,32% e 1,48% respectivamente. O mesmo aconteceu com as curvas ASS e INV, sendo visualizadas 7,45% em 678 Hz; 8,89% em 1000 Hz para a curva ASS e 21,28% em 678 Hz, 24,44% em 1000 Hz para curva INV. A curva PL ocorreu em todas as freqüências de tom de sonda com porcentagem de 20,59%, 25,53%, 28,15% para as sonda de 226 Hz, 678 Hz e 1000 Hz, respectivamente. Conclusão: Nos achados timpanométricos dos lactententes deste estudo foram encontrados diferentes tipos de curvas, que incluíram os tipos Pico Duplo (PD), Assimétrica (ASS), Invertida (INV) e Plana (PL). Os resultados mostraram maior ocorrência de curvas do tipo Pico Único (PU) na sonda de 1000 Hz, para sonda de 226 Hz a prevalência foi de curvas do tipo PU apresentando também curva Plana (P). A sonda de 678 Hz apresentou todos os tipos de curvas, com uma maior ocorrência da curva do tipo PU. / Aim: This study aimed to describe, compare and analyze the characteristics of tympanometric findings with 226 Hz, 678 Hz and 1000 Hz tone probes. Model: Cross-sectional Location: Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, USP, Bauru. Participants: Sixty eight subjects with cleft lip and palate, non-operated, both genders, aged between three and twelve months. Interventions: anamneses, otoscopy and multifrequency tympanometry. Results: Given the occlusion effect, of 365 tympanograms, 136 were obtained for the 226 Hz probe, 94 for 678Hz and 135 for 1000 Hz probe. Single-peak curve was the most prevalent at the three probe frequencies: 79.41% at 226 Hz, 40.42% at 678 Hz and 37,04% at 1000 Hz. PD curve was found at 678 Hz and 1000 Hz occurring 5.32% and 1.48% respectively. ASS and INV curves were visualized 7, 45% at 678 Hz; 8,89% at 1000 Hz for ASS and 21,28% at 678 Hz, 24,44% at 1000 Hz for a INV curve. PL curve occurred in all frequencies at 20.59%, 25.53%, and 28.15% for the 226 Hz, 678 Hz and 1000 Hz probes, respectively. Conclusion: Different kinds of curves were found including: Double peak(DP), asymmetric (AS), inverted (INV) and plan (PL). Results indicated most prevalence of single-peak curves for 1000 Hz probe. The 226 Hz probe showed single-peak and plan curves as well. The 678 Hz probe showed all kinds of curves being the single-peak the most prevalent.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare the dentoskeletal effects of the slow (SME) and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in patients with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Methods: The sample comprised 46 patients with BCLP (34 male and 12 female) with a mean age of 9,2 years. They were randomly assigned into two groups: Group RME comprised 23 patients with posterior crossbites treated with Hyrax or Haas appliances. Group SME comprised 23 patients with posterior crossbites treated with quad-helix appliance. Both expansion modalities were performed prior to secondary alveolar bone graft procedure. Conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed before expansion (T1) and after appliance removal at the end of a 6-month retention period (T2). Sagittal and vertical changes were evaluated using the cephalometric reformatted images that were obtained from the CBCT. Cephalometric analysis was performed using Dolphin Imaging Software (Chatsworth, CA, USA). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate intraexaminer agreement. Intragroup changes were evaluated using paired t test. Intergroup comparisons were performed using t test (p<0.05). Results: The intraexaminer agreement was excellent (ICC varied from 0.88 to 0.96). RME group showed a significant increase of lower anterior facial height (p=0.042), mandibular length (p= 0.003) and maxillomandibular difference (p=0.006). SLM group demonstrated an increase of mandibular length (p<0.001) and maxillomandibular difference (p<0.001) and a decrease of the ANB angle (p=0.034). No significant differences between RME and SME were found. Conclusions: Rapid and slow maxillary expansion produced similar sagittal and vertical changes in patients with BCLP / Introdução: O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os efeitos dentoesqueléticos da expansão lenta (ELM) e expansão rápida (ERM) da maxila em pacientes com fissuras labiopalatinas completa e bilateral (FLPCB). Métodos: A amostra compreendeu 46 pacientes com FLPCB (34 do sexo masculino e 12 do feminino) com idade média de 9,2 anos. Eles foram aleatoriamente alocados em dois grupos: Grupo ERM compreendeu 23 pacientes com mordida cruzada posterior (MCP) tratados com aparelho Hyrax ou Haas. Grupo ELM compreendeu 23 pacientes com MCP e tratados com aparelho quadrihélice. Ambas as modadlidades de expansão foram realizadas previamente ao enxerto ósseo alveolar secundário. Tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) foi realizada antes da expansão (T1) e após a remoção do aparelho, no fim do período de contenção de 6 meses (T2). Alterações anteroposteriores e verticais foram mensuradas em imagens cefalométricas reformatadas a partir da TCFC. A análise cefalométricas foi realizada usando o Software Dolphin Imaging® (Chatsworth, CA, EUA). O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foi usado para calcular o erro do método. Alterações intragrupo foram calculadas usando teste t pareado. Alterações intergrupo foram calculadas usando teste t (p<0,05). Resultados: A confiabilidade foi considerada excelente (CCI variou entre 0,88 a 0,96). O grupo ERM demonstrou aumento significativo na altura facial anterior inferior (p=0,042), no comprimento mandibular (p<0,003) e na diferença maxilo-mandibular (p=0,006). O grupo ELM mostrou aumento no comprimento mandibular (p<0,001) na diferença maxilomandibular (p<0,001) e uma redução do ângulo ANB (p=0,034). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre ERM e ELM. Conclusões: Expansão rápida e lenta da maxila produziram alterações cefalométricas sagitais e verticais semelhantes em pacientes com FLPCB

Pessoas com fissura lábio palatina apresentam alterações na acuidade auditiva por um grande período de suas vidas, ou por toda vida, devido à constante disfunção tubária, que acarreta a otite média, impedindo assim uma recepção adequada dos sons da fala. Influência de otite média durante a infância é uma das características que está associada com o distúrbio de aprendizagem e transtornos de processamento auditivo. A consciência fonológica envolve o reconhecimento de que as palavras são formadas por diferentes sons que podem ser manipulados, abrangendo além da capacidade de reflexão (constatar e comparar), também a de operação com fonemas, sílabas, rimas e aliterações (contar, segmentar, unir, adicionar, suprimir, substituir e transpor). O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar a associação entre a consciência fonológica e o processamento temporal em crianças com fissura labiopalatina. Foram avaliadas 41 crianças de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 anos e 10 anos e 11 meses, com fissura labiopalatina transforame unilateral, sem outras anomalias associadas ou síndromes. As crianças foram submetidas ao teste de processamento temporal Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) e a avaliação de consciência fonológica CONFIAS adaptada com figuras. Os resultados indicaram não haver associação, nesta amostra, entre a consciência fonológica e o processamento temporal. Porem outros estudos devem ser realizados com um número maior de crianças na amostra. / Persons with cleft lip and palate presents alterations in the auditory sharpness by a big period of his lives, or by all life, because the constant tube dysfunction, that causes otitis media, stopping like this an adequate reception of the sounds of the speak. Influence of the otitis media during the childhood is one of the characteristics that is associated with the disturbance of learning and auditory process disorders. The phonological awareness involves the recognition of that the words are graduates by different sounds that can be manipulated, including beyond the capacity of reflection (establish and compare), also the operation with phonemes, syllables, rhymes and alliterations (count, segment, unite, add, suppress, replace and transpose). The main objective of this work was study the association between the phonological awareness and the temporal processing in childrens with cleft lip and palate.The work counted on 41 children of both sexes, with ages between 7 years and 10years and 11 monts, with cleft lip and palate, without other anomalies associated or syndromes. The children were submitted temporal processing test Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) and the evaluation of the phonological awareness CONFIAS, adapted with figures. The results showed there isnt association, in this sample, bettween the phonological awareness and the temporal processing. But others studies should be realized with more children in the sample.

Objetivo: comparar a relação interarcos de 112 indivíduos com FLPUC submetidos a queiloplastia neonatal versus em fase convencional, com e sem ortopedia infantil, aplicando-se o índice oclusal de Goslon/5 anos em fotografias intrabucais, obtidas entre 6 e 12 anos de idade. Desenho: estudo retrospectivo de coorte. Local: dois centros de reabilitação do Brasil. Participantes: três grupos tratados com distintos protocolos: grupo I: queiloplastia neonatal (1 a 15 dias) + OI (ortopedia Infantil); grupo II: queiloplastia (3 a 12 meses) + OI; grupo III: queiloplastia (3 a 6 meses), sem OI. Intervenções: o grupo I (n=35) e grupo III (n=58) foram operados pelo mesmo cirurgião, enquanto que o grupo II (n=19) por 4 cirurgiões. Método: para comparação entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e para a comparação dos índices oclusais médio intergrupos foi aplicado o ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis (p<0,05). Resultados: a concordância interexaminadores (acima 0,70) e intra (acima de 0,60) foi dada pela estatística kappa. O grupo I apresentou maior percentual de índice 5. O grupo II apresentou o maior percentual de índice 1 e o grupo III apresentou o menor percentual de índice 5 (p=0,029). As estatísticas com os índices agrupados em 1+2 e 4+5 não demonstraram diferenças entre os 3 grupos (p=0,142). O índice oclusal médio em cada grupo apresentou diferenças significativas entre os grupos I (4,0) e III (3,0) (p=0,022). Conclusão: os resultados demonstraram que em relação ao crescimento maxilomandibular, a queiloplastia em fase neonatal com OI (grupo I) apresentou-se menos favorável quando comparada aos outros dois grupos operados a partir dos três meses. O grupo II, operados mais tardiamente de lábio e palato com OI apresentou crescimento favorável enquanto que o grupo III sem OI presentou a menor quantidade de casos com prognóstico ortodôntico-cirúrgico. Considerando a variabilidade e limitações da amostra sugerimos mais trabalhos que envolvam centros que utilizam os protocolos com e sem ortopedia infantil, de preferência de forma prospectiva e randomizada. / Objective: to compare the outcomes of early versus conventional cheiloplasty with and without infant orthopedics (IO) by assessment of dental arch relationships in individuals with non-syndromic complete UCLP, analyzed by the occlusal index for intraoral photographs rating. Design: retrospective cohort study. Setting: two cleft palate centers from Brazil. Participants: three groups treated by different protocols, as follows; Group I: early cheiloplasty (1 to 15 days) + infant IO; Group II: cheiloplasty (3 to 12 months) + IO; Group III: cheiloplasty (3 to 6 months) without IO and palatoplasty (12 to 18 months). Interventions: Individuals in Group I (n=35) and Group III (n=58) were operated by a single surgeon each, while individuals in group II (n=19) were operated by 4 surgeons. The 112 intraoral photographs of individuals of all groups, obtained between 6 and 12 years of age, were assessed by the occlusal index. Main outcome measures: the groups were compared by the chi-square test, and the mean occlusal indices between groups were compared by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests (p<0.05). Results: intrarater (above 0.70) and interrater (above 0.60) was performed by kappa statistics. Group I presented highest percentage of score 5, Group II exhibited highest percentage of score 1, and Group III presented the lowest percentage of score 5 (p=0.029). Analysis grouping scores 1+2 and 4+5 did not reveal statistically significant differences between the 3 groups (p=0.142). The mean occlusal index for each group showed significant differences between groups I (4.0) and III (3.0) (p=0.022). Conclusions: early cheiloplasty with IO (grupo I) was less favorable for maxilomandibular growth compared to the other two groups operated at later ages. Group II, comprising cheiloplasty and palatoplasty at later stages + IO exhibited favorable growth, while group III without IO showed the least amount of orthodontic surgical cases prognosis. Considering the variability and limitation of the present sample, further prospective and randomized studies are warranted.

Aim: To improve the dental behaviour and knowledge of mothers of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP). Design: A randomised controlled, single blind, prospective clinical trial of one year duration, measuring the effectiveness of a preventive dental health programme. All mothers and their infants attending the regional cleft unit following primary surgery were invited to participate. All data collection took place within the same cleft unit. Primary objectives examined dental attendance, use of a fluoride toothpaste and introduction of a feeder cup. Mothers completed dental behaviour and dental health knowledge questionnaires followed by stratified random allocation concealed from the researcher, to test or control groups. Preventive dental advice was given according to group allocation. Data were collected at baseline, after 12 months and aged three years at a multidisciplinary clinic review. An independent researcher collected the 12 months data and a specialist in paediatric dentistry the data at aged three years, both were blinded to group allocation. Results: 88 infants were recruited with 87 available at 12 months and 82 at three years, median age at baseline 10.5 months. More infants in the test group had been examined by their dentist, 12 months (p = 0.063), 3 years (p = 0.054). More infants in the test group were using a high fluoride toothpaste at 12 months (p = 0.001), no difference was found at three years (p = 0.105). Fewer infants in the test group were consuming drinks considered detrimental between meals at 12 months (p = 0.022), no difference was detected at three years (p = 1.000). A comparison of dental health knowledge over time revealed some differences. The dental health status reported 60 (73%) children were caries free and 17 (21%) with dentinal caries requiring attention. Four children were in need of dental extractions under general anaesthesia. This study was not powered to detect important differences between groups. The mean caries experience, decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) for 82 children examined at three years was 0.51(SD 1.45) and for those 17 (21%) with caries into dentine, 2.47 (SD 2.35). Conclusion: A dental health programme initially changes behaviour, however over time this is not maintained. Due to moderate caries levels the regional cleft Unit should ensure that all children with CLP receive preventive dental advice and dental care from either a hospital or community based specialist in paediatric dentistry. Further research is needed to improve the future care of this important group.

Infants, toddlers and young children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) often present with multiple risk profiles due to the complex interaction between genotypical, phenotypical and environmental risk factors influencing their communication development at different ages. Current research recommends the need for a comprehensive early communication intervention (ECI) approach to the treatment of young children with CLP. The areas of strength and weakness in communication development and the factors influencing children with CLP at specific age-group intervals are under-emphasized. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the age-specific risk factors and assets which could influence the communication development of young children with CLP visiting a university-based ECI clinic, the Clinic for High-Risk Babies (CHRIB). Furthermore, the developmental areas of strength and weakness in the child with CLP at three specific age-group intervals, ranging from 1 month to 48 months were described. A retrospective, descriptive, between-subject developmental design with a correlation approach was employed. Purposive sampling was implemented as a non-randomized sampling method and 227 participants were included in the study. The data was extracted from the CHRIB database and analyzed by means of basic descriptive and advanced inferential statistical methods. Extensive data processing of all the potential factors that could have an influence on the early communication developmental areas of children with CLP was performed. A final analysis of the most important associations was performed in the SPSS. The findings revealed that expressive and receptive language and listening skills presented as the most vulnerable communication areas across all three age-groups. The cumulative effect of the risk factors was the greatest in the *[12;24) months age-group since this age group presented with the highest frequency of delayed communication development. The majority of participants in all three age-groups presented with areas of strength, which include age-appropriate cognitive skills, pragmatic development, gestural development and gross motor development. Low birth weight presented as a persistent phenotypical risk factor which influenced the development of functions related to language use in the [1;12) and [12;24) months age groups, and gross motor development and receptive language in the *[12;24) months age group. The environtypical factors such as education and occupation of the mother, as well as the type of day care, indicated significant associations with listening skill development in the [1;12) months group and with the development of functions relating to language use in the [12;24) months age group. Parent-child interaction showed recurrent significant associations with receptive and expressive language across the three age groups. The findings indicated that young children with CLP have unique communication profiles at different age intervals and that these age-specific risk factors and assets should be recognized to ensure a comprehensive approach to ECI services to these young children and their families. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / Unrestricted