Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1980. / Typescript (photocopy). One map folded in pocket. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-170) / Microfiche. / xv, 170 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm

Orientador: Stanley Robson de Medeiros Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boschi_RaquelStucchi_M.pdf: 3107405 bytes, checksum: 588133f11eed8053ecc9977774702c0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: No atual cenário de aquecimento global, fenômeno ao qual a ocorrência de secas intensas e eventos extremos de chuva está cada vez mais associada, o conhecimento do comportamento da precipitação pluvial é fundamental para um planejamento agrícola adequado. A imprevisibilidade das variações climáticas e a dependência do regime pluviométrico são os principais fatores de risco e insucesso na produção agrícola. A variabilidade temporal da precipitação é apontada como a principal causa das variações dos rendimentos das principais culturas, particularmente no Rio Grande do Sul. Na Região Sul do Brasil, este é o estado mais afetado pelas secas. Esses períodos de estiagens conhecidos como veranicos, são apontados como um dos principias fatores limitantes da produção agrícola, uma vez que, dependendo da sua duração e frequência, podem provocar reduções significativas na produção final das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o comportamento espaço temporal da precipitação pluvial e dos veranicos no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da aplicação de técnicas de mineração de dados. As séries históricas deste estudo foram adquiridas junto à Agência Nacional de Água (ANA), disponíveis no sistema de informações hidrológicas Hidroweb (http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/). A metodologia utilizada teve como base o modelo CRISP-DM (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining). Primeiramente, foram definidas áreas pluviometricamente homogêneas para o decênio 1987-1996 e para o decênio 1997-2006, separadamente. Em seguida, pela sobreposição dos clusters obtidos para os dois períodos, foram definidas seis zonas comuns aos dois decênios, denominadas de A-F. As alterações no volume de precipitação foram avaliadas anual, sazonal e mensalmente nas seis zonas (A-F), e as alterações no número médio de veranicos foram analisadas anual e sazonalmente. A precipitação pluvial anual apresentou um incremento significativo entre os decênios 87-96 e 97-06 em todas as zonas, exceto na zona A. Na análise sazonal não se observou padrão de redução ou incremento. Na análise mensal, destaca-se a redução na precipitação pluvial média do mês de janeiro no segundo decênio, com exceção da zona E. De um modo geral, na análise de veranicos anual, notou-se uma redução no número de veranicos maiores que 15 dias e um aumento no número de veranico de menores de 15 dias. As alterações observadas no número médio de veranicos, nas estações do ano, não apresentaram padrão de redução ou incremento, ocorrendo variações entre classes e períodos / Abstract: In the current scenario of global warming, in which the occurrence of droughts and extreme rainfall events are increasingly associated with these phenomena, the understanding of the behavior of rain is crucial to a proper agricultural planning. The unpredictability of climatic variations and dependence on rainfall are the main risk and failure factors in agricultural production. In the case of Rio Grande do Sul, in particular, the temporal variability of precipitation is considered as the main cause of changes in yields of major crops. In southern Brazil, this is the state most affected by droughts. These periods of drought, known as dry spells, are pointed out as one of the main limiting factors for agricultural production, since depending on the duration and frequency, they can cause significant reductions in final yield of crops. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal rainfall and dry spells in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, by applying techniques of data mining. The historical series of this study were obtained from the database of the National Water Agency (ANA), available at the system of hydrological information Hidroweb (http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/). The methodology used was based on the CRISP-DM model (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining). First, homogeneous precipitation areas for the decades 1987-1996 and 1997- 2006 were defined separately. Subsequently, by the overlapping of the clusters obtained from both periods, six common areas were defined ranging from A to F. The changes in the volume of precipitation were evaluated annual, seasonal and monthly, while the changes in the average number of dry spells were evaluated annual and seasonally, in the six zones (A-F). The annual rainfall showed a significant increase between the decades 87-96 and 97-06 in all areas, except for the area A. In the seasonal analysis, no pattern either reduction or increase was found, while in the monthly analysis, the results revealed a reduction in the average rainfall for January in the second period, with the exception of the area E. On the other hand, it was observed a reduction in the number of dry spells longer than 15 days and an increase in those under 15 days, in the annual analysis of dry spells,. The seasonal changes in the average number of dry spells did not present any pattern of either reduction or increase, occurring variations according to classes of dry spells and periods / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Modelos de simulação de culturas são ferramentas usuais na literatura científica para representar o desempenho de uma cultura agrícola. Por representar os processos biofísicos, contém equações matemáticas e por operar em escala local, demandam investimento em equipamento e tempo computacional relativamente grande para sua execução. Ademais, nem sempre é possível obter dados climáticos e de solos cobrindo todo território brasileiro. Uma forma de representar regiões em escalas maiores é através da extrapolação das zonas edafoclimáticas homogêneas (ZEH). Portanto, objetivou-se no presente trabalho definir ZEH para as principais regiões de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil com base em dados de clima e de solo através de técnicas de geoestatística em um sistema de informação geográfica, afim de limitar ao máximo o número de pontos de simulação, sem prejudicar a representação espacial. Foram utilizadas 2.018 estações tanto meteorológicas quanto pluviométricas, além de 1.984 pontos de análises de perfis de solos espalhadas pelas principais regiões de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil. Os mapas das zonas climáticas e edáficas foram realizados através de técnicas de geoestatística e análises de indicadores estatísticos das variáveis espacializadas (VE). As escolhas das VE foram baseadas na literatura sobre zoneamento em escala global, dos quais foram selecionados para o presente trabalho, referente ao aspecto climático: graus-dias de crescimento (representando as condições térmicas do ambiente) e índice de evapotranspiração relativa (representando as condições hídricas no ambiente); referente ao aspecto edáfico, capacidade de troca de cátions (representando as características químicas) e água disponível no solo (representando as características físico-hídricas dos solos). Os mapas foram trabalhados em uma resolução de 10 quilômetros x 10 quilômetros. Numa primeira abordagem, obteve-se nove classes de zonas climáticas homogêneas e resultaram em dez classes de zonas edáficas homogêneas, totalizando 50 ZEH nas principais regiões canavieiras do Brasil, oriundas da combinação entre as classes de solo e clima. Uma segunda abordagem foi utilizada no sentido de se reduzir o número de classes finais, obtendo-se cinco classes de clima, oito classes de solo, o que resultou em 21 classes de ZEH ao final. / Crop simulation models are useful tools in the scientific literature to represent the performance of a crop in a given field. Because they are process-based and contain a number of algorithms and operate on a local scale, these models require investments in hardware and are usually time consuming. Furthermore, sometimes it is not possible to obtain climate and soil data covering the whole country. One way to represent regions at larger scales is by upscaling on homogeneous edaphoclimatic zones (HEZ). Therefore, the goal of the present study is define HEZ to the main sugarcane regions in Brazil based on weather and soil data through geostatistical techniques in a geographic information system, in order to limit number simulation points without harming the spatial representation. 2,018 weather stations in addition to 1,984 points of soil profile analyzes spread in the main sugarcane regions in Brazil were used. The maps of climate and edaphic zones were made through geostatistical techniques and statistical indicators analysis of spatialized variables (SV). The SV selected were based on homogeneous zone methods performed in global scale, from which were selected for climatic zones, thermal conditions (degree-days growth) and water conditions (relative evapotranspiration index); and edaphic zones, conditions chemical (cation exchange capacity) and water conditions (available soil water). The maps were made at a resolution of 10 km x 10 km. In the first approach, homogeneous climate zones resulted in nine classes and homogeneous edaphic zones resulted in ten classes, totaling 50 HEZ in the main sugarcane regions of Brazil, derived from the combination of the soil and climate classes. In a second approach were used in order to reduce the number of final classes, obtaining in climatic zones five classes, and in edaphic zones eight classes, in which resulted in 21 HEZ classes.

No description available.

Modelos de simulação de culturas são ferramentas usuais na literatura científica para representar o desempenho de uma cultura agrícola. Por representar os processos biofísicos, contém equações matemáticas e por operar em escala local, demandam investimento em equipamento e tempo computacional relativamente grande para sua execução. Ademais, nem sempre é possível obter dados climáticos e de solos cobrindo todo território brasileiro. Uma forma de representar regiões em escalas maiores é através da extrapolação das zonas edafoclimáticas homogêneas (ZEH). Portanto, objetivou-se no presente trabalho definir ZEH para as principais regiões de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil com base em dados de clima e de solo através de técnicas de geoestatística em um sistema de informação geográfica, afim de limitar ao máximo o número de pontos de simulação, sem prejudicar a representação espacial. Foram utilizadas 2.018 estações tanto meteorológicas quanto pluviométricas, além de 1.984 pontos de análises de perfis de solos espalhadas pelas principais regiões de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil. Os mapas das zonas climáticas e edáficas foram realizados através de técnicas de geoestatística e análises de indicadores estatísticos das variáveis espacializadas (VE). As escolhas das VE foram baseadas na literatura sobre zoneamento em escala global, dos quais foram selecionados para o presente trabalho, referente ao aspecto climático: graus-dias de crescimento (representando as condições térmicas do ambiente) e índice de evapotranspiração relativa (representando as condições hídricas no ambiente); referente ao aspecto edáfico, capacidade de troca de cátions (representando as características químicas) e água disponível no solo (representando as características físico-hídricas dos solos). Os mapas foram trabalhados em uma resolução de 10 quilômetros x 10 quilômetros. Numa primeira abordagem, obteve-se nove classes de zonas climáticas homogêneas e resultaram em dez classes de zonas edáficas homogêneas, totalizando 50 ZEH nas principais regiões canavieiras do Brasil, oriundas da combinação entre as classes de solo e clima. Uma segunda abordagem foi utilizada no sentido de se reduzir o número de classes finais, obtendo-se cinco classes de clima, oito classes de solo, o que resultou em 21 classes de ZEH ao final. / Crop simulation models are useful tools in the scientific literature to represent the performance of a crop in a given field. Because they are process-based and contain a number of algorithms and operate on a local scale, these models require investments in hardware and are usually time consuming. Furthermore, sometimes it is not possible to obtain climate and soil data covering the whole country. One way to represent regions at larger scales is by upscaling on homogeneous edaphoclimatic zones (HEZ). Therefore, the goal of the present study is define HEZ to the main sugarcane regions in Brazil based on weather and soil data through geostatistical techniques in a geographic information system, in order to limit number simulation points without harming the spatial representation. 2,018 weather stations in addition to 1,984 points of soil profile analyzes spread in the main sugarcane regions in Brazil were used. The maps of climate and edaphic zones were made through geostatistical techniques and statistical indicators analysis of spatialized variables (SV). The SV selected were based on homogeneous zone methods performed in global scale, from which were selected for climatic zones, thermal conditions (degree-days growth) and water conditions (relative evapotranspiration index); and edaphic zones, conditions chemical (cation exchange capacity) and water conditions (available soil water). The maps were made at a resolution of 10 km x 10 km. In the first approach, homogeneous climate zones resulted in nine classes and homogeneous edaphic zones resulted in ten classes, totaling 50 HEZ in the main sugarcane regions of Brazil, derived from the combination of the soil and climate classes. In a second approach were used in order to reduce the number of final classes, obtaining in climatic zones five classes, and in edaphic zones eight classes, in which resulted in 21 HEZ classes.

Dans les zones rurales du Pendjab du Pakistan, les femmes de petites familles agricoles ont un rôle énorme à jouer dans la réalisation du potentiel que le pays dispose dans le secteur de l'élevage d'animaux de se développer. L'étude présente la situation socio-économique actuelle des femmes éleveurs de bétail, l'étendue et la nature de leur participation aux activités de gestion du bétail, l'impact de la participation des femmes sur le bien-être de leurs familles, ainsi que les facteurs qui influent sur leur participation à des activités de gestion du bétail. Le type et la taille de la famille, l'âge, l'emplacement éloigné de l'intimé le village de la ville, et le niveau de développement global de la région ont eu leur impact sur les différents aspects de la situation des femmes rurales. Le niveau de participation des femmes répondant à des activités de gestion du bétail était multiple de celle du niveau de leurs maris. Les normes culturelles, division sexuelle du travail, la disponibilité de main-d'œuvre familiale et l'état physique du participant ont été trouvés plus opératoire pour déterminer la nature et le niveau de participation de la main-d'œuvre familiale dans les activités de gestion du bétail. L'amélioration du rôle des femmes dans la gestion et la production animale est essentielle pour améliorer la santé, l'éducation, le revenu et la nourriture de la famille. Les résultats illustrent la nécessité pour le ciblage géographique et l'importance d'utiliser une approche sexo-spécifique dans les programmes de développement agricole. / In rural Punjab of Pakistan, women from small farm families have a huge role to play in realizing the potential that the country has in livestock sector to flourish. The study presents the current socio-economic condition of women livestock raisers, the extent and nature of their participation in livestock management activities, the impact of women’s participation on their families’ welfare, and the factors affecting their participation in livestock management activities. The type and size of the family, respondent’s age, distant location of the village from the city, and the overall developmental status of the district had their impact on different aspects of rural women’s status. At each of the three geographical levels, women respondent’s participation level in livestock management activities was multiple of that of their husbands’ level. Cultural norms, gendered division of labor, availability of family labor, and the physical condition of the participant were found more operative in determining the nature and level of participation of the family labor in livestock management activities. Participation of the family labor, various aspects of women’s status, livestock related factors, and economic factors were the main causes identified as the factors affecting women’s participation in livestock management activities. Improving women's role in livestock management and production is essential in improving overall family’s health, education, income, and food security. The results signify the need for geographical targeting and the importance of using a gendered approach in the agricultural development programs.

In rural Punjab of Pakistan, women from small farm families have a huge role to play in realizing the potential that the country has in livestock sector to flourish. The study presents the current socio-economic condition of women livestock raisers, the extent and nature of their participation in livestock management activities, the impact of women's participation on their families' welfare, and the factors affecting their participation in livestock management activities. The type and size of the family, respondent's age, distant location of the village from the city, and the overall developmental status of the district had their impact on different aspects of rural women's status. At each of the three geographical levels, women respondent's participation level in livestock management activities was multiple of that of their husbands' level. Cultural norms, gendered division of labor, availability of family labor, and the physical condition of the participant were found more operative in determining the nature and level of participation of the family labor in livestock management activities. Participation of the family labor, various aspects of women's status, livestock related factors, and economic factors were the main causes identified as the factors affecting women's participation in livestock management activities. Improving women's role in livestock management and production is essential in improving overall family's health, education, income, and food security. The results signify the need for geographical targeting and the importance of using a gendered approach in the agricultural development programs.

The thesis focuses on different habitable spaces which have been designed to promote the existence of a number of South African butterfly species. The architecture responses to the context as well as to one of the largest insect groups, the order L e p i d o p t e r a. Following a sustainable approach, more ecological knowledge is at the core of the design. Instead of human functional needs driving the design, site components respond to the indigenous spatial character, climate, topography, soils, and vegetation as well as compatibility with the existing cultural context. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Architecture / unrestricted