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This study examined whether schemas formed during training (graduate coursework, clinical supervision, etc.) are responsible for the tendency of clinicians to experience higher rates of false recall for clinical case details when compared to novices. Participants in this study were recruited from a general psychology class to limit preexisting knowledge of psychological disorders. Half of the participants were trained to recognize features of Generalized Anxiety Disorder with the purpose of forming a schema for that disorder, whereas the other half were not. Participants’ memory for the diagnostic and non-diagnostic details within a hypothetical case vignette was tested using a free recall prompt followed by a yes/no recognition test. Trained participants falsely recognized the diagnostic detail ‘restlessness’ and falsely recalled the diagnostic detail ‘uncontrollable worry’ at a significantly higher rate than controls, suggesting that the training successfully formed a schema for GAD symptoms.

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Att handleda studenter på klinisk undervisnings avdelning (KUA) har bedrivits under ett tjugotal år. Studenter från olika utbildningsprogram inom hälso- och sjukvårdsutbildningar utvecklar sin interprofessionella kompetens under en tvåveckorsperiod. Studier visar att interprofessionellt lärande ger studenter en möjlighet att dels få en helhetssyn av patientens vårdbehov dels ökar förståelsen för varandras yrkesroller och kunskaper. Få studier har fokuserat på handledarnas erfarenheter inom detta ämne och om sin roll på KUA. Studiens syfte var att beskriva fenomenet KUA handledare genom handledares uppfattning om rollen som interprofessionell handledare och interprofessionellt lärande på KUA. En kvalitativ metod användes och 19 interprofessionella handledare från professionerna, arbetsterapi, läkare, sjukgymnast och sjuksköterska intervjuades individuellt. Texterna bearbetades och analyserades utifrån innehållsanalys. Utifrån analysen identifierades tre kategorier, ”handledaren”, ”handledningen” och ”KUA konceptet”. Det visade sig att interprofessionella handledare har ett genuint intresse och engagemang för handledning, studenter, pedagogik och samarbete. Olika strategier används i den interprofessionella handledningen. Handledarna arbetar med teamet i fokus dels för studenters lärande, dels för att visa på teamets betydelse för patientens vård i hälso- och sjukvård. KUA konceptet kräver både tid och engagemang av handledarna men uppfattas som ett bra koncept där studenterna tillsammans kan utveckla det interprofessionella samarbetet. Handledarnas inställning till studenters lärande och handledning gör skillnad i handledningen. Att vara interprofessionell handledare kräver kunskaper om såväl pedagogik som grupp och grupprocess. Studentteamens kunskaper driver KUA vilket påverkar handledningen. KUA konceptet har en positiv inverkan på handledarna och interprofessionell handledning uppfattas som stimulerande och utmanande. / Supervising students in a clinical training ward (CTW) has been used for some 20 years. Studies show that interprofessional learning gives students an opportunity to get a comprehensive view of a particular patient’s health-care needs, as well as an increased and mutual understanding of their colleague’s position and knowledge. Only a few studies have focused on the supervisor’s view of his or her own role within the activity of the CTW. The purpose of the study was to describe the CTW supervisor and his or her own perception of her role as an interprofessional supervisor as well as to describe interprofessional learning on its own at the CTW. A qualitative method was used, and 19 interprofessional supervisors from and within occupational therapy, along with physicians, physiotherapists, and nurses, were interviewed. The texts were content-analysed. Three categories were identified: ‘the supervisor’, ‘the supervision’, and ‘the concept of CTW’. It turned out that the interprofessional supervisor has a genuine interest and commitment to supervise, to work pedagogically, to collaborate, and to work with students. The supervisors all used different strategies, and they worked with the team in focus, partly for the benefit of the students but also to show the team’s importance in relation to the patient’s health care situation. The CTW concept requires lots of time and dedication from the supervisor, but it is perceived as a good concept where students can develop interprofessional collaboration. The supervisor’s understanding and approach to student learning makes a huge difference in the process of supervision. Being an interprofessional supervisor requires a pedagogical knowledge and understanding of a group and of the group process. The student’s team knowledge influences the CTW, which affects the supervision. The concept of the CTW has a positive impact on the supervisors, and the interprofessional supervision is perceived to be stimulating and challenging.

Abstract This quasi-experimental design study compared two small samples of Emergency medicine residents after one group had an educational intervention on death notification skills and the other did not. Comparisons were made on residents’ confidence in their communication, interpersonal skills and level of compassion fatigue/satisfaction and EM Residents’ level of Secondary Traumatic Stress after an event of patient death and subsequent notification of Secondary Patients. Residents were interviewed to gather recommendations for designing death notification curriculum. Over an eight month period, forty emergency medicine residents at two sites, control and intervention, completed surveys designed to provide quantitative data on self-confidence and stress related to recent patient deaths. Residents who participated in a death notification event completed the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Interviews were conducted to gather information on the impact of the notification and recommend changes in curriculum at the experimental site. The data infer that an educational intervention on death notification skills increased residents’ confidence in their ability to give compassionate death notification to families as compared with the control group. Residents in the intervention and control group had no significant differences in their potential for compassion satisfaction. Residents who had the educational intervention showed less Secondary Traumatic Stress symptoms than their non-intervention counterparts. The intervention group showed less risk for burnout (although it would only be significant at p < 0.10). The overall conclusion is that there is some evidence for a positive effect of the intervention. However, due to the small sample size the conclusion is tentative and more research is needed to evaluate the training.

High quality mental health services do not reach the youth who need them, leading to efforts to implement effective treatments more broadly. One focus of these efforts concerns training the mental health workforce, of which master’s-level social workers represent a large proportion. However, the curricula of master’s in social work (MSW) programs do not often emphasize evidence-based approaches. One possible solution is Managing and Adapting Practice (MAP; PracticeWise, LLC), a system that allows clinicians to (1) identify clinically indicated evidence-based programs by searching a growing evidence-base of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and (2) build individualized evidence-informed treatment plans by focusing on common practice elements. MAP may also address the concerns about manual-based programs (e.g., inflexibility). Although some MSW programs have integrated MAP, the benefits of MAP training within MSW education have not yet been evaluated. This project evaluated multiple mechanisms of training in a semester-long MSW-focused MAP course relative to curriculum-as-usual control at a large public university. Participants were advanced MSW students (mean age = 27, SD = 5.8; 92.3% women; 59% white) either enrolled in the MAP course (n = 17) or enrolled in curriculum-as-usual (n = 22). The MAP course was co-taught by an expert MAP trainer and a MAP-trained social worker. Pre- and post-semester, participants completed a battery that included: (1) role-plays with standardized patients that were videotaped and coded using the Therapy Observational Coding System of Child Psychotherapy – Revised Strategies scale; (2) a written task that was subsequently coded to assess participants’ clinical decision-making skills during different phases of a standardized case; and (3) attitudinal factors that may be predictive of future MAP usage, such as attitudes toward evidence-based practice and the acceptability and feasibility of MAP. Results indicate significant uptake of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies in the MAP condition. Overall, participants endorsed positive attitudes toward evidence-based practice broadly and MAP specifically. Findings may be used to inform the development of more effective evidence-informed curriculum for master’s-level clinical programs and future workforce training initiatives. Methodological considerations may inform advances in instrumentation to measure multidimensional training outcomes

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskeprogrammet  vid Uppsala universitet innefattar 49,5 högskolepoäng verksamhetsförlagd utbildning (VFU). I termin 2 har studenterna fyra veckor VFU inom basal omvårdnad och handledes då av undersköterska. Handledning är ett sätt att lära ut och utveckla kompetens och innefattar både teoretiskt och praktiskt kunnande. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka undersköterskornas upplevelser av att handleda sjuksköterskestudenter under deras verksamhetsförlagda utbildning i termin 2 på sjuksköterskeprogrammet. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med deskriptiv design. Intervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor. Resultat: Analysen av intervjusvaren visade att de handledande undersköterskorna ägnade sig åt en uppgiftscentrerad handledning. Handledarna beskrev att även de själva fått nytta av att vara handledare. Det framkom att viktiga kvalitéer hos handledarna anses vara stöttande, kunna ge en positiv bild av yrket och ta hand om studenterna på ett bra sätt. Handledarna upplevde sig få liten mängd information om studenten innan de träffas, men säger även att det brukade gå bra ändå. Handledarna anpassade handledningen efter studentens tidigare erfarenheter samt personlighet. Studentens inställning och intressenivå påverkade handledningen på flera sätt. Handledarna hade ej fått utbildning i att handleda sjuksköterskestudenter men önskade få detta. Slutsats: Undersköterskorna handledde på ett uppgiftscentrerat sätt men med inslag  av ansvar och pedagogik och anpassade handledningen efter studentens tidigare erfarenheter, kunskaper och personlighet. Handledningen påverkade av studentens inställning. Undersköterskorna önskade mer information om studenten innan de träffas, men sa att det gick bra ändå, vilket kan tolkas som motsägelsefullt. Undersköterskorna hade inte  fått utbildning för att handleda men önskade detta. / Background: The nursing programme at Uppsala university includes 49,5 academic points of clinical training. In the second semester students have four weeks of clinical training in basic nursing and were preceptored by an assistant nurse. Preceptoring includes theory and practice in a way to teach and to develope competence. Aim: To examine the assistant nurse's experiences of preceptoring nurse students during their clinical training during their second semester at the nursing programme. Method: Qualitative interview study with descriptive design. Interviews with semi-structured questions. Results: Preceptoring assistant nurses had a task-centered approach to preceptoring. The assistant nurses themselves had use of being preceptors. Important preceptor qualities were; being supportive, projecting a positive image of the trade and taking care of the students in a good way. The preceptors received little information about the students before meeting them, but said it's okay. The preceptoring was adapted to the student's earlier experience and personality. The student's attitude and level of interest affected the preceptoring. The assistant nurses had not received education to preceptor nurse students. Conclusion: The assistant nurses used a task-centered approach to preceptoring with elements of responsibility and pedagogy. The preceptoring was adapted to the student's earlier experience and personality. The preceptoring was affected by the student's attitude. The assistant nurses wished for more information about the student before they met, but said it was fine anyway, which could be interpreted as contradicting. The assistant nurses had not received any education about preceptoring, but were interested in getting one.

There is currently an international shortage of Audiologists (McIntyre, 2010). Audiology is a professional degree undertaken at a postgraduate level at most universities around the world. Students have training in anatomy and physiology, hearing aids, cochlear implants, electrophysiology and acoustics; combined with a clinical component to the course. The clinical component is undertaken throughout the entirety of the course and involves a mixture of observation and supervised clinical practice in a variety of settings. Clinical training often begins with students crowded around a single piece of equipment, such as an audiometer for testing puretone-hearing thresholds or by pairing up and simulating a hearing loss. This process creates time and access constraints for students as it restricts their ability to practice performing audiometry, particularly if there is a shortage of equipment, and also limits their exposure to a wide variety of hearing loss pathologies. The potential for universities worldwide to use Virtual Reality and Computer Based Simulations to provide Audiology students with basic clinical skills without relying on extensive support from external clinics warrants further investigation. In particular, it needs to be determined whether Audiology students value these simulations as a useful supplement to their clinical training, and whether the use of these simulations translates into measurable improvements in student abilities in real clinical placements. A computer based training program for Audiology students developed at the Human Interface Technology Lab (HITLAB) New Zealand is evaluated in this study as an educational tool at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. The present study aims to determine if a sample of twelve first year Audiology students felt their interactions with Virtual Patients improved their ability to interact with clients and perform masking which is often part of a basic audiometric assessment for a patient with hearing loss. The study measures the students’ competency in performing masking in puretone audiometry on the Virtual Patient and then on a patient in a real-world setting to see whether the Audiology Simulator training tool improved the student’s basic audiometry skills (a training effect) and whether these skills were maintained after a period of four weeks (a maintenance effect). Statistical analysis is applied to determine any training and maintenance effects. Students also gave subjective feedback on the usefulness of the simulator and suggestions for ways in which it could be improved. Results indicated that there was no statistically significant training effect between students that had used the Audiology Simulator and those that hadn’t. Once all students had used the Virtual Patient there was an overall maintenance effect present in that student’s scores stayed the same or improved even for those students who had not used the Virtual Patient for a period of time. Students overall reported that they found the Virtual Patient to be ‘Moderately Useful’ and had many recommendations for ways in which it could be improved to further assist their learning.The present study indicates that computer based simulation programs like the Virtual Patient are able to present and simulate realistic hearing losses to an acceptable level of complexity for students studying in the field of audiology and that the Audiology Simulator can be a useful and complementary training tool for components of audiological clinical competence, such as puretone audiometry and masking.