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The cellular microenvironment in vivo consists of both mechanical and chemical signals, which drive cell function and fate. These signals include the composition, architecture, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), signaling molecules secreted by cells into their surroundings, as well as physical interactions between neighboring cells. Cells are able to interact with their surroundings through a number of different mechanisms such as remodeling of the ECM through adhesion, contraction, degradation, and deposition of proteins, as well as the secretion of pro- or anti-inflammatory molecules. In diseased states, where homeostasis has been perturbed, inflammatory signals are secreted which can modify the cellular microenvironment. Diseased states such as cancer and fibrosis are often associated with the excessive production of ECM proteins that subsequently lead to an increase in tissue stiffness and changes to ECM architecture. Such changes to the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment affect the cytoskeletal arrangement, migration and adhesion of both the parenchymal cells, as well as immune response cells, which migrate to the sites of injury. Further understanding of the inflammatory responses and their relationships to tissue stiffness and ECM architecture could aid in the development of novel strategies to predict diseases as well as to target and monitor therapies. Since inflammation and mechanical properties of the affected tissue are closely interlinked, obtaining a detailed understanding of the interplay between the properties of the microenvironment and the cells that reside within it will be very beneficial to obtain physiologically relevant information. We have investigated the combinatorial effects of matrix stiffness, and architecture in the presence of co-cultures of cells to determine the overall effect on cellular responses and phenotypes. We have conducted studies on co-cultures of cells in 2D and 3D environments to identify how cellular behavior is affected by dimensionality. / PHD / The cellular microenvironment in vivo consists of both mechanical and chemical signals, which drive cell function and fate. These signals include the composition and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM), signaling molecules secreted by cells into their surroundings, as well as physical interactions between neighboring cells. Cells are able to interact with their surroundings through reorganization of the ECM and secretion of pro- or anti-inflammatory molecules. In diseased states, inflammatory signals are secreted which can modify the cellular microenvironment. Diseased states such as cancer and fibrosis are often associated with the excessive production of ECM proteins that subsequently lead to an increase in tissue stiffness and changes to ECM architecture. Such changes to the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment affect the function and behavior of cells within a given tissue. Further understanding of the inflammatory responses and their relationships to tissue stiffness and ECM architecture could aid in the development of novel strategies to predict diseases as well as to target and monitor therapies. Since inflammation and mechanical properties of the affected tissue are closely interlinked, obtaining a detailed understanding of the interplay between the properties of the microenvironment and the cells that reside within it will be very beneficial to obtain physiologically relevant information. We have investigated the combinatorial effects of matrix stiffness, and architecture in the presence of co-cultures of cells to determine the overall effect on cellular responses and phenotypes. We have conducted studies on co-cultures of cells in 2D and 3D environments to identify how cellular behavior is affected by dimensionality.

Les ligaments jouent un rôle important dans le mouvement et la stabilité des articulations. Les accidents et la fatigue chronique sont les principales raisons des ruptures de ligaments qui n’ont généralement pas de capacité de guérison, ce qui conduit à de graves dysfonctionnements du ligament et des articulations. La construction des ligaments en bioingénierie donne un nouvel espoir thérapeutique. Pour construire un tel tissu, les cellules sont très importantes dans la mise en oeuvre de la construction d’un biotissu ayant de bonnes propriétés tant biologiques que mécaniques. Quelle source cellulaire et quel microenvironnement doivent être utilisés pour la reconstruction des ligaments ? L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier la différenciation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses médullaires (CSMM) en fibroblaste. Pour ce faire, d’une part, nous avons co-cultivé des CSMM du rat sans contact avec des fibroblastes ligamentaires, et d’autre part, nous avons stimulé mécaniquement les CSMM. Un suivi des ARNm et des protéines associées caractéristiques des ligaments (collagènes I et III et ténascine-C) a été analysés. Nos résultats expérimentaux ont montré que la culture des CSMM dans un microenvironnement fibroblastique de ligaments ou l’étirement favorisent les synthèses de collagènes I et III et de ténascine-C dans les proportions proches des ligaments. L’ensemble de cette étude suggère qu’il est envisageable d’utiliser les CSMM comme source cellulaire, pour une application clinique, en ingénierie tissulaire du ligaments / Ligaments play an important role in the movement and stability of joints. Accidents and chronic fatigues are the main reasons for ligament lesion which usually is difficult for self healing and leads to serious dysfunction of ligaments and joints. The construction of bioengineering ligaments gives a new way to overcome this problem. Cells are very important in the construction of a biotissue with appropriate biological as well as mechanical properties. Which cellular source and microenvironment should be used for the reconstruction of ligaments? The objective of this work is to study the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) into fibroblast. We co-cultured indirectly rat BMSC with ligament fibroblasts or stimulated them by mechanical stretching. After that, the expressions of characteristics mRNA and protein of ligaments (collagen I, III and tenascin-C) have been analyzed. Our experimental results showed that the culture of BMSC in a microenvironment of ligament fibroblast or under stretching favored the syntheses of collagen I, III and tenascin-C in the proportions close to ligaments. In summary, these studies suggest it is feasible to use BMSC as cellular source for a clinical application in tissue engineering of ligaments

Afin d’améliorer au mieux le greffon placentaire, nous suggérons de réaliser sa culture d’expansion ex vivo dans des conditions proches de l’environnement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques in vivo. Ainsi, nous proposons que la co-culture de cellules CD34+ placentaires avec des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) à basses concentrations d’O2 (BC-O2) pourrait contribuer à équilibrer les processus d’autorenouvellement et de différenciation afin d’obtenir un greffon optimisé. Sur le plan fonctionnel, nos résultats confirment un effet bénéfique de notre modèle expérimental par rapport aux conditions où figure la culture simple et/ou l’oxygénation atmosphérique (20%) en termes du maintien de progéniteurs (PH) primitifs (pré-CFC) et de cellules souches Scid-Repopulating Cells (SRC). Sur le plan quantitatif, l’amplification des cellules CD34+ et des PH engagés, bien qu’elle soit en retrait dans nos conditions de référence par rapport à la condition de 20% d’O2, elle demeure néanmoins importante. Par ailleurs, le rôle de l’IL-3 exogène se montre crucial à BC-O2 notamment en co-culture à 1,5% d’O2 où elle permet non seulement de préserver mais aussi d’amplifier le taux de SRC par rapport au témoin de cellules CD34+ de J0. Enfin, l’étude de la sécrétion des facteurs solubles et l’expression des marqueurs phénotypiques sur les CSM montre que l’IL-6, le VEGF et l’IL-8 sont plus sécrétés et les CD146, CD49a, CD54, CD200 et CD105 sont plus exprimés après incubation à 5% d’O2. Cependant, l’implication réelle de ces facteurs et antigènes dans l’effet paracrine et/ou de contact cellulaire direct menés par les CSM dans notre protocole requiert de nouvelles investigations / To optimize at best the hematopoietic engraftment, we suggest in this work to improve the ex vivo expansion conditions by moving them closer to physiology. Indeed, we propose to culture placental CD34+ (HSC/PH) on MSC layer in combination with LO2-C to ensure the amplification of HP together with the maintenance/expansion of HSC. Compared to the single culture and/or atmospheric oxygenation, our experimental model allows a better maintenance of primitive HP (Pre-CFC) and HSC together with a quite good amplification of total cells, CD34+ cells and committed HP despite of lower than control condition. Moreover, exogenous IL-3 shows crucial effect in co-culture at LO2-C (1.5% O2) since its addition better preserves and even increases the number of HSC compared to the CD34+ cells control from D0. We then studied the secretion of soluble factors in culture supernatants and found that IL-6, VEGF and IL-8 were present in larger quantities at LO2-C in both co-culture and MSC culture. Finally, the CD146, CD49a, CD54, CD200 and CD105 membrane antigens appear to be up-regulated in MSCs when incubated at 5% O2. However, the involvement of these factors and antigens in paracrine effect and/or direct cell to cell contact mechanisms at LO2-C requires further investigations. In conclusion, the combination of LO2-C and MSC would be promising in the field of HSC/PH grafts expansion to achieve its main objective of reducing the post-transplant cytopenia period together with maintaining the long-term graft potential

Les patients mucoviscidosiques sont prédisposés à une colonisation chronique de l’arbre bronchique par P. aeruginosa. Ce pathogène opportuniste se caractérise par sa capacité à adhérer à une surface et à y former un biofilm protecteur, hautement tolérant aux agents antimicrobiens. En routine, les antibiogrammes sont effectués sur des cultures bactériennes planctoniques. L’efficacité des antibiothérapies ainsi sélectionnées est donc peu probante pour l’éradication des biofilms bactériens. La réalisation d’Antibiofilmogrammes® sur des isolats cliniques mucoviscidosiques (nouvel outil évaluant la sensibilité des bactéries sessiles aux antibiotiques) a permis de mettre en évidence des phénomènes d’inhibition et d’induction de la formation du biofilm. Plus précisément, les aminosides sont capables de retarder l’adhérence bactérienne. À l’inverse, la famille des β-lactamines présente la capacité de stimuler l’adhésion précoce des micro-organismes. Ces différents effets de l’antibiothérapie générale sur le comportement microbien se vérifient par l’intermédiaire de techniques conventionnelles in vitro (Cristal Violet, traitement enzymatique à la DNase I) et cellulaires (modèle de co-culture statique cellules eucaryotes/bactéries). La pertinence clinique de l’Antibiofilmogramme® se confirme donc par sa capacité à détecter l’initiation précoce de l’adhésion bactérienne, à sélectionner les molécules l’inhibant et à écarter celles pouvant l’induire. Associée aux antibiogrammes traditionnels, son application peu permettre d’affiner les stratégies thérapeutiques pour le traitement des infections pulmonaires chroniques développées au cours de la mucoviscidose. / Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are predisposed to chronic colonisation of the upper airways by P. aeruginosa. This opportunist pathogen is characterized by its ability to adhere to a surface and to form a protective biofilm, which is highly tolerant to antimicrobials. In routine, antibiograms are realised on planktonic bacterial cultures. The efficacy of the corresponding antimicrobial therapies appears low for the eradication of bacterial biofilms. The realisation of Antibiofilmograms® on CF clinical isolates (a new tool investigating the susceptibility of sessile bacteria to antibiotics) highlighted phenomena of biofilm formation inhibition and induction. More precisely, aminoglycosides are able to delay the bacterial adherence. Conversely, the β-lactam family shows the ability to stimulate the early adhesion of microorganisms. These different effects of antimicrobials on the bacterial behaviour are confirmed with more conventional in vitro methods (Crystal Violet, enzymatic treatment with DNase I) and a cell model (static co-culture of eukaryotic cells and bacteria). The clinical relevance of the Antibiofilmogram® is reinforced by its ability to detect the initiation of the early bacterial adhesion, to select inhibitor molecules and to avoid the inducer ones. Associated to traditional antibiograms, its application should be pertinent to optimise the CF therapies for the treatment of chronic lung infections.