Elizabeth Castle forms part of the South-East Granite Complex of Jersey, Channel Islands and is one of several multi-magma complexes in the region. The rocks have calc-alkaline signatures indicative of a subduction zone setting. In the western half of the Elizabeth Castle complex, the outcrops are wholly granophyre, while to the east, granophyre and minor monzogranite are intimately associated with diorite. The dioritic rocks form part of a layered series which is preserved at several localities. The layered diorites were initially intruded by multiple sub-horizontal granitic sheets. All contacts between the diorite and the granitic sheets are crenulate, indicating that the two were present as coexisting magmas. Fine-grained, dark margins in the diorites contain quench textures such as spherulitic plagioclase and acicular apatite, and are interpreted as chilled margins. At many contacts a narrow tonalitic marginal zone, with acicular amphiboles, is present. Field relationships suggest that this is a hybrid produced by interaction between coexisting dioritic and granitic magmas and this is confirmed by modelling based on geochemical data. It is proposed that within the marginal zones the presence of volatile-rich fluids, increased temperatures and a decrease in viscosity promoted chemical diffusion across the dioritegranite interface. The transfer of elements, together with the presence of volatiles, promoted the growth of hydrous mafic phases and suppressed crystallization of alkali feldspar. At the same time, fluid infiltration modified the composition of the dioritic magma. Field evidence indicates that these processes took place in a narrow time frame prior to further granitic intrusion. Parts of the sheeted complex were extensively disrupted by the later granitic intrusions, producing large areas rich in dioritic enclaves. Within these disrupted areas a grey inhomogeneous rock is encountered. Field and petrographic evidence suggest that this is a hybrid rock produced by the physical mixing of dioritic and granitic magmas. Linear chemical trends confirm this interpretation. Minor intrusions comprising red granite dykes, basic dykes, composite dykes and aplite sheets cut the complex.

This study investigated the language skills and behavior characteristic of 63 students with severe behavior disorders who were referred by a large, mostly urban school district for a neuropsychiatric evaluation between 2001 and 2005. Archival data were retrieved by chart review for this study and was used to answer the following questions: 1) What is the prevalence of language disorders in children referred for a psychiatric evaluation? 2) Do behavioral symptoms vary among children with and without a language disorder? and 3) What is the initial area of concern identified by the parents of children with language and behavior disorders? The study revealed: (1) prevalence rates of language disorders in children with severe behavior was 57%; (2) behavioral symptoms did not vary significantly among children with and without language disorders on the parent version of Child Behavior Check List; and (3) no relationship existed between parent initial area of concern about their child and communication. Study results support the need for teacher education about the high prevalence of language disorders in children with severe behavioral problems in school populations.

The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. / The numerical experiments, carried out through the use of a pressure-velocity coupled method to solve the Favre Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, on steady and sinusoidally oscillating flows at five different Keluegan-Carpenter numbers, and three periodicity levels are described. A second-order in time, second-order in space, second-level predictor-corrector finite difference scheme has been used. The solutions were solved by the CFD-ACE program from the CFD Research Corporation. The analysis has produced in-line force coefficients comparable to those obtained experimentally for sinusoidally-oscillating flows.

We introduce end-to-end support of co-existing schema versions within one database. While it is state of the art to run multiple versions of a continuously developed application concurrently, it is hard to do the same for databases. In order to keep multiple co-existing schema versions alive|which are all accessing the same data set|developers usually employ handwritten delta code (e.g. views and triggers in SQL). This delta code is hard to write and hard to maintain: if a database administrator decides to adapt the physical table schema, all handwritten delta code needs to be adapted as well, which is expensive and error-prone in practice. In this paper, we present InVerDa: developers use the simple bidirectional database evolution language BiDEL, which carries enough information to generate all delta code automatically. Without additional e_ort, new schema versions become immediately accessible and data changes in any version are visible in all schema versions at the same time. InVerDa also allows for easily changing the physical table design without a_ecting the availability of co-existing schema versions. This greatly increases robustness (orders of magnitude less lines of code) and allows for signi_cant performance optimization. A main contribution is the formal evaluation that each schema version acts like a common full-edged database schema independently of the chosen physical table design.

Since the history of humankind, humans have been transforming the world to benefit their lives. Wood is one of the oldest materials that has been used in many aspects from making small tools to building shelters. Forests, as a main source of wood production, are manipulated to supply the growing consumption with the development of technology. In Sweden, although the forest area is only accountable for 1% of global forest, it is ranked as the fifth largest producer of wood and forest-related products (Swedish Wood, 2018). It is also a country that promotes transition into timber cities where studies show 45% of forest products go to the building construction sector. As a result of increasing wood demand, more and more old-growth forests are replaced with monoculture production forests (Ahlström et al., 2022). This causes forest degradation in which the forest no longer holds the quality to maintain life. Loss of habitats, interference with biodiversity, ecosystem destruction, and threat to social and cultural lives are the consequences of the extraction practice. In response to this urgency, the research aims to expose the entangled network of wood production and addresses an alternative approach to architecture that fosters both humans and nature in the context of northern Sweden. Theories and concepts related to coexistence with nature are discussed to synthesize a form of architecture that has benefits for human habitation while flourishing ecosystems and organisms. The design proposal evaluates the findings across different scales ranging from building to masterplan. The research aims to seek an alternative approach to urban expansion and building construction strategies in northern Sweden by analyzing an ongoing urban expansion plan of Umeå. By integrating strategies and knowledge learned from case studies and literature reviews, the design proposal reconfigured the conventional approach to satisfying human habitation. It envisionsa coexistence through architecture which has equal consideration for both humans and nature. In the long term, the proposal speculates a positive impact on the site and wider ecosystem by taking into account the timescale and life cycle.

A physically inactive lifestyle is a predisposing risk factor for fall-related hip fracture. The circumstances, or precipitating factors, surrounding hip fractures are, however, not well understood, a factor of relevance for Swedish adults who have one of the highest hip fracture risks in the world. The aims of this thesis, therefore, were: to explore perceptions of physical activity (PA) among older adults, to describe the circumstances surrounding hip fracture events and the health characteristics of those who experience them. Four observational studies were conducted involving qualitative, epidemiological and mixed method designs. Participants in study I were recruited from community settings in Stockholm and Dublin (n=30). Studies II-IV (sample sizes, n=484, n=125, n=477) were based on a population-based sample of people admitted to Uppsala University hospital due to hip fracture. Study IV also incorporated the background population of Uppsala county in 2010 (n=117 494). Analysis of PA perceptions in study I revealed that PA which is functional nature is perceived as most meaningful among certain participants. The uptake of PA in later years was a means of creating a new self-identify and being active in outdoor environments was an important culture-specific motivator to PA among Swedish participants. Analysis of hip fractures patterns in studies II-III showed that: hip fractures among psychotropic drug users were twice as likely to occur during night-time hours compared to those occurring among people not receiving these drugs. Additionally, the fall-related hip fractures of community dwellers with poorest health and function tended to occur indoors during positional changes. In study IV, all categories of disease (according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) were seen to be positively associated with hip fracture.  Cardiovascular disease and previous injury (including previous fracture) posed the highest relative and absolute fracture risks. Detailed investigation of hip fracture circumstances reveal patterns in health and functional characteristics, which provide information regarding predisposing and precipitating factors for these events. This knowledge, in combination with findings regarding PA perceptions, can be used when identifying individuals at high risk for hip fracture and when tailoring fracture prevention at an individual level to those at risk.

Arsenic (As) contamination is a worldwide problem, and millions of people are suffering from it. There are two major inorganic forms of As in waters: arsenate(V) and arsenite(III), and adsorption to a sorbent material may be an efficient method to handle them. In this study, we focused on As(III), the more toxic form, which predominates under reducing conditions. The As(III) removal properties of four sorbent materials: hydrotalcite, Mg−Al layered double hydroxide, amorphous aluminium hydroxide and amorphous titanium oxide, are examined from the following viewpoints: As(III) adsorption, the effects of pH, the effects of adsorbent concentration, adsorption as a function of dissolved As(III), and the effect of co-existing anions (HCO3− and PO43−). The maximum adsorption of As(III) to HT (0.1 mmol As(III)/g adsorbent), Mg-Al LDH (0.1 mmol As(III)/g adsorbent), am-Al(OH)3 (0.22 mmol As(III)/g adsorbent), and am-TiO2 (0.21 mmol As(III)/g adsorbent) occurred at pH 7.5, 7, 7, 8, respectively. At this pH, approximately 20%, 62%, 35%, and 98.3%, respectively, of the added As(III) was adsorbed. When the As(III) to sorbent ratio was increased, the adsorption was instead around 7% to am-Al(OH)3 (2.2 mmol As(III)/g adsorbent), and 46.3% to am-TiO2 (2.1 mmol As(III)/g adsorbent). These figures show that am-TiO2is the most efficient sorbent for As(III) adsorption of the four materials tested, Mg-Al LDH is second best, while HT and am-Al(OH)3 are not suitable for As(III) removal. The adsorption of As(III) to Mg-Al LDH as a function of dissolved As(III) could be adequately described by a linear equation, suggesting that As(III) adsorption to Mg-Al LDH was governed by anion exchange. As a result, the co-existing anions (HCO3- and PO43-) showed a significant influence on As(III) adsorption to Mg-Al LDH. Considering the interfering effects of co-existing anions on am-TiO2, HCO3− did not influence As(III) adsorption, while PO43- caused a slight but clear competition effect. Overall, am-TiO2 would be the best choice of these four materials in contact with As-contaminated groundwater due to its superior As(III) removal properties and the limited competition from co-existing anions on As(III) adsorption. / Alltför höga halter av arsenik (As) i vatten är ett världsomspännande problem som orsakar hälsoproblem för miljontals människor. Det finns två huvudsakliga oorganiska former av As i vatten: arsenat(V) och arsenit(III), och adsorption till ett material (s.k. ”sorbent”) kan vara eneffektiv metod för att avlägsna dem från vatten. I denna studie fokuserade vi på arsenit(III), den mer giftiga formen, vilken dominerar under reducerande förhållanden. Vi undersökte adsorptionsegenskaperna för arsenit(III) för fyra sorbentmaterial som kan vara tänkbara när det gäller arsenikrening av förorenade vatten: hydrotalkit, s.k. Mg-Al LDH (Mg-Al-skiktad dubbelhydroxid), am-Al(OH)3 (amorf aluminiumhydroxid), och am-TiO2 (amorf titandioxid). Dessa material undersöktes när det gäller följande: adsorption av arsenit(III) som funktion av pH,betydelsen av sorbentkoncentration, adsorption som funktion av löst arsenit(III) (”isoterm”), och konkurrens från samexisterande anjoner (HCO3− och PO43−). Den maximala adsorptionen av As (III) till HT (0,1 mmol As(III)/g sorbent), Mg-Al LDH (0,1 mmol As(III)/g sorbent), am-Al(OH)3 (0,22 mmol As(III)/g sorbent) och am-TiO2(0,21 mmol As(III)/g sorbent) inträffade vid pH 7,5, 7, 7, respektive 8. Vid dessa pH-värden adsorberades ungefär 20%, 62%, 35% respektive 98,3% tillsatt As(III). När kvoten mellan As(III) till sorbent ökades blev adsorptionen istället cirka 7% till am-Al(OH)3 (2,2 mmol As(III)/g sorbent) och 46,3% till am-Ti02(2,1mmol As(III)/g sorbent). Dock var adsorptionsmängden per viktsenhetsorbenthögre över hela pH-området. Dessa siffror visar att am-TiO2 är det mest effektiva av de fyra testade materialen för As(III)-adsorption, Mg-Al LDH det näst bästa, medan HT och am-Al(OH)3 är olämpliga för detta ändamål. Adsorptionen av As(III) till Mg-Al LDH som funktion av löst As(III) kunde beskrivas väl med en linjär ekvation, vilket antyder att adsorptionen av As(III) till Mg-Al LDH styrdes av anjonbyte. I konsekvens med detta hade de samexisterande anjonerna (HCO3- och PO43-) ett betydande inflytande på As(III)-adsorptionen till Mg-Al LDH. För am-TiO2 påverkade HCO3− inte As(III)-adsorptionen, medan PO43- orsakade en liten men tydlig konkurrenseffekt. Sammantaget är am-TiO2 det bästa valet av dessa fyra material i kontakt med As- kontaminerat grundvatten på grund av dess betydligt bättre förmåga att avskilja arsenit(III) och den förhållandevis blygsamma konkurrensen från andra anjoner.

Chronic pain (CP) is a personal and economic burden that affects more than 30% of the world's population. While being the leading cause of disability, it is complicated to diagnose and manage. The optimal way to treat CP is to identify the pain mechanism or the underlying cause. The substantial overlap of the pain mechanisms (i.e., Nociceptive, Neuropathic, and Nociplastic) usually makes identification unreachable in a clinical setting where finding the dominant mechanism is complicated. Additionally, many specialists regard CP classification as a spectrum or continuum. Despite the importance, a data-driven way to identify co-existing CP mechanisms and quantification is still absent. This work successfully identified the co-existing CP mechanisms within a patient using Unsupervised Learning while quantifying them without the help of diagnosis established by the clinicians. Two different datasets from different cohorts comprised of patient-reported history and questionnaires were used in this work. Unsupervised Learning (k-prototypes) revealed notable overlaps in the data. It was further emphasized by the outcomes of the Semi-supervised Learning algorithms when the same trend was observed with some diagnosis or class information. It became evident that the CP mechanisms overlap and cannot be classified as distinct conditions. Additionally, mixed pain mechanisms do not make an individual cluster or class, and CP should be considered as a continuum. To reduce data dimension and extract hidden features, Autoencoder was used. Using an overlapping clustering technique, the pain mechanisms were identified. The pain mechanisms were also quantified while elucidating overlaps, and the dominant CP mechanism was successfully pointed out with explainable element. The hamming loss of 0.43 and average precision of 0.5 were achieved when considered as a multi-label classification problem. This work is a data-driven validation that there are significant overlaps in CP conditions, and CP should be considered a continuum where all CP mechanisms may co-exist. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Chronic pain (CP) is a global burden and the primary cause for patients to seek medical attention. Despite continuous efforts in this area, CP remains clinically challenging to manage. The most effective method of treating CP is identifying the underlying cause or mechanism, which is often unattainable. This thesis attempted to identify the CP mechanisms existing in a patient while quantifying them from patient-reported history and questionnaire data. Unsupervised Learning was used to identify clinically meaningful clusters that revealed the three main CP mechanisms, i.e., Nociceptive, Neuropathic, and Nociplastic, achieving acceptable hamming loss (0.43) and average precision (0.5). The results exhibited that the CP mechanisms co-exist and CP should be regarded as a continuum rather than distinct entities. The algorithm successfully indicated the dominant CP mechanism, a goal for optimal CP management and treatment. The results were also validated by a comparative analysis with data from another cohort that demonstrated a similar trend.