O atual estudo visa cooperar na compreensão dos efeitos da passagem de tempestades extremas sobre os sistemas litorâneos através do estudo de caso na Desembocadura de Cananéia, localizada na Ilha Comprida - SP. O trabalho contou com campanhas de campo para levantamento de dados topográficos e coletas de sedimentos, análises das condições ambientais atuantes durante o período dos campos, determinação da evolução da linha de costa através da análise de fotos aéreas e imagens de satélite e simulações numéricas para caracterizar o regime de ondas atuante na região. Foram produzidos mapas temáticos para representar as cotas de inundação associadas a ocorrência de marés meteorológicas .Os resultados indicaram que a ação das ondas de tempestade se da principalmente por meio do transporte onshore-offshore nas escalas temporais diária e mensal. A evolução da linha de costa obtida apontou para maior eficiência das correntes de deriva litorânea na escala decadal. A comparação entre os resultados topográficos/volumétricos e da evolução da linha de costa evidenciam uma tendência erosiva nas adjacências do Pontal de Fora associada à incidência de eventos atmosféricos extremos para o período entre 2001 e início de 2012. Os resultados das determinações das cotas de inundação apontam que os maiores impactos locais associados às mudanças climáticas serão provenientes das alterações na frequência de ocorrência e intensidade das tempestades / The current study aims to cooperate in the knowledge about the effects of the occurrence of extreme storms on coastal systems through the case study of the Desembocadura de Cananéia, located on Ilha Comprida - SP. The work included campaigns of field survey to collect topographic data and sediment samples, analysis of environmental conditions during the period of surveys, determination of the shoreline evolution through analysis of aerial photos and satellite images and numerical simulations to characterize the wave regime present in the region. Thematic maps were produced to represent the flood hazard associated with the occurrence of storm surges. Results indicated that the action of storm waves occurs primarily by means of the onshore-offshore transport on daily and monthly time scales. The evolution of the shoreline obtained pointed to greater efficiency of longshore currents on the decadal scale. The comparison between the topographic/volumetric results and the evolution of the coastline shows an erosive trend in the vicinity of the Pontal de Fora associated with the incidence of extreme weather events for the period between 2001 and early 2012. The results of the determinations of flood hazard areas points out that the major local impacts related to the global climate changes will come from variations in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of storms

O atual estudo visa cooperar na compreensão dos efeitos da passagem de tempestades extremas sobre os sistemas litorâneos através do estudo de caso na Desembocadura de Cananéia, localizada na Ilha Comprida - SP. O trabalho contou com campanhas de campo para levantamento de dados topográficos e coletas de sedimentos, análises das condições ambientais atuantes durante o período dos campos, determinação da evolução da linha de costa através da análise de fotos aéreas e imagens de satélite e simulações numéricas para caracterizar o regime de ondas atuante na região. Foram produzidos mapas temáticos para representar as cotas de inundação associadas a ocorrência de marés meteorológicas .Os resultados indicaram que a ação das ondas de tempestade se da principalmente por meio do transporte onshore-offshore nas escalas temporais diária e mensal. A evolução da linha de costa obtida apontou para maior eficiência das correntes de deriva litorânea na escala decadal. A comparação entre os resultados topográficos/volumétricos e da evolução da linha de costa evidenciam uma tendência erosiva nas adjacências do Pontal de Fora associada à incidência de eventos atmosféricos extremos para o período entre 2001 e início de 2012. Os resultados das determinações das cotas de inundação apontam que os maiores impactos locais associados às mudanças climáticas serão provenientes das alterações na frequência de ocorrência e intensidade das tempestades / The current study aims to cooperate in the knowledge about the effects of the occurrence of extreme storms on coastal systems through the case study of the Desembocadura de Cananéia, located on Ilha Comprida - SP. The work included campaigns of field survey to collect topographic data and sediment samples, analysis of environmental conditions during the period of surveys, determination of the shoreline evolution through analysis of aerial photos and satellite images and numerical simulations to characterize the wave regime present in the region. Thematic maps were produced to represent the flood hazard associated with the occurrence of storm surges. Results indicated that the action of storm waves occurs primarily by means of the onshore-offshore transport on daily and monthly time scales. The evolution of the shoreline obtained pointed to greater efficiency of longshore currents on the decadal scale. The comparison between the topographic/volumetric results and the evolution of the coastline shows an erosive trend in the vicinity of the Pontal de Fora associated with the incidence of extreme weather events for the period between 2001 and early 2012. The results of the determinations of flood hazard areas points out that the major local impacts related to the global climate changes will come from variations in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of storms

Shell Key and Mullet Key are two sandy barrier islands on the West Central Florida coast near the mouth of Tampa Bay. These islands are part of an interconnected barrier-inlet system that includes Pass-a-Grille (PAG) and Bunces Pass. Shell Key is a relatively new island about 40-years of age that formed in between the two inlets of Bunces Pass and PAG. Mullet Key is an island to the south of Shell Key situated between Bunces Pass and the main Tampa Bay channel that has demonstrated large scale upward shoaling events. Using numerical modeling, the wave and tidal conditions at the dual-inlet system were investigated in order to understand the hydrodynamic conditions that drive the morphology change. Historical aerial imagery and historical nautical charts were analyzed to determine the large scale accretionary and erosive changes that happened in the study area from 1873 to 2018. Four historical nautical charts, from 1873, 1928, 1966, and 1996 were digitized to create bathymetry maps of the two islands, their adjacent inlets, and the ebb shoals. These historical bathymetry maps were compared with the bathymetry survey by this study in 2016. The research goal of this thesis is to investigate the mechanism of origin and development of two barrier islands along the coast of West Central Florida through a time series of photos combined with numerical modeling. Based on aerial photos from 1984 to 2018, the overall shape and orientation of ebb shoals at both Bunces Pass and PAG were analyzed in order to examine the effect that the 30 year swash bar cycle at Bunces Pass has on a connected inlet system. The ebb shoal orientations were compared to see how swash bar initiation would affect the two ebb shoals; most notably Bunces Pass ebb shoal. A bending of the entire Bunces Pass ebb shoal was identified over the 2002-2018 time span corresponding to the development of a large sand feature located here. Further numerical modeling was conducted at PAG to determine the factors controlling the formation of Shell Key. Before the 1970s, the PAG inlet included two branches, the North PAG Channel and the South PAG Channel. A major dredging event took place at the North PAG Channel in 1966 causing significant widening and deepening of the channel. This dredging event was simulated to quantify the impact to the natural flow pattern. The 1966 dredging project had a significant impact to the overall flow pattern, increasing the ebb jet flow velocity by 0.8 m/s over the dredged area and significantly decreasing flow velocity by -0.4 m/s over a large area where the South PAG Channel was previously located. This artificially induced change of flow pattern resulted in the closure of South PAG Channel and the corresponding development of Shell Key.

Inlets and channels are dredged often to maintain navigation safety. It is beneficial to reintroduce the dredged material back into the littoral system, in the form of beach or nearshore nourishments. Nourishment in the nearshore is becoming an increasingly utilized method, particularly for dredged material that contains more fine sediment than the native beach. This research examines the morphologic evolution of two different nearshore nourishments. A nearshore berm was constructed at Fort Myers Beach, Florida using mixed-sized sediment dredged from a nearby channel. The nearshore berm was placed in water depths between 1.2 and 2.4 m with the berm crest just below MLLW in the shape of a bar. The nearshore berm migrated onshore while the system was approaching a dynamic equilibrium. Near the end of the fourth year, the beach profiles had returned to the equilibrium shape characteristic of the study area. Gaps in the berm allowed water circulation and should be considered as a design parameter. The fine sediment fractions in the original placed material was selectively transported and deposited offshore, while the coarser component moved onshore. The dry beach maintained the same sediment properties throughout the study period and was not influenced by the fine sediment in the initial construction of the berm. Another nearshore nourishment was placed along eastern Perdido Key, Florida in 2011-2012 using maintenance dredged material from nearby Pensacola Pass. Different from the Fort Myers Beach berm, the material was placed within the swash-zone, with a maximum elevation of +0.91 m NAVD88 (or 0.62 m above MHHW). The low constructed berm elevation allowed natural overwash processes to occur frequently, which resulted in net onshore sediment transport and growth of the active beach berm. Sediment volume gain west of the project area due to longshore spreading of the nourishment occurred mostly in the trough between the shoreline and the bar, rather than on the dry beach. The swash-zone berm evolved back to the natural equilibrium profile shape maintained in the study area within 8 months. The performance of the swash-zone nourishment was compared to two previous beach nourishments at the same location in 1985 and 1989-1991, with higher berm elevations, at +3 m and +1.2 m NAVD88, respectively. The 1.2-km 1985 nourishment performed the poorest with a shoreline retreat rate of 40 m/year. The 7.3-km 1989-1991 nourishment performed the best with a retreat rate of 11 m/year. This suggests that high berm elevations do not necessarily lead to better nourishment performance. Longshore extent of a nourishment may play an essential role. The distant passage of two tropical storms (Tropical Storm Debby and Hurricane Isaac) generated high waves for the study areas. The two berm nourishments responded differently to the storm. Response was also compared to a beach nourishment in Sand Key. The bar-shaped Fort Myers Beach berm was split into two smaller bars, while a storm berm developed for the swash-zone nourishment at Perdido Key. In both cases, the energetic storm conditions accelerated the evolution of the berm profiles toward equilibrium. As compared to the measured nearshore waves by this study, CMS-Wave accurately propagated the WIS Hindcast waves. SBEACH accurately captured the maximum water elevation, consistent with measured upper limit of morphology change. The model correctly predicted beach and nearshore erosion during the storms. The growth of the storm berm at the Perdido Key swash-zone nourishment was predicted reasonably well by the SBEACH model. However, the magnitudes of the storm-induced erosion and the locations of the offshore bar were not accurately predicted consistently.

Tropical Storm Debby affected the Gulf coast of Florida in late June, 2012. The storm's southerly approach temporarily reversed the annual net southward longshore sediment transport. The energetic conditions associated with Tropical Storm Debby can be seen in the wind, wave and tidal measurements taken from both onshore and offshore weather stations around the dual tidal inlets system of John's Pass and Blind Pass, approximately 25 kilometers north of the mouth of Tampa Bay. The energetic and persistent southerly forcing, in addition to higher storm induced water levels and wave heights, resulted in atypical beach erosion and sediment deposition on the ebb tidal deltas of the two inlets and the surrounding beaches. The John's Pass ebb delta gained 60,000 cubic meters of sediment and the Blind Pass ebb delta gained 9,000 cubic meters as a result of the storm. Shoreline position, beach profile and offshore bathymetric surveys conducted before and after Tropical Storm Debby illustrate the changes in the coastal morphology such as the development of an offshore bar south of Blind Pass and erosion of the dry beach north and south of John's Pass. The Coastal Modeling System (CMS) was used to simulate wave and tide-driven current fields during the passage of the storm. The modeled wave field qualitatively illustrated the shadowing effect of the Tampa Bay ebb delta in reducing the southerly approaching storm wave energy arriving at the study area during the storm. The tidal flow patterns through the inlets and over the ebb tidal deltas were considerably different during the storm, as compared to normal tidal cycles.

Multiple scales of beach morphodynamic processes ranging from those of wave-breaking induced turbulence, individual wave, storm, seasonal, to inter-annual are examined in this dissertation based on both laboratory and field data. These processes were simulated using process-based numerical models and data-driven models. At a microscale, separating turbulence from orbital motion under breaking waves in the surf zone is essential to understanding wave-energy dissipation. Velocity data under monochromatic and random waves in the large-scale sediment transport facility (LSTF) were analyzed. Moving averaging provides a simple method for extracting turbulence from velocity measurements under random breaking waves collected at a reasonably high frequency. Various moving averaging time intervals were examined. An optimum moving averaging interval of approximately 30° to 42° phase angle (relative to peak wave period) allows a reasonable extraction of turbulence. An adaptive moving averaging with variable averaging time at wave crest and trough are proposed to improve the effect of turbulence extraction. At a mesoscale, hydrodynamic conditions associated with onshore migration of a sandbar and the subsequent equilibrium state of a stable bar were examined in the LSTF. Wave and near bottom velocity across the surf zone were measured during the onshore sandbar migration. The near-bottom velocity skewness indicates that before the sandbar reached equilibrium, the velocity was skewed offshore in the nearshore region, and skewed onshore seaward of the bar. The velocity skewness pattern reversed when the beach profile reached equilibrium and the sandbar became stable. The peak onshore directed acceleration was greater than the peak offshore directed acceleration throughout the surf zone during the periods of both onshore migrating and stable sandbar. The macroscale portion of the study examines the beach processes, particularly the morphodynamics of nearshore bar, at storm and seasonal scales. The bar height and bar position were extracted from bimonthly surveyed beach-profiles spaced at 300 m along the 22-km long Sand Key barrier island, West-Central Florida from October 2010 to August 2015. Seasonal beach cycle in the study area is illustrated by onshore sandbar migration during the summer and offshore sandbar migration during the winter, while subaerial beach remains rather stable. Alongshore variations of onshore and offshore sandbar migration were observed over storm events. The water depth over the pre-storm sandbar crest, or the bar crest elevation, is a major factor controlling the onshore or offshore sandbar movement. The offshore moving sandbar tends to have a shallower pre-storm bar crest, while the onshore moving sandbar tends to have a deeper pre-storm bar crest. A dynamic equilibrium bar height of 0.5 m for the study area was identified. The sandbar tends to evolve toward this equilibrium height during the seasonal cycle. The energetic conditions associated with Tropical Storm Debby caused a deviation from the above dynamic equilibrium conditions. The sandbar at most of the profile locations became higher than the pre-storm bar height regardless of the initial height of being greater or less than 0.5 m. After the storm, the higher and shallower bar experienced substantial erosion, the eroded sand was deposited in the trough landward. This resulted in a lower sandbar height, returning to the dynamic equilibrium height of 0.5 m. The Unibest-TC model (Walstra et al., 2012) is able to capture the measured trend of bar migration. The Modelling results suggest that offshore bar migration is dominated by suspended sediment transport. While onshore bar migration is driven mainly by bedload transport. At megascale, a data-driven model was developed to predict beach-profile evolution at multiple-annual scale. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis was conducted on a time-series beach profile (R61) to identify temporal and spatial trends. Trends in the temporal EOF are modeled using a simple curve fitting. In this case, logarithmic and linear trends were identified. After the trend in temporal EOF values are identified, the curve fitting can be calibrated with 14-month data. The calibrated temporal EOF curve yielded accurate reproduction of profiles. The close examination of multiple scales of beach processes provides a comprehensive understanding of nearshore morphodynamics.

[pt] Atrelado à densa ocupação dessas áreas, identifica-se que parte de suas feições naturalmente protetoras da linha de costa são recorrentemente suprimidas da paisagem, dando lugar a obras de engenharia rígidas que passam a ocupar o perfil dinâmico das praias. Com isso, em casos de eventos de tempestades, as praias tornam-se susceptíveis a ação das ondas, bem como a população que habita a beira mar. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar sazonalmente o comportamento morfodinâmico e sedimentar do arco praial localizado entre o Leblon e Arpoador e sua suspectibilidade aos efeitos das ressacas, fornecendo subsídios para a gestão do litoral. Para a obtenção dos dados foram aquisitados 32 perfis topográficos de praia entre 2018-2021, com o método das balizas de Emery; análises nas areias das praias (granulometria e morfoscopia); análises morfoscópicas; cálculos do volume emerso dos sedimentos e levantamento de alertas de ressacas emitidos pela Marinha do Brasil e demais veículos midiáticos. As extremidades do arco praial (pontos LB01 e AR01) apresentaram maior variabilidade morfológica e na largura da praia variação da largura da praia.; o ponto LB02 (próximo ao canal de Jardim de Alah) apresenta-se como o mais susceptível às ondas de tempestades; e o ponto IP01 (localizado no meio do arco), é considerado o mais estável devido à presença de ilhas em sua frente. Os sedimentos emersos do arco praial exibiram uma sazonalidade marcada por acúmulo no verão e perda subsequente dos mesmos no inverno. O papel das ondas é essencial na dinâmica do arco praial, com incidência predomiante de Sudoeste (tempestade) e Sudeste (tempo bom), o que possibilita a formação de correntes de deriva litorânea importantes na distribuição Leste-Oeste rotacional de sedimentos no arco praial. Conclui-se que o arco praial apresenta certo equilibrio dinâmico, uma vez que os perfis topográficos mostram grande variabilidade de largura e tal dinâmica pode ser corroborada pela relação de ganha e perda do volume de sedimentos do arco. A areia média é predominante porém percebe-se uma distinta distribuição dos grãos no arco praial: observou areias médias a grossas na porção oeste (Leblon) e areias médias a finas na porção leste (Arpoador). A distribuição sedimentar se mostra diferente também em termos de grau de arredondamento (no pós-praia os grãos são subarredondados e na face de praia são subangulares), seleção do grão e maturidade. / [en] Linked to the dense occupation of these areas, it is identified that part of its features that naturally protect the coastline are recurrently suppressed from the landscape, giving way to rigid engineering works that begin to occupy the dynamic profile of the beaches. With that, in cases of storm events, the beaches become susceptible to wave action, as well as the population that inhabits the seaside. In this sense, the present work aims to seasonally characterize the morphodynamic and sedimentary behavior of the coast located between Leblon and Arpoador and its susceptibility to the effects of storm surges, providing subsidies for the management of the coast. To obtain the data, 32 topographic beach profiles were acquired between 2018- 2021, using the Emery method; beach sand analyzes (granulometry and morphoscopy); morphoscopic analysis; calculations of the emerged volume of sediments and survey of storm surge alerts issued by the Brazilian Navy and other media outlets. The ends of the beach (points LB01 and AR01) showed greater morphological variability and variation in beach width in beach width.; point LB02 (close to the Jardim de Alah channel) is the most susceptible to storm waves; and point IP01 (located in the middle of the arc), is considered the most stable due to the presence of islands in front of it. Emerged sediments from the coast exhibited a seasonality marked by accumulation in summer and subsequent loss in winter. The role of waves is essential in the dynamics of the beach arc, with predominant incidence from the Southwest (storm) and Southeast (clear weather), which enables the formation of longshore drift currents that are important in the rotational East-West distribution of sediments in the beach arc. It is concluded that the Leblon-Arpoador coast presents a certain dynamic balance, since the topographic profiles show great variability in width and such dynamics can be corroborated by the relationship between gain and loss in the volume of sediments in the arch. Medium sand is predominant, but a distinct distribution of grains can be seen in the coast: medium to coarse sand was observed in the western portion (Leblon) and medium to fine sand in the eastern portion (Arpoador). The sedimentary distribution is also different in terms of degree of roundness (in the backshore the grains are subrounded and in the beach face they are subangular), grain selection and maturity.

Cette thèse porte sur une étude de la morphologie et des processus morphosédimentaires qui régissent la formation, la dynamique et l'évolution des flèches littorales sableuses caractéristiques de la côte sous dominance de la houle du Sénégal. Elle insiste sur la singularité de la côte sénégalaise à fort développement de flèches par rapport aux littoraux d'Afrique de l'Ouest à cordons massifs. Ces flèches sont construites par la dérive littorale mais l'on sait très peu de leur dynamique, notamment les apports de sables, leur redistribution par la dérive littorale, les relations entre l’allongement de ces flèches et les écoulements fluviaux et tidaux sur des embouchures fluviaux ou lagunaires déviées par ces formes, et les conditions favorisant leur rupture, aspect très important en aménagement littoral. La thèse, à travers une approche combinant la télédétection, l'expérimentation in situ impliquant des mesures de topométrie à haute résolution et d'hydrodynamique, et la modélisation conceptuelle, distingue des flèches à dérive libre et à dérive entravée et les mécanismes d'allongement continu ou restreint et de courbure de ces flèches. Ces aspects morphodynamiques intègrent aussi la relation entre ces flèches et les embouchures des cours d'eau qu'elles barrent, notamment celle du delta du fleuve Sénégal. Les flèches de la côte sénégalaise jouent un rôle important en matière de protection du littoral et d'aménagement des embouchures, et sont un maillon essentiel du transit de sables le long de cette côte. Les schémas d'aménagement de ces flèches et les embouchures associées doivent mieux intégrer la façon dont ces formes fonctionnent et leurs conditions de rupture. / This thesis is a study of the morphology and morphosedimentary processes that determine the formation, dynamics and evolution of the sand spits characterizing the wave-dominated coast of Senegal. The thesis insists on the singularity of the coast of Senegal, the numerous spits of which provide a contrast with the sandy coasts of West Africa that are characterized by massive beach-ridge complexes. These spits are constructed by longshore drift but little is known of their dynamics, notably sand supply patterns, the way sand is redistributed alongshore, the relationship between these spits and river and tidal flux at the river mouths or lagoon inlets they divert, and the conditions that favour spit breaching, a mechanism that has important implications for coastal management. Using an approach that combines remote sensing, field experiments aimed at acquiring high-resolution topometric and hydrodynamic data, and conceptual models, spits characterized by free drift are distinguished from those with limited elongation, and the mechanisms pertinent to each type and to spit lengthening and recurves are analyzed. These morphodynamic aspects also include a scrutiny of the relationship between these spits and the river mouths they divert, especially that of the Senegal River delta. The spits of the coast of Senegal play an important role in coastal protection and in the management of the river mouths. They are also an essential element in sand drift along this coast. Coastal zone management plans regarding these spits and their associated river mouths need to consider more closely how these spits work and the conditions that can lead to their breaching.

Dredging is often conducted to maintain authorized depths in coastal navigation channels. Placement of dredged sediment in the form of nearshore berms is becoming an increasingly popular option for disposal. Compared to direct beach placement, nearshore berms have fewer environmental impacts such as shore birds and turtle nesting, and have more lenient sediment compatibility restrictions. Understanding the potential morphological and sedimentological evolution is crucial to the design of a nearshore berm. Furthermore, the artificial perturbation generated by the berm installation provides a unique opportunity to understand the equilibrium process of coastal morphodynamics. Matanzas Pass and Bowditch Point, located on the northern tip of Estero Island in west-central Florida were dredged in October 2009. The dredged material was placed approximately 600 ft offshore of Fort Myers Beach and 1.5 miles southeast of Matanzas Pass, in the form of an artificial berm. Time-series surveys and sediment sampling were conducted semi-annually in order to quantify sedimentological characteristics and morphological changes within the first year after construction of the berm. The artificial berm at Fort Myers Beach is composed mainly of fine sand. Patches of mud were found throughout the study area, with the highest concentrations being in the trough landward of the berm, and offshore southeast of the berm area. The highest concentration of carbonates was found in the swash zone, as well as at the landward toe of the berm, which coincides with the coarsest sediment. The overall mud content of the berm is lower than that of the dredged sediment, thus indicating a coarsening of the berm over time. The reduction in fines as compared to the original dredged sedimet could also indicate a selective transport mechanism that moves finer material offshore, and coarser material landward, a desirable trend for artificial berm nourishment. During the course of the first year, the berm migrated landward and increased in elevation. Onshore migration occurred mostly within the first 6 months. Along with onshore migration, the shape of the berm changed from a symmetrical bell curve to an asymmetrical shape with a steep landward slope. There is no clear spatial trend of volume change alongshore within the berm area, indicating that sediment transport is mostly cross-shore dominated. A salient was formed landward of the northern portion of the berm. Several gaps were created during berm construction due to dredging and placement techniques. These dynamic gaps are likely maintained by rip currents through them. This study showed that the Fort Myers Beach berm is active, due to its landward migration during the first year after construction.