This study aimed to examine the frequent use of intra-sentential and inter-sentential code-switching during classroom interactions among Swedish-speaking students. The focus of this research also aimed to examine the motives as to why Swedish-speaking students code-switch during their English lessons and what word classes are affected by code-switching the most. The study took place in an upper secondary school and the English levels 5, 6, and 7 were observed during their open discussions and presentations. A total of 74 students participated in this study, where 15 participated in a semi-structured interview to share their thoughts on code-switching and their backgrounds, and 47 students participated in a survey anonymously. The results demonstrated that most students code-switch within sentences rather than between sentences. Most students demonstrated that they felt nervous and stressed when speaking in English due to their limited vocabulary skills in the spoken language, which resulted in them code-switching to Swedish.

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Codeswitching and loanwords are both very common in most languages. There are plenty of studies showing codeswitching to English as well as English loanwords but this study focuses instead on the influence of the German language in Japanese.The background to this essay is an article from 2010, which states that German is considered being “cool” in Japan. In order to find out if this is applicable, the frequency of codeswitching from German in some Instagram-accounts belonging to Japanese lifestyle magazines was examined as well as the frequency of using hashtags containing German loanwords (gairago). The time period for the search of codeswitching words was limited to 1st of January to 15th of May 2022, however the search for hashtags was not limited to any period of time. Purpose of the study is not to present a comprehensive research, but to show if there are any tendencies to use German words in Japan today. The findings of this thesis show that codeswitching is almost none-existing today, but that the use of German loanwords is somewhat frequent.

<p>Conversational code-switching is common among bilingual speakers, in fact, we consider this routine; however, the reasons for switching and the location of this mechanism in the brain remain largely unknown. There is much to be discovered about bilingual code-switching especially in relation to autobiographical memories shared between immigrants. This study investigates the two phenomena: code-switching and autobiographical memories. The research is based on the following major theories: 1) Schrauf (2009) who said that one’s “…particular personal memories are associated with one or the other of the bilingual’s languages” (p. 26), which he called the language-specificity effect; 2) Marian & Neisser (2000) who proposed that “…memories become more accessible when language at retrieval matches language at encoding…any increase in the similarity between the linguistic environments at encoding and at retrieval should facilitate recall” (p. 361); 3) Marian & Kaushanskaya (2005), who found that “…bilinguals are more likely to code-switch to the other language when the language of encoding does not match the language of retrieval” (p. 1483). The results of this study both supported and disproved the above mentioned research, which indicate that language alone may not be the only influence on autobiographical memory recall or code-switching in elderly bilinguals. It is my belief that both phenomena stem from a higher process that is involved with cognitive control and located in the cingulate gyrus, one part of the limbic system.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

<p dir="ltr">This thesis delves into emotion recognition in Hindi-English code-mixed dialogues, particularly focusing on romanized text, which is essential for understanding multilingual communication dynamics. Using a dataset from bilingual television shows, the study employs machine learning and natural language processing techniques, with models like Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, and XLM-Roberta tailored to handle the nuances of code-switching and transliteration in romanized Hindi-English. To combat challenges such as data imbalance, SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) is utilized, enhancing model training and generalization. The research also explores ensemble learning with methods like VotingClassifier to improve emotional classification accuracy. Logistic regression stands out for its high accuracy and robustness, demonstrated through rigorous cross-validation. The findings underscore the potential of advanced machine learning models and advocate for further exploration of deep learning and multimodal data to enhance emotion detection in diverse linguistic settings.</p>

This thesis examines how characters in adolescent Latina/o literature use and reflect on both English and Spanish languages, bilingualism and how language use informs a character’s identity. In this thesis a particular emphasis is placed on code switching as a literary device in adolescent Latina/o literature. Investigations on code switching point to this, that many authors use code switching as a way for authors and characters to show the difficulties of living between two cultures. I examined the works of three accomplished authors of Latina/o adolescent in this investigation: Benjamin Alire Sáenz’s Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe (2012), Julia Álvarez’s Before We Were Free (2002) and the Tía Lola Series (2009), and Pam Muñoz Ryan’s Esperanza Rising (2004) and Echo (2015). The struggle to find one’s identity as an immigrant in the United States can emotionally compare to the struggle of an adolescent trying to balance their struggles of identity and this similarity of identity definition can be seen in all of these works. I argue that these authors use code switching and discussions on bilingualism as a device that helps articulate the exploration of the protagonist's search for identity into adulthood. Code switching and bilingualism are used to juxtapose the childhood and adult stages of the characters. These serve as ruptural elements that defy the generation of the parents and the cultural expectations. Code switching further serves as a mechanism through which protagonists reject and accept aspects of their identity development, from homosexuality to economic status. In a parallel way, I explore the importance of adolescent Latina/o literature as a referential axis for Latina/o youth in their process of development. This genre plays a role in development by showing strong, non-stereotypical characters who can help shape Latina/o identity for the next generation in the United States. Because adolescence is the stage in life where the individual goes through a time of questioning identity and development, this thesis shows that adolescent Latina/o literature may be best suited to show the process of growing up as compared to mainstream adolescent literature and gives a concrete metaphor for the challenges that many adolescents face. / Master of Arts

Code-switching occurs when bilingual or multilingual speakers combine and mix their different languages. The communication may seem unstructured and confusing for an outsider but the switching between languages has a purpose and a function. The aim of this thesis is to briefly exemplify three reasons for code-switching in conversations between bilingual parents and their children living in Sweden, but whose first language is Spanish. The three reasons that this thesis focuses on are when speakers use code-switching when they talk about subjects that are associated to the Swedish culture or don’t have equivalent translations in Spanish, when the speakers narrate something that happened in a context where that specific language was used and when the speakers talk about subjects associated to the school. The study also hypothesizes that there is a difference in how much the parents and the children code-switch. Two bilingual families were selected for this study based on their proficiency in both languages and the age of the children (7, 12 and 12). Both families were interviewed separately, and the conversations were recorded and transcribed. In accordance with previous studies, the results of this study show that all three reasons mentioned above, are used by both families and by both the parents and their children. However, there is no coherence between this study and the ones that claim that children code-switch more than adults.

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