Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μια διερεύνηση των παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν τις μέσες αποδόσεις των μετοχών που διαπραγματεύονται στο Χρηματιστήριο Αθηνών για τη περίοδο Ιούλιος 2004 – Ιούνιος 2011. Οι παράγοντες αυτοί αφορούν σε θεμελιώδεις οικονομικές μεταβλητές, όπως είναι ο δείκτης λογιστική προς χρηματιστηριακή αξία ενώ εξετάζεται και η επίδραση του συντελεστή β. Η μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση είναι όμοια με αυτή που εφάρμοσαν οι Fama και French (1992) , όπου στο πρώτο στάδιο οι μετοχές ομαδοποιούνται σε χαρτοφυλάκια με προκαθορισμένα κριτήρια ενώ σε δεύτερο στάδιο διενεργούνται μηνιαίες διαστρωματικές παλινδρομήσεις. Το βασικό αποτέλεσμα της εργασίας είναι ότι οι μέσες αποδόσεις των μετοχών στο Χρηματιστήριο Αθηνών δεν συνδέονται με το συντελεστή β (κίνδυνο της αγοράς) ενώ δεν εντοπίστηκε κάποια ισχυρή σχέση με κάποιο άλλο παράγοντα κινδύνου που αφορά στη χρηματιστηριακή αξία των μετοχών ή στο δείκτη λογιστική προς χρηματιστηριακή αξία. / This study is an investigation of the factors affecting the average returns of stocks that traded on the Athens Stock Exchange for the period July 2004 - June 2011. These factors relate to fundamental economic variables, such as book to market ratio. Also, we examine the influence of the coefficient β. The methodological approach is similar to that applied by Fama and French (1992), where in the first stage, stocks are grouped into portfolios with predefined criteria and subsequently carried out monthly cross sectional regressions. The main result of this study is that average stock returns in the ASE is not associated with the coefficient b (market risk) and not found a strong relationship with another risk factor for the market value of the stocks or book to market ratio.

The master's thesis is focused on Stock portfolio optimalization on Czech capital market. The analysis of each stock, estimation and portfolio optimalization proposal are included. In the practical part the Fundamental analysis is applied. The portfolio optimalization is estemated by portfolio theory which is consist in the relationship between stock price and market trends represents by PX Index and expressing correlation of them by beta coefficient.

O coeficiente beta, definido no contexto do modelo de avaliação de ativos denominado Capital Asset Pricing Model, tem sido amplamente utilizado no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro. Sua aplicação tem sido importante não apenas no âmbito das revisões tarifárias conduzidas pelo órgão regulador, mas também para análise das empresas do setor pelos investidores em mercado de capitais. Embora a aplicação do modelo CAPM seja simples, ele é construído sobre hipóteses rigorosas, que nem sempre são observáveis no mercado real, principalmente em países emergentes. Inserido no referencial teórico deste Modelo, o presente trabalho tem como o objetivo analisar a utilização do coeficiente beta no setor elétrico brasileiro, identificando potenciais distorções que decorram de sua aplicação. Adicionalmente, este trabalho busca analisar o comportamento desse coeficiente de mercado ao longo do período de 1999 a 2007, identificando possíveis tendências. Para isso, lança-se mão de dados que são amplamente utilizados pelos agentes do mercado de capitais, oriundos de uma amostra de empresas que, por possuírem dados disponibilizados em bolsa de valores tornam viável gerar este coeficiente. Das análises realizadas é possível concluir que o coeficiente beta obtido com dados do mercado brasileiro apresentou valores bem próximos aos coeficientes obtidos em mercados desenvolvidos. Também foi possível constatar que os segmentos de distribuição e geração apresentam, no mercado brasileiro, betas desalavancados de mesma ordem de grandeza entre si, embora o segmento de geração seja mais concorrencial e, no de distribuição, predomine um contexto de monopólio natural. / The coefficient beta, defined in the context of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, has been widely applied within the Brazilian electricity industry. Its application has been conducted not only by the regulatory authority regarding tariff review of regulated electricity concessionaires, but also largely used by investors in Brazilian the capital market. Although the CAPM tool is a straight forward one, the Model itself was built under strict assumptions which are not often found in the real world, mainly in developing countries. Departing from this theoretical framework, this master thesis analyses the coefficient beta within the Brazilian electricity industry, identifying potential distortions derived from its application. Additionally, this work examines the coefficient beta behavior throughout 1999 up to 2007, pointing possible trends. For generating the beta coefficient, it is used the same sort of data usually selected by market investors, applied to a set of select companies belonging to the Brazilian electricity industry that have their information publicly disclosed in the financial and stock markets. The result of the analysis pointed that the coefficient beta generated for the Brazilian companies analyzed did not differ much form those of companies belonging to the electricity industry of developed countries. It was also perceived that the segments of electricity distribution and electricity generation presented unlevered betas of the same magnitude although generating companies operates in a competitive market and distribution concessionaires face predominantly a natural monopoly context.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the stock markets in the USA and in South East Asia (Singapore) used the analysis of the rate of return on investments and the risk in chosen sectors of both countries. The next aim is testing the efficiency of these stock markets and determining the degree of this effectiveness and then finding out the optimal strategy to evaluate the invested money.

O coeficiente beta, definido no contexto do modelo de avaliação de ativos denominado Capital Asset Pricing Model, tem sido amplamente utilizado no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro. Sua aplicação tem sido importante não apenas no âmbito das revisões tarifárias conduzidas pelo órgão regulador, mas também para análise das empresas do setor pelos investidores em mercado de capitais. Embora a aplicação do modelo CAPM seja simples, ele é construído sobre hipóteses rigorosas, que nem sempre são observáveis no mercado real, principalmente em países emergentes. Inserido no referencial teórico deste Modelo, o presente trabalho tem como o objetivo analisar a utilização do coeficiente beta no setor elétrico brasileiro, identificando potenciais distorções que decorram de sua aplicação. Adicionalmente, este trabalho busca analisar o comportamento desse coeficiente de mercado ao longo do período de 1999 a 2007, identificando possíveis tendências. Para isso, lança-se mão de dados que são amplamente utilizados pelos agentes do mercado de capitais, oriundos de uma amostra de empresas que, por possuírem dados disponibilizados em bolsa de valores tornam viável gerar este coeficiente. Das análises realizadas é possível concluir que o coeficiente beta obtido com dados do mercado brasileiro apresentou valores bem próximos aos coeficientes obtidos em mercados desenvolvidos. Também foi possível constatar que os segmentos de distribuição e geração apresentam, no mercado brasileiro, betas desalavancados de mesma ordem de grandeza entre si, embora o segmento de geração seja mais concorrencial e, no de distribuição, predomine um contexto de monopólio natural. / The coefficient beta, defined in the context of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, has been widely applied within the Brazilian electricity industry. Its application has been conducted not only by the regulatory authority regarding tariff review of regulated electricity concessionaires, but also largely used by investors in Brazilian the capital market. Although the CAPM tool is a straight forward one, the Model itself was built under strict assumptions which are not often found in the real world, mainly in developing countries. Departing from this theoretical framework, this master thesis analyses the coefficient beta within the Brazilian electricity industry, identifying potential distortions derived from its application. Additionally, this work examines the coefficient beta behavior throughout 1999 up to 2007, pointing possible trends. For generating the beta coefficient, it is used the same sort of data usually selected by market investors, applied to a set of select companies belonging to the Brazilian electricity industry that have their information publicly disclosed in the financial and stock markets. The result of the analysis pointed that the coefficient beta generated for the Brazilian companies analyzed did not differ much form those of companies belonging to the electricity industry of developed countries. It was also perceived that the segments of electricity distribution and electricity generation presented unlevered betas of the same magnitude although generating companies operates in a competitive market and distribution concessionaires face predominantly a natural monopoly context.

In this doctoral thesis is suggested the methodics for determination the risk structure depending on the corporate life cycle with considering the sector sensitivity to the economic cycle. The share of the operational and financial risk is calculated using the beta coefficient, in which the selected measuring quantities are included. The phases of the corporate life cycle are identified according to the quadrants of the Boston matrix and the sector sensitivity to the economic cycle is determined using the Spearman´s rank correlation coefficient describing the relation between the gross domestic product and sales of the sector. The methodics is applicable for both managers and investors.

The aim of this work was to analyze selected branch from the stock market through technical and fundamental analysis. The target is to formulate the most appropriate investment strategy for each sector. The starting point for selecting appropriate investment strategy is inefficient market hypothesis. Selection of the investment strategy, depend on the current economic situation. Based on given results, it is not recommended to use any of the strategies. However, it can propose a suitable investment portfolio. The selected investment portfolio is certainly dependent on many factors. Among these factors belongs the current economic situation and investor´s attitude to risk. Choosing an investment strategy is also influenced by the investor's own attitude to the theory of efficient markets. Investors will opt for active or passive investment strategy on the basis of their opinion.

The principal objective of this work is to test the efficiency of the U.S. capital market and to specify the degree of this effectiveness and then to find out the optimal strategy to evaluate the money invested into selected companies. At first there is theory description - the basic classification of securities, explication of the notion of efficiency of capital market, the methods of test the efficiency, several statistic indicators of the capital market like return average, standard deviation or coefficients of the capital market. Following this theoretical base there is create an analyse of one of the most popular capital markets in American index S&P 500 and of its sectors and some securities. Historical dates of years 2003 - 2008 are analysed and on the basis of results there are propositions which strategy to choose. There wasn't directly confirmed effectiveness of U.S. capital market in this work. So there was a possibility to choose an investment strategy to get an above-average return. The results were very influenced by the crisis since 2007.

The topic of this master thesis is to compare and analyze five database of companies in terms of suitability for the process of valuation . The main reason why these databases (Albertina, Amadeus , Magnus , Market Line and Capital IQ) are used is their accessibility within the field of study Finance and Business Valuation in University of Economics in Prague. The thesis is structured with respect to the valuation process recommended by professor Mařík (2011) . The first part contains data collection and focuses primarily on general data options for each database. The second part is a detailed financial analysis describing and comparing the ratios followed by databases options in the field of strategic analysis. The possibility of calculation of NOPAT and operationally necessary capital employed is presented after strategic analysis. The last two chapters deal with the database containing capital markets data and can provide the basics for calculation of interests rate and the actual valuation based on market analysis. The conclusion summarizes the main advantages of databases as appropriate for valuation.