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Thesis advisor: Susan M. Shell / In On the right to punish and grant clemency, Immanuel Kant attempts to resolve a potential paradox in social contract theory. The government is the political authority tasked with execution of the rule of law. On the one hand, the execution of the rule of law is consensual and meant to serve the individual citizen. On the other hand, the execution of the rule of law requires punishment (a nonconsensual action). A consensual condition requires a nonconsensual component. This thesis analyzes Kant’s attempt to resolve this issue through his use of a retributivist framework of punishment. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sexual coercion is a prevalent and problematic aspect of adolescent women’s sexual experiences, with nationally representative data reporting that 15% of adolescent women were forced by a romantic partner to do sexual things they did not want to do in the past year. However, little is known about how the length of a given adolescent relationship may impact ongoing instances of sexual coercion, and what impact these repeated instances have on the emotional and behavioral characteristics of a given relationship. Accordingly, the current study examines the impact of relationship length on relationship attributes and behaviors within adolescent women’s romantic relationships with repeated experiences of sexual coercion and compares these associations between age groups. Data for the current study were drawn from a larger, longitudinal cohort study (N = 385); utilizing quarterly interviews (N = 5151) that were administered from 1999-2009. Relationship timing of initial and repeat experiences of sexual coercion are discussed. Specifically, our findings suggest that within relationships with repeat experiences of sexual coercion, longer relationship length decreases sexual satisfaction and condom use, while simultaneously increasing vaginal intercourse and the odds of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection.

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Master of Science / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Sandra M. Stith / Sexual violence, and sexual coercion in particular, is an understudied field, but research is beginning to show that males and females alike are perpetrators of sexual violence. Research has looked at predictors of sexual violence in males, but little research has looked at predictors of sexual violence in females. Similarly, little research has examined predictors of sexual violence in the context of dating relationships; therefore, this study examined predictors of sexual coercion in males and females within dating relationships. Using a sample of 305 male and 363 female undergraduate students’ self-report surveys, hierarchical regression analyses were utilized to test the nature of the sexual coercion predictors. Seven variables (problems with alcohol, past child abuse, anger management skills, relationship satisfaction, acceptability of violence towards wives, acceptability of violence towards husbands, and sexual coercion victimization) served as the independent variables with sexual coercion perpetration as the dependent variables in all of the regression analyses. Using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2; Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1996) to assess sexual coercion perpetration, male and female students were found to exhibit a different set of significant predictor variables in the regression analyses; however, sexual coercion victimization was a significant predictor in both data. Sexual coercion victimization predicting sexual coercion perpetration in males and females suggests that sexual coercion is bilateral and part of a systemic cycle of violence. Clinical implications and recommendations for future research are provided.

The goal of this research is to explore the relationship between coercion and crime amongst street youths in Mexico. This research relies on Mark Colvin’s (2000) Differential Coercion Theory (DCT). Through semi-structured interviews with street youths in Mexico City, this research explores: (1) the various personal and structural factors that lead youths to the street; (2) the strategies of income generation used by the youths; (3) the youths experiences of victimization, substance use, criminal involvement and institutionalization; and finally, (4) the personal and structural reasons that contribute to youths’ inability to leave the street. Results indicate that in most cases youths experience some form of physical, sexual, verbal, and/or psychological abuse that prompts them to leave home. In other cases, youths simply witnessed the abuse of a significant other or become subject to neglect. Some youths are thrown out of the home due to familial conflict. Results also indicate that on the street, youths are encouraged to display violent behaviours to avoid victimization. Further, youths face a number of needs and are compelled to engage in legitimate or illegitimate sustenance practices. On the street, youths are subject to theft, as well as physical and sexual victimization from peers and police officers. The results also suggest that youths are dependent on various substances as a way to cope with difficult situations. Results also indicate that as a result of crime or drug use, youths are likely to experience institutionalization where physical, verbal, and psychological victimization is experienced. Finally, youths attribute the freedom provided by the street and substance dependency as reasons to stay on the streets. Overall, the results suggest that Mexican street youths experience coercion in various settings. However, to explain the relationship between coercion and crime more research is needed on other explanatory factors. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-28 16:29:18.922

Denna studie undersökte varför vissa ungdomar både rapporterar höganivåer av kriminalitet och självskadebeteende samt hur detta hängerihop med att utsätta andra för aggressiva handlingar och att själv bliutsatt för aggressivitet av andra. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt användescoercion-teorin som förklarar varför vissa barn och ungdomar både ärutsatta för andras aggressioner och utsätter andra för aggressionerutanför hemmet. Studien grundas på data som bestod av självrapporterfrån en longitudinell studie vid namn Sju skolor. Studien genomfördesi en mellanstor svensk stad. Totalt deltog 1482 ungdomar varav 52procent var män. Resultaten visade att det fanns en grupp ungdomarsom rapporterade höga nivåer av både kriminalitet ochsjälvskadebeteende. Utmärkande för denna grupp var att de bådeutsatte andra för aggressiva handlingar samtidigt som de själv blevutsatta för andras aggressivitet. Denna kunskap kan användas av olikamyndigheter vid förebyggande insatser för ungdomar som harproblem med kriminalitet och självskadebeteende. / This study examined the association between delinquent behaviorsand self-harm in adolescents, and how mutual hostility interactbetween exposing others and being exposed. Data was based on selfrapportsin a longitudinal study called Seven schools and wereperformed in a medium sized city in Sweden. The study including1482 participants, among them 52 percent were males. The resultshowed that those adolescents who reported high levels of delinquentbehavior and high levels of self-harm were both exposed and exposesothers to hostility. Coercion theory was used to explain the mutualhostility.

Šiame darbe analizuojama tema „Vaikų prievartos bei smurto paplitimo problemos Šiaulių mieste“. Aptartos sąvokos: „smurtas“, „prievarta“, „vaikas“, prievartos rūšys, smurto ir prievartos pasireiškimo būdai. Pagrindinis dėmesys buvo skiriamas tam, kad visai visuomenei būtų atskleistas vaikų naudojamo smurto ir prievartos problemos aktualumas. Teorinės literatūros, Šiaulių miesto policijoje turimų duomenų ir tyrimo analizė atskleidė, jog vaikai naudoja smurtą, emocinę, seksualinę ir egzistencinę prievartas. Dažniausiai šių neteisėtų veiksmų objektais tampa moksleiviai ir kiti asmenys, su kuriais vaikai praleidžia savo laisvalaikį. Vaikai smurtą ir prievartą naudoja savo gyvenamojoje, mokyklos aplinkose, kieme ar gatvėje. Minėtų duomenų analizė parodė, jog vaikai smurtauja ar (ir) naudoja prievartą dėl socialinių ar psichologinių priežasčių. Jų tokius veiksmus įtakoja priklausymas neformalioms jaunimo grupuotėms, skatinančioms smurto ir prievartos naudojimą, girdėta muzika, matyti kino filmai, plakatai, perskaitytos knygos ir kiti šaltiniai, kuriuose demonstruojamos smurto ir prievartos scenos, alkoholio, narkotinių, psichotropinių ir kitų svaiginančiųjų medžiagų poveikis, galima teigti – tokius veiksmus išprovokuojantis aukos elgesys bei visų mūsų, t.y. visuomenės, rodomi elgesio pavyzdžiai. Autorius įsitikinęs, jog vaiko elgesį labiausiai lemia artimiausia socialinė aplinka: šeima, mokykla, formali ir neformali aplinkos, todėl jų analizei darbe buvo skirtas didžiausias dėmesys... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work deals with the topic “Problems of the spread of children‘s violence and coercion in Šiauliai city“. It discusses the terms “violence“, “coercion“ and “child”, as well as types of coercion and ways of their manifestation. Emphasis is laid on revealing the problem of children‘s violence and coercion as a matter of great relevance to our society. The analysis of the literature on the topic and the data of the police of Šiauliai city, as well as the research performed have revealed that children use violence, emotional, sexual and existential coercion. The objects of these illegal actions are usually schoolchildren or other people, with whom children spend their leisure time. Children use violence and coercion in their living or school surroundings, in the yard or in the street. The analysis of the mentioned data has demonstrated that children‘s violence or (and) coercion is caused by social or psychological reasons. Such actions are conditioned by belonging to informal youth groups, which induce the use of violence and coercion, the music children have listened to, the movies they have watched, posters, books and other sources which demonstrate scenes of violence and coercion, the effect of alcohol, narcotics, psychotropic substances and other intoxicants, also, presumably, the provocative behaviour of the victim and the behaviour patterns of all of us, i.e. the society. It is our strong conviction that a child‘s behaviour is mostly determined by the nearest social... [to full text]

Anscombe (1964) presents influential arguments that 'before' and 'after' cannot denote converse relations, despite intuitions to the contrary. These arguments, I claim, rely on ambiguity of certain 'before'- and 'after'-sentences, ambiguity that arises from the interaction of tense and aspect with the temporal ordering relations denoted by 'before' and 'after'. To account for this ambiguity, I adopt a Discourse Representation Theory-based analysis of tense and aspect (Kamp & Reyle 2011) and apply it to a set of examples that exhibit the variety of readings available for 'before'- and 'after'-sentences. I argue that certain readings of stative 'after'-sentences support the existence of an inceptive coercion operator, equivalent in effect to the aspectual verb 'begin'. This operator has much in common with 'earliest', an operator proposed by Beaver & Condoravdi (2003), but it is motivated by independent aspectual considerations. I conclude with a discussion of areas for future research. / text

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / eaders and governments using mechanisms to maintain national interest, power, and security. One such instrument is the use of coercive force or compellence. Compellence is a strategy of control designed to impose change, using limited military or non-military methods, upon an opponent. The United States implements compellence policy through a mixture of key actors who portray powerful images to the rest of the world. Its leaders reinforce these images internally (with self, local, regional, cultural ties) and externally (with others based, foreign perception on a larger international scope). As U.S.-led forces in Iraq affect America's image throughout the Middle East and the world, its image of Iraq remains opaque due to U.S. perception and misperception. Is compellence policy conducive to future U.S.-Iraqi relations? How effective is it? And why did U.S. compellence policy in Iraq succeed on some levels and not on others? This thesis examines the effectiveness of U.S. compellence policy as a viable method in U.S.-Iraqi relations from 1990 to 2003. Key operations and players will be evaluated and an analysis will explore political, social and economic levels of effectiveness of compellence policy in Iraq. / Civilian, Department of Navy