Calcific aortic valve sclerosis is characterized by focal lesions in the valve leaflet. These lesions are rich in myofibroblasts that express α-SMA and cause fibrosis. Lesions tend to occur in regions of the leaflet that are subjected to large bending loads, suggesting a mechanobiological basis for myofibrogenic differentiation and valve pathogenesis. In this thesis, a bioreactor was developed to study the effect of physiological loading on myofibrogenic differentiation of valve interstitial cells. Cyclic loading of native porcine aortic valve leaflets ex vivo resulted in increased α-SMA expression, predominantly in the fibrosa and spongiosa (similar to sclerotic leaflets). Cofilin, an actin-binding protein, was also upregulated by loading, suggesting it plays a role in mechanically-induced myofibrogenesis. Similarly, loading of a tissue engineered aortic valve leaflet model resulted in increased α-SMA transcript and protein expression. These data support an integral role for mechanical stimuli in myofibrogenic differentiation and sclerosis in the aortic valve.

Calcific aortic valve sclerosis is characterized by focal lesions in the valve leaflet. These lesions are rich in myofibroblasts that express α-SMA and cause fibrosis. Lesions tend to occur in regions of the leaflet that are subjected to large bending loads, suggesting a mechanobiological basis for myofibrogenic differentiation and valve pathogenesis. In this thesis, a bioreactor was developed to study the effect of physiological loading on myofibrogenic differentiation of valve interstitial cells. Cyclic loading of native porcine aortic valve leaflets ex vivo resulted in increased α-SMA expression, predominantly in the fibrosa and spongiosa (similar to sclerotic leaflets). Cofilin, an actin-binding protein, was also upregulated by loading, suggesting it plays a role in mechanically-induced myofibrogenesis. Similarly, loading of a tissue engineered aortic valve leaflet model resulted in increased α-SMA transcript and protein expression. These data support an integral role for mechanical stimuli in myofibrogenic differentiation and sclerosis in the aortic valve.

La cardiomyopathie dilatée est l'une des principales causes d'insuffisance cardiaque en Europe. Dans le cadre de la cardiomyopathie liée aux mutations du gène LMNA, en dépit des soins médicaux conventionnels, aucun traitement satisfaisant ne permet de pallier à la dilatation cardiaque progressive et à la perte de la contractilité. Le gène LMNA code pour les lamines nucléaires de type A, qui sont les principaux constituants de la lamina nucléaire. De précédents travaux démontrent que l'activation anormale de ERK 1/2 est impliquée dans la pathophysiologie de la cardiomyopathie dilatée liée aux mutations du gène LMNA. L'inhibition de la voie ERK 1/2 ralentit également la progression de la fibrose myocardique, relativement développée chez l'homme, en cas de cardiomyopathie dilatée. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai suggéré que l'activité aberrante de la voie TGF-β pourrait participer à l’activation anormale de ERK 1/2 et être impliquée dans la physiopathologie de dysfonction contractile ventriculaire gauche dans la cardiomyopathie liée aux mutations du gène LMNA. Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la modulation de la signalisation ERK1/2, causée dans le cœur, par les mutations du gène LMNA, restent totalement incertains. De ce fait, j'ai testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la modulation anormale de ERK1/2 induirait l'altération des cibles cytosoliques et modifierait le réseau du cytosquelette cardiaque. Mon travail a mis en évidence un nouveau partenaire de la forme active (phosphorylée) d’ERK1/2 : cofiline-1. La cofiline induit la déramification des filaments d'actine. Ce projet met en lumière un rôle inattendu joué par la signalisation ERK1/2 dans la dynamique de l'actine et dans le développement de la dysfonction ventriculaire gauche de la cardiomyopathie liée aux mutations du gène LMNA. / Dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the leading causes of heart failure in Europe. Despite of the conventional medical care, there is no definitive treatment for the progressive cardiac dilatation and loss of contractility in LMNA cardiomyopathy often leading to sudden death or heart transplantation. LMNA gene encodes nuclear A-type lamins, which are the main constituents of the nuclear lamina. Previous studies clearly show that the abnormal ERK1/2 activation is involved in the pathophysiology of LMNA dilated cardiomyopathy. However, its role in the development of cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. Inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling also slows progression of myocardial fibrosis, which is prominent in humans with dilated cardiomyopathy. I suggested that aberrant TGF-β signaling activity could participate to the abnormal ERK1/2 activation and be involved is the pathophysiology of left-ventricular contractile dysfunction in LMNA cardiomyopathy. Given that the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the modulation of ERK1/2 signaling in the heart caused by LMNA mutation remains totally unclear, I tested the hypothesis that ERK1/2 abnormal modulation leads to alteration of cytosolic targets and alter cardiac cytoskeleton network. My work highlighted a novel partner of activated (phosphorylated) ERK1/2, ADF/cofilin-1. Cofilin promotes debranching of actin filaments. I showed that disrupted actin dynamics leads to abnormal sarcomere structure. This project unraveled an unexpected role played by ERK1/2 signaling in actin dynamics and in the development of left-ventricular dysfunction in LMNA cardiomyopathy.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by two major pathological hallmarks, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is an early event associated with synaptic and mitochondrial damage in AD. Therefore, molecular pathways underlying the neurotoxicity and generation of Aβ represent promising therapeutic targets for AD. Recent studies have shown that actin severing protein, Cofilin plays an important role in synaptic remodeling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and AD pathogenesis. However, whether Cofilin is an essential component of AD pathogenesis and how Aβ induced neurotoxicity impinges its signals to Cofilin are unclear. In my dissertation studies, we found Aβ oligomers bind with intermediate activation conformers of β1-integrin to induce the loss of surface β1-integrin and activation of Cofilin via Slingshot homology-1 (SSH1) activation. Specifically, conditional loss of β1-integrin prevented Aβ induced Cofilin activation, and allosteric modulation or activation of β1-integrin significantly reduced Aβ binding to neurons and mitigated Aβ42-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic proteins depletion, and apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that SSH1 reduction, which mitigated Cofilin activation, prevented Aβ-induced mitochondrial Cofilin translocation and apoptosis, while AD brain mitochondria contained significantly increased activated/oxidized Cofilin. In mechanistic support in vivo, we demonstrated that APP transgenic mice brains contain decreased SSH/Cofilin and SSH1/14-3-3 complexes which indicates that SSH-Cofilin activation occurred by releasing of SSH from 14-3-3. We also showed that genetic reduction in Cofilin rescues APP/Aβ-induced synaptic protein loss and gliosis, as well as impairments in synaptic plasticity and contextual memory in vivo. Our lab previously found that overexpression of the scaffolding protein RanBP9 increases Aβ production in cell lines and in transgenic mice, while promoting Cofilin activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, how endogenous RanBP9 activates cofilin and whether endogenous RanBP9 accelerates Aβ-induced deficits in synaptic plasticity, cofilin-dependent pathology, and cognitive impairments were unknown. In my dissertation studies, we found that endogenous RanBP9 positively regulates SSH1 levels and mediates A-induced translocation of Cofilin to mitochondria. Moreover, we demonstrated that endogenous RanBP9 mediates A-induced formation of Cofilin-actin rods in primary neurons. Endogenous level of RanBP9 was also required for Aβ-induced collapse of growth cones in immature neurons and depletion of synaptic proteins in mature neurons. In vivo, we also found APP transgenic mice exhibit significantly increased endogenous RanBP9 levels and that genetic reduction in RanBP9 rescued APP/Aβ-induced synaptic protein loss, gliosis, synaptic plasticity impairments, and contextual memory deficits. These findings indicated that endogenous RanBP9 not only promotes Aβ production but also meditate Aβ induced neurotoxicity via positively regulating SSH1. Taken together, these novel findings implicate essential involvement of β1-integrin–SSH1/RanBP9–Cofilin pathway in mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction in AD pathogenesis.

En transplantation d’organe solide, les Inhibiteurs de la Calcineurine (ICN), Cyclosporine A et Tacrolimus, ont permis un amélioration significative de la survie à court terme du greffon en prévenant le rejet d’allogreffe. Cette évolution positive est contrebalancée par une néphrotoxicité susceptible de contribuer au développement complexe et multifactoriel de la dysfonction chronique du greffon, facteur pronostique majeur d’une insuffisance rénale terminale. L’objectif principal de ce travail a été de combiner deux approches expérimentales complémentaires, afin de mettre en lumière des aspects inédits de la physiopathologie des ICN. La première approche repose sur l’application de la technique de protéomique quantitative« shotgun » iTRAQ (« isobaric Tags for Relative & Absolute Quantitation ») à l’analyse non ciblée du protéome de cellules tubulaires proximales. La seconde approche applique de manière ciblée les outils classiques de biologie moléculaire à l’étude du cytosquelette d’Actine de cellules tubulaires proximales. La combinaison de ces deux stratégies complémentaires a permis de mettre en lumière un rôle inédit du cytosquelette d’Actine dans les effets physiopathologiques de la Cyclosporine A en apportant des éléments en faveur d’un mécanisme reposant sur une régulation originale de la dynamique intracellulaire de l’Actine. / In solid organ transplantation, Calcineurin Inhibitors, Cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus, prevent allograft rejection and ensure short-term allograft survival. However, CNI elicit nephrotoxic side effects whose mechanisms remain widely unsolved and are thought to participate to the multifactorial development of chronic kidney disease, leading to renal failure. The aim of thiswork was to combine targeted and untargeted experimental strategies to better understand CNI-induced physiopathological mechanisms.The first approach was based on the untargeted monitoring of the proximal tubular proteome by the quantitative shotgun proteomic technique, iTRAQ (« isobaric Tags for Relative & Absolute Quantitation »). The second approach consisted in the study of the Actin cytoskeleton of proximal tubular cells by classical molecular biology techniques. In the light of results from both approaches, this work reported that the Actin cytoskeleton of proximal tubular cells may play a part in the pathophysiology of CsA thanks to a mechanism based on an original regulation of the intracellular dynamics of Actin.

No description available.

<p>Huntington’s disease (HD) is a devastating autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no disease modifying treatments. Owing to this are the multiple biological functions of the huntingtin protein and the lack of understanding of the exact pathways being affected in HD. It is clear that the huntingtin protein normally provides anti-apoptotic support and that there are underlying energetic problems and cell stress defects associated with disease. Work from our group has shown that huntingtin acts as a stress sensor and translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus upon cell stress. We therefore hypothesized that huntingtin has a nuclear function in the cell stress response; which would tie together what is currently known about huntingtin, its pro-apoptotic function and the energetic defects of neurodegeneration. In this thesis we describe huntingtin as having a role in the nuclear cofilin-actin rod stress response. Cofilin is an actin binding protein normally involved in actin treadmilling. During stress, cofilin saturates F-actin leading to rod formation which functions to alleviate ATP. We show that this response is impaired in the presence of mutant huntingtin and that the aberrations in this response can be mediated through the enzyme tissue transglutaminase. Little is known about the physiological role and requirement of the cofilin-actin rod response. Therefore we created a system to test if rod formation was required in cells during stress, which indicates if and how targeting this pathway will be possible. We additionally looked at targeting the nuclear import and export properties of the cofilin protein, which directly affect rod formation and may be targetable in cofilin modifying drug discovery efforts. Overall, this work has described a specific and relevant pathway affected by mutant huntingtin and started the process of assessing this pathway as a therapeutic avenue for Huntington’s disease.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

Η αναδιοργάνωση του κυτταροσκελετού ακτίνης έχει κρίσιμο ρόλο στη διήθηση και τη μετάσταση των καρκινικών κυττάρων. Οι πρωτεΐνες κοφιλίνη και N-WASP συνδέονται με την ακτίνη και ρυθμίζουν τη δυναμική του κυτταροσκελετού, ενώ η πρωτεΐνη β-παρβίνη εντοπίζεται στις εστιακές συνδέσεις και διαμεσολαβεί τη σηματοδότηση διαμέσου των ιντεγκρινών με επίσης σημαντική επίδραση στον κυτταροσκελετό ακτίνης. Μεταβολή της έκφρασης των παραπάνω πρωτεϊνών έχει παρατηρηθεί σε διάφορα νεοπλάσματα στον άνθρωπο. Η παρούσα μελέτη επιχειρεί να προσδιορίσει το ρόλο τους στον καρκίνο του λάρυγγα. Για αυτό το λόγο μελετήθηκε με ανοσοϊστοχημεία η έκφραση των πρωτεϊνών κοφιλίνη, N-WASP β-παρβίνη σε 72 ιστικά δείγματα ασθενών με πλακώδες καρκίνωμα του λάρυγγα και αξιολογήθηκε η συσχέτιση της έκφρασης τους με κλινικές και παθολογοανατομικές παραμέτρους καθώς και με την επιβίωση. Θετική ανοσοϊστοχημικη έκφραση των πρωτεϊνών κοφιλίνη, N-WASP β-παρβίνη παρατηρήθηκε στο 86,1%, 93,1% και 94,4% των περιπτώσεων καρκινώματος του λάρυγγα αντίστοιχα, σε αντίθεση με τον παρακείμενο φυσιολογικό ιστό όπου η έκφραση ήταν ασθενής ή απούσα. Η κυταροπλασματική έκφραση της κοφιλίνης έδειξε τάση συσχέτισης με τα προχωρημένα στάδια της νόσου (p=0,063), ενώ η πυρηνική της έκφραση συσχετίστηκε σε στατιστικά σημαντικό βαθμό (p=0,031) με την προχωρημένη ηλικία (>65 ετών) των ασθενών. Η κυτταροπλασματική έκφραση του N-WASP ήταν μεγαλύτερη στα γλωττιδικά καρκινώματα (p=0,068) και συσχετίστηκε σε στατιστικά σημαντικό βαθμό με τα καλά διαφοροποιημένα καρκινώματα (p=0,031). Η κυτταροπλασματική έκφραση της β-παρβίνης συσχετίστηκε σε στατιστικά σημαντικό βαθμό (p=0,038) με τα προχωρημένα στάδια της νόσου. Παρόλο που οι ασθενείς με υψηλότερη έκφραση του N-WASP εμφάνιζαν καλύτερες επιβιώσεις, δεν επιβεβαιώθηκαν στατιστικά σημαντικές συσχετίσεις της έκφρασης των 3 υπό μελέτη πρωτεϊνών με την επιβίωση. Η αυξημένη έκφραση των πρωτεϊνών κοφιλίνη, N-WASP και β-παρβίνη στον καρκίνο του λάρυγγα μπορεί να υποδεικνύει την πιθανή συμμετοχή τους στην παθογένεση της νόσου. Ενώ η υψηλή έκφραση της κοφιλίνης και της β-παρβίνης φάνηκε να ευνοεί την προαγωγή/εξέλιξη του καρκίνου, τα αυξημένα επίπεδα της πρωτεΐνης N-WASP συσχετιστήκαν με ευνοϊκούς προγνωστικούς παράγοντες. / Actin cytoskeleton dynamics are critically implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. Actin binding proteins cofilin and N-WASP regulate actin filament turnover and the focal adhesion protein β-parvin mediates integrin signaling to actin cytoskeleton. Altered expression of these proteins has been implicated in human malignancies. This study addresses their role in human laryngeal cancer. Protein expression of cofilin, N-WASP and β-parvin were investigated by immunohistochemistry in 72 FFPE samples of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Correlations with clinicopathological data and survival were evaluated. Positive immunostaining of cofilin, N-WASP and β-parvin were observed in 86.1%, 93,1% and 94,4% cases respectively, in contrast to the weak or absent staining at the non neoplastic adjacent mucosa. Cytoplasmic cofilin immunoreactivity tended to correlate with advanced disease stage (p=0.063), while its nuclear immunoreactivity correlated significantly with advanced (>65 years) patient age (p=0,031). N-WASP immunoreactivity was higher in glottic laryngeal carcinomas (p=0.068) and significantly correlated with low grade tumors (p=0.031). Expression of β-parvin also correlated significantly with advanced disease stage (p= 0.038). Although patients with high N-WASP expression showed higher survival rates no statistical significant correlation between cofilin, N-WASP or β-parvin immunoreactivity and survival was found. Overexpression of cofilin, N-WASP and β-parvin may be implicated in human laryngeal carcinogenesis. While high expression of cofilin and β-parvin seems to favor tumor progression increased levels of N-WASP associated with favorable prognostic factors.

LIMK1 et LIMK2 sont des sérines/thréonine kinases capables de phosphoryler et d’inactiver la cofiline, un facteur de dépolymérisation de l’actine. Elles sont régulées négativement par la neurofibromine, responsable de la neurofibromatose de type 1, et pourraient être impliquées à la fois dans les aspects tumoraux et cognitifs de cette maladie par leur rôle dans la dynamique de l’actine. Nous avons étudié l’isoforme LIMK2‐1 de LIMK2, spécifique des hominidés et précédemment associée à la déficience intellectuelle. Cette isoforme possède un domaine kinase tronqué et un domaine inhibiteur de la phosphatase 1 (PP1i) en C‐terminal. Nos résultats montrent, d’une part, que LIMK2‐1 existe sous forme de protéine et qu’elle est exprimée dans le système nerveux central chez l’homme, en particulier au cours du neurodéveloppement. D’autre part, il apparaît que cette isoforme favorise la polymérisation de l’actine. Cette action semble indépendant de l’activité kinase puisque LIMK2‐1 ne phosphoryle pas la cofiline. Nous avons également montré que le domaine PP1i interagissait spécifiquement avec la phosphatase 1 et des résultats complémentaires suggèrent un rôle de ce domaine dans l’inhibition de la dépolymérisation de l’actine. Ces données mettent en évidence un mécanisme moléculaire nouveau pour une protéine de la famille des LIMK et soulignent l’intérêt d’étudier ces protéines afin de mieux comprendre leur implication dans les troubles cognitifs et dans la neurofibromatose de type 1. / LIMK1 and LIMK2 are serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate and subsequently inactivate cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor. Neurofibromin, the protein responsible for neurofibromatosis type 1, negatively regulates these proteins that may be involved in tumoral and cognitive aspects of the disease through their role in actin dynamics. We studied LIMK2-1, a hominidae-specific isoform previously involved in intellectual disability. This isoform possesses a truncated kinase domain and a protein phosphatase 1 inhibitory (PP1i) domain at its C-terminal extremity. Our results showed that LIMK2-1 exists at a protein level and that it is expressed in human central nervous system, especially during neurodevelopment. Moreover, LIMK2-1 promotes actin polymerization independently from a kinase activity, since this isoform does not phosphorylate cofiline. We also highlighted an interaction between the PP1i domain and protein phosphatase 1 and complementary results suggest a role of this domain in the inhibition of actin depolymerization. These data highlight a new molecular mechanism for a LIMK protein and emphasize the interest of studying these proteins to understand their involvement in cognitive disorders and in neurofibromatosis type 1.