Cognitive flexibility is an important mechanism enabling organisms to adapt to their changing environment. Different brain structures are involved in this complex process. It has been repeatedly shown that the striatum is one of the key structures controlling cognitive flexibility. Striatum receives rich input from different brain regions while its output is rather uniform. Striatal functions and signalling are greatly modulated by dopamine and acetylcholine. A number of studies have shown involvement of striatal acetylcholine and its receptors in the control of cognitive flexibility but very little is known about the role of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. These receptors are inhibitory, and they have been shown to induce long-term depression in striatal medium spiny neurons, therefore opposing the action of the dopamine D1 receptors. We hypothesize that the inhibitory effect of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors may supress spiny projection neurons coding for outdated and no longer effective behavioural strategy and thus they may be necessary for the flexible change of behaviour. In the present thesis, I investigated the effects of pharmacological antagonism of M4 receptors on cognitive flexibility of mice tested in a simple reversal learning paradigm. Key words: striatum; cholinergic...

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Cognitive performance is a central part of a range of daily activities. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) interventions may improve cognitive performance by enhancing psychological flexibility. Previous research has found correlations between the constructs of psychological flexibility and cognitive flexibility (Whiting et al., 2017). However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the idea that enhancing psychological flexibility could enhance cognitive performance. The current study investigated whether a defusion exercise ‘The Observer’ could enhance cognitive performance in a nonclinical sample of adults (N=71). In addition, the study also sought to investigate whether a defusion exercise could have an effect on experienced levels of stress and also one’s evaluation of one’s own performance in comparison to others. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between the Defusion condition and Control condition regarding cognitive performance. Both conditions performed slightly worse post-intervention. No significant difference was found regarding the evaluations of one's own performance in comparison to others. However, the results showed that the defusion exercise had a positive effect in reducing experienced levels of stress for the Defusion condition compared to the Control condition.

Yes / Sport-related concussion (SRC) and physical pain are both associated with poor mental health, impaired cognition, and reduced quality of life. Despite SRC and physical pain often co-occurring, there is little research that investigates these two factors together, and therefore it is difficult to conclude which of these contributes to the negative outcomes asso ciated with them. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of SRC and physical pain on mental health, cognitive ability, and quality of life. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory while the SF-12 recorded health-related quality of life. A trail making task (TMT) assessed cognitive flexibility of participants. Analysis of 83 participants (43 concussed) revealed that SRC led to reduced accuracy on TMT(A) and (B), whereas physical pain was responsible for poorer mental health and reduced quality of life. This study highlights the influence that SRC has on cognitive ability and the impact that physical pain has on mental health and quality of life. With this information, we are better placed to predict the negative consequences of SRC and physical pain and therefore tailor support accordingly.

This thesis examines the nature of transition expertise which enables individuals to make repeated successful transitions over the course of their career. It addressed four areas that contribute to transition expertise: 1) cognitive flexibility that enables the generalisation of expert knowledge and processes; 2) inferential and inductive cognitive mechanisms that enable expertise to be generalised; 3) personal intelligences that are used to support transitions; and 4) practical intelligence as it supports performance contextually during transitions. The study used retrospective interviews to gather data from elite performers in three fields who had made successful career transitions: sports people who become national coaches or heads of national bodies; successful musicians who become heads of faculty or principals of a conservatoire; successful business people who become senior vice presidents or CEOs. Participants were able to generalise expert knowledge and processes beyond their primary domains, contrary to widely held views about the domain specificity of expertise. Cognitive flexibility enabled this generalisation and was developed through broad based training, early exposure to multiple domains and the early use of generative cognitive processes during the development of primary domain expertise. Inductive, inferential and analogical cognitive mechanisms were the main tools through which expertise was generalised during transitions. Personal intelligence contributed to transition expertise. Intrapersonal intelligence enabled individuals to understand how their abilities, values and motivations shaped their career progression. Interpersonal intelligence enabled individuals to respond effectively to the requirements of their peers, direct reports, stakeholders and organisational context. Contrary to expectations, self regulatory processes did not play a central role in the management of transitions. Practical intelligence enabled transition expertise. It involved more than applying subject-area and tacit knowledge. It encompassed the abilities to: identify and resolve problems; manipulate environmental objects in the form of administrative tasks, schedules and plans; utilise resources in terms of people and materials; and shape their environment, corporate structures and culture. Transition expertise develops and evolves over the course of a career as it uses convergent and divergent cognitive processes, inductive mechanisms, personal awareness and cognitive pragmatics to address issues of increasing scope and implication. While motivational factors, self belief and personality resiliency are important contributors to transition expertise they did not form part of this study.

Currently our world consumes the equivalent of 1.6 earths per year. Although the production has become resource-efficient by using fewer natural resources to produce one dollar of GDP, per-capita consumption in the US firmly increases. Individuals consume an ever-increasing quantity of goods and services which inevitably leads to environmental damages in terms of pollution, deforestation, climate change and psychological disorders such as reduced wellbeing, unhappiness, and anxiety. Past research has suggested that embracing sustainable consumption - where consumption of products and services have minimal impact on the environment, and improvement in society's wellbeing-might mitigate the detrimental effects of over-consumption. Increasingly studies in this stream propose that adopting a psychological approach, specifically by enhancing individuals' inherent capability known as mindfulness may aid in boosting sustainable consumption behaviors. However, only few studies have investigated the decision-making processes associated with mindfulness that could show a detailed picture of how mindfulness - receptive attention to and present moment awareness is positively associated with sustainable consumption behaviors. Conceptual model for this study was built based on mindfulness-related mechanisms, namely re-perceiving, systematic processing, and ability to overcome need for fulfillment. Using a four-step conceptual model: mindfulness-cognitive personality variables-values and beliefs variables-sustainable consumption behaviors, this research empirically examines how trait mindfulness is associated with sustainable consumption behaviors. Embracing a broad definition of sustainable consumption in terms of its impact on environment (composition) and level of consumption (volume), this research includes both pro-environmental and downshifting consumption behaviors. By utilizing an online survey method, data was collected from 1005 respondents in Amazon Mechanical Turk (Mturk). Findings from self-reported measures suggested that while mindfulness directly and positively associated with sustainable behaviors, significant indirect relationships are explained by cognitive personality variables such as cognitive flexibility, need for cognition, attention based self-regulatory control, and values/beliefs namely altruistic values, self-acceptance values, materialistic values, and perceived consumer effectiveness. Comparing empirical models using measures of both socio-cognitive based mindfulness and meditation based mindfulness demonstrated that the former has both direct and indirect relationships with sustainable behaviors while the latter showed only indirect relationships through cognitive personality variables and values/beliefs. By identifying cognitive personality variables that are closely associated with mindfulness, this research teases out the tenets of mindfulness that are more relevant for sustainable consumption behaviors. Also, the recognized cognitive personality variables in this research have been rigorously studied in consumer behavior research, hence finding their relationships with mindfulness might help uncover applications of mindfulness in mainstream consumer behavior research. In addition, by supporting relationships involving cognitive personality variables and values/beliefs relevant for sustainable consumption, this study may offer insights for policy makers and practitioners in maneuvering consumers' mindfulness and their sustainable behaviors to bring about change in their sustainable consumption behaviors.

Les fonctions exécutives (FE) sont définies comme des processus de contrôle permettant d'adapter les comportements dans des situations nouvelles. La littérature sur l'homme fait état de fortes variabilités interindividuelles dans l'exécution de ces FE, notamment liées à l'âge des individus. Dans une approche comparative, nous avons cherché à savoir si le primate non humain exprimait de telles variabilités interindividuelles, dans quelle mesure, et pour quelle(s) fonctions(s). Nous avons proposé une série de tâches à un groupe de babouins Papio papio où des individus mâles et femelles d'âges différents, et de statuts sociaux différents cohabitent. Ces expériences ont bénéficié de l'environnement exceptionnel de la plateforme de Comportement et Cognition du Primate située sur la station de Primatologie CNRS de Rousset, où un groupe de babouins a accès ad libitum à dix systèmes de conditionnement opérant automatisés. Les tâches proposées impliquaient chacune une FE particulière, notamment les fonctions d'inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive. Les procédures utilisées, qui reposent sur un principe de conditionnement opérant, consistaient à présenter les tâches sur des écrans tactiles sur lesquels les babouins devaient donner leur réponse. Les expériences impliquant principalement l'inhibition ont montré que le babouin est capable de mettre en place un contrôle inhibiteur efficace. Cependant, les individus les plus âgés montrent des déficits dans leurs performances. Au contraire, lorsque la tâche d'inhibition a une forte composante motrice, les jeunes ont plus de difficultés à adapter leur mouvement. / Executive functions (EF), which are defined as control processes, serve the adaptation of the behaviour in new situations. The human literature reveals important inter-individual variabilities in the efficiency of EF, in particular when age is considered. In a comparative perspective, we investigated if similar individual differences also exist in nonhuman primates, and for which function(s). Several tasks were thus proposed to a group of baboons Papio papio, comprising individuals of both sexes and different ages and social status. These experiments were run in a unique research facility, the Primate Behaviour and Cognition platform (Primatology center, Rousset-sur-Arc), where the baboons had an ad libitum free access to ten automated operant conditioning test systems equipped with touch screens. Each task targeted a particular EF, including the functions of inhibition and cognitive flexibility. The baboons demonstrated an efficient inhibitory control in our tasks. Overall, older individuals showed deficits in inhibitory control when compared to the younger subjects. However, this pattern of results is inverted when motor rather than cognitive inhibition was required. The second set of experiments studied cognitive flexibility. That EF appears deficient in adults, in comparison to the younger individuals. Thus, as in humans, monkeys show significant individual differences in executive control. It is concluded that their analysis requires to distinguish motor from cognitive inhibition, and to pay special attention to the factor of age.