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Spänningsfältet mellan självbestämmande och ett gott liv för personer med kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar som befinner sig i omsorgsverksamheter är ett område där ett etiskt resonemang måste föras. När och hur får någons autonomi inskränkas? Till vår hjälp behöver vi omsorgsetikens syn på autonomi eftersom det klassiska liberala sättet att se på autonomi inte tar hänsyn till självbestämmande i relation till kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar. Med hjälp av ett etiskt ramverk, framtaget av Page och Hejlskov Elvén med flera (2019), kan vi tydliggöra vilka argument som krävs för att vi ska få lov att begränsa den andres autonomi, och hur. Det etiska ramverket tillsammans med empati som etiskt imperativ och informerat samtycke, även detta sett ur ett omsorgsetiskt perspektiv, syftar till att säkerställa att människans värdighet och livskvalitet inte sätts ur spel när vi överväger att inkräkta på någons autonomi och bör ses som en etisk modell för personal att använda sig av när de står inför etiska dilemman. / The tension between autonomy and a good life for people with cognitive disabilities in care practices is an area where an ethical discussion must take place. When and how may someone´s autonomy be restricted? We need to turn the ethics of care for help since the classical liberal tradition doesn´t take into account autonomy related to people with cognitive disabilities. With the help of an ethical framework, made by Page and Hejlskov Elvén et al.(2019), we can clarify what arguments are required for us to be allowed to limit someone´s autonomy, and how. The ethical framework together with empathy as an ethical imperative along with informed consent, also seen from the perspective of care ethics, aim to ensure that human dignity and quality of life are not jeopardized when we consider infringing someone´s autonomy and should be seen as an ethical guide for staff to use when faced with ethical dilemmas.

No description available.

No description available.

Atualmente as atividades físicas como contexto para intervenção em pessoas com deficiência intelectual (DI) tem sido alvo das mais variadas atenções. O número e a diversidade dos programas de intervenções motoras para essa população - como uma forma de influenciar diretamente alguns aspectos do seu desenvolvimento - têm aumentado significativamente nas últimas décadas. Este estudo teve como objetivo delinear um programa de ensino de futsal para pessoas com DI centrado nos conceitos das propostas táticas de ensino dos jogos esportivos coletivos (JECs), e verificar os efeitos dessa intervenção no desempenho das ações de jogo. A amostra desse estudo foi composta por 11 alunos com DI, com idade entre 18 e 40 anos, inscritos no programa de \"futsal especial\" realizado no Centro de Práticas Esportivas da USP (CEPEUSP). O programa foi desenvolvido por um período de quatro meses, sendo ministradas duas aulas por semana com duração de 1h20min cada, totalizando 30 aulas. Seis jogos formais, com duração de 8 minutos cada, foram utilizados para avaliação, sendo três filmagens pré-intervenção e três pós-intervenção, buscando abranger todos os alunos inscritos no programa. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se a primeira e a última filmagem de cada participante, observando a frequência das seguintes ações de jogo: progredir com a bola e/ou driblar, realizar o passe, finalizar, oferecer opção de passe, marcação atrás da linha da bola, marcação individual, marcação atrasada - classificadas como ações positivas - e finalização rifada, passe rifado, não atacar e não marcar - classificadas como ações negativas. Como resultado pode-se verificar que 9 alunos apresentaram maior total de frequência de ações ao término do programa, assim como aumento no número das ações positivas, enquanto apenas 2 alunos apresentaram frequência das ações de jogo semelhantes antes e após as intervenções. Considerando a soma das ações do grupo, nota-se que a frequência das ações de jogo positivas aumentaram de 262 para 347 após o programa, já as ações de jogo negativas apresentaram uma pequena alteração de 63 para 58. As ações de \"não atacar\" e \"não marcar\" foram as que sofreram maior redução ao término do programa, enquanto as ações de \"finalização rifada\" e \" passe rifado\" aumentaram na avaliação final, sugerindo maior envolvimento dos alunos durante os jogos. Como conclusão, acredita-se que um programa contextualizado nos JECs de invasão, sistematizado com base em um modelo de jogo que atenda as demandas dos alunos, abordando os conteúdos a partir das perspectivas táticas de ensino dos JECs, podem constituir um cenário bastante interessante para essa população. Os dados obtidos neste estudo denotam que a metodologia utilizada, amplamente difundida para populações sem deficiência, também pode ser exequível e eficaz quando aplicada à pessoas com DI / Nowadays, the attention from different areas has been drawn to the positive impacts of activities play when intervening with people with cognitive disabilities (CD). The numerous and diverse motor intervention programs focused on this population - as a means to directly impact some of their development features - have increased significantly over the last decades. The purpose of this paper is to outline a futsal teaching program for people with CD, which core is based on teaching tactical proposals through collective sports games (CSGs), and investigate the impact that intervention has on the game actions performance. The paper sample was composed of 11 individuals with CD, aged between 18 and 40 years, and enrolled in the \"special futsal\" program that takes place at the Centro de Práticas Esportivas da USP (CEPEUSP) (the Centre for Sports Practicing of Universidade de São Paulo). The program was conducted over a 4-month period, with 2 classes weekly, each lasting 1 hour and 20 minutes, totaling 30 classes. For assessment purposes, six formal games, lasting 8 minutes each, were carried out, including 3 film shootings pre-intervention and 3 post-intervention, with the aim of encompassing every individual enrolled in the program. For purposes of data analysis, the first and last filming of each participant were used, so that the frequency of the following game actions could be observed: moving forward with the ball and/or dribbling, passing the ball to other teammate, kicking towards the goal, positioning in pitch so as to be an option to receive a pass, marking between the forwards and the goal, man-to-man marking, late marking - all these classified as positive actions - and kicking the ball with no direction, making a pass with no direction, not attacking and not marking - all these were classified as negative actions. As a result, at the program\'s end it could be noted that 9 individuals showed an increase in the actions frequency in the aggregate, as well as an increased number of positive actions, whereas only 2 individuals showed similar frequency of actions both before and after intervention. Taking into account the whole group\'s actions in the aggregate, it is noted that frequency of positive game actions increased from 262 to 347 after the program conclusion, while negative game actions showed a slight change, from 63 to 58. At the end of the program, \"not attacking\" and \"not marking\" were the actions that experienced most significant decreases, whereas \"kicking with no direction\" and \"making a pass with no direction\" showed an increase at the final assessment, which suggests that individuals became more involved when they were playing. In conclusion, a program which context is invasion-type CSGs, based on a game model that meet the individuals\' demands and that address content derived from tactical viewpoints of CSGs teaching can be a rather interesting scenario for this population. Data gained from this study denote that the methodology used, which is largely disseminated among populations with no deficiencies, can be as feasible and efficient as when applied to people with CD

Atualmente as atividades físicas como contexto para intervenção em pessoas com deficiência intelectual (DI) tem sido alvo das mais variadas atenções. O número e a diversidade dos programas de intervenções motoras para essa população - como uma forma de influenciar diretamente alguns aspectos do seu desenvolvimento - têm aumentado significativamente nas últimas décadas. Este estudo teve como objetivo delinear um programa de ensino de futsal para pessoas com DI centrado nos conceitos das propostas táticas de ensino dos jogos esportivos coletivos (JECs), e verificar os efeitos dessa intervenção no desempenho das ações de jogo. A amostra desse estudo foi composta por 11 alunos com DI, com idade entre 18 e 40 anos, inscritos no programa de \"futsal especial\" realizado no Centro de Práticas Esportivas da USP (CEPEUSP). O programa foi desenvolvido por um período de quatro meses, sendo ministradas duas aulas por semana com duração de 1h20min cada, totalizando 30 aulas. Seis jogos formais, com duração de 8 minutos cada, foram utilizados para avaliação, sendo três filmagens pré-intervenção e três pós-intervenção, buscando abranger todos os alunos inscritos no programa. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se a primeira e a última filmagem de cada participante, observando a frequência das seguintes ações de jogo: progredir com a bola e/ou driblar, realizar o passe, finalizar, oferecer opção de passe, marcação atrás da linha da bola, marcação individual, marcação atrasada - classificadas como ações positivas - e finalização rifada, passe rifado, não atacar e não marcar - classificadas como ações negativas. Como resultado pode-se verificar que 9 alunos apresentaram maior total de frequência de ações ao término do programa, assim como aumento no número das ações positivas, enquanto apenas 2 alunos apresentaram frequência das ações de jogo semelhantes antes e após as intervenções. Considerando a soma das ações do grupo, nota-se que a frequência das ações de jogo positivas aumentaram de 262 para 347 após o programa, já as ações de jogo negativas apresentaram uma pequena alteração de 63 para 58. As ações de \"não atacar\" e \"não marcar\" foram as que sofreram maior redução ao término do programa, enquanto as ações de \"finalização rifada\" e \" passe rifado\" aumentaram na avaliação final, sugerindo maior envolvimento dos alunos durante os jogos. Como conclusão, acredita-se que um programa contextualizado nos JECs de invasão, sistematizado com base em um modelo de jogo que atenda as demandas dos alunos, abordando os conteúdos a partir das perspectivas táticas de ensino dos JECs, podem constituir um cenário bastante interessante para essa população. Os dados obtidos neste estudo denotam que a metodologia utilizada, amplamente difundida para populações sem deficiência, também pode ser exequível e eficaz quando aplicada à pessoas com DI / Nowadays, the attention from different areas has been drawn to the positive impacts of activities play when intervening with people with cognitive disabilities (CD). The numerous and diverse motor intervention programs focused on this population - as a means to directly impact some of their development features - have increased significantly over the last decades. The purpose of this paper is to outline a futsal teaching program for people with CD, which core is based on teaching tactical proposals through collective sports games (CSGs), and investigate the impact that intervention has on the game actions performance. The paper sample was composed of 11 individuals with CD, aged between 18 and 40 years, and enrolled in the \"special futsal\" program that takes place at the Centro de Práticas Esportivas da USP (CEPEUSP) (the Centre for Sports Practicing of Universidade de São Paulo). The program was conducted over a 4-month period, with 2 classes weekly, each lasting 1 hour and 20 minutes, totaling 30 classes. For assessment purposes, six formal games, lasting 8 minutes each, were carried out, including 3 film shootings pre-intervention and 3 post-intervention, with the aim of encompassing every individual enrolled in the program. For purposes of data analysis, the first and last filming of each participant were used, so that the frequency of the following game actions could be observed: moving forward with the ball and/or dribbling, passing the ball to other teammate, kicking towards the goal, positioning in pitch so as to be an option to receive a pass, marking between the forwards and the goal, man-to-man marking, late marking - all these classified as positive actions - and kicking the ball with no direction, making a pass with no direction, not attacking and not marking - all these were classified as negative actions. As a result, at the program\'s end it could be noted that 9 individuals showed an increase in the actions frequency in the aggregate, as well as an increased number of positive actions, whereas only 2 individuals showed similar frequency of actions both before and after intervention. Taking into account the whole group\'s actions in the aggregate, it is noted that frequency of positive game actions increased from 262 to 347 after the program conclusion, while negative game actions showed a slight change, from 63 to 58. At the end of the program, \"not attacking\" and \"not marking\" were the actions that experienced most significant decreases, whereas \"kicking with no direction\" and \"making a pass with no direction\" showed an increase at the final assessment, which suggests that individuals became more involved when they were playing. In conclusion, a program which context is invasion-type CSGs, based on a game model that meet the individuals\' demands and that address content derived from tactical viewpoints of CSGs teaching can be a rather interesting scenario for this population. Data gained from this study denote that the methodology used, which is largely disseminated among populations with no deficiencies, can be as feasible and efficient as when applied to people with CD

The interest in video games has grown substantially over the years, transforming from a means of recreation to one of the most dominating fields in entertainment. However, a significant number of individuals face several obstacles when playing games due to disabilities. While efforts towards more accessible game experiences have increased, cognitive disabilities have been often neglected, partly because games targeting cognitive disabilities are some of the most difficult to design, since cognitive accessibility barriers can be present at any part of the game. In recent years, research in human-computer interaction has explored gesture-based technologies and interaction, especially in the context of games and virtual reality. Research on gesture-based interaction has concentrated on providing a new form of interaction for people with cognitive disabilities. Several studies have shown that gesture interaction may provide several benefits to individuals with cognitive disabilities, including increased cognitive, motor and social aptitudes. This study aims to explore the impact of gesture-based interaction on the. accessibility of video games for children with cognitive disabilities. Accessibility of gesture interaction is evaluated against touch interaction as the baseline, a comparison founded on previous studies that have argued for the high level of accessibility and universal availability of touchscreen devices. As such, a game prototype was custom designed and developed to support both types of interaction, gestures and touch. The game was presented to several users during an interaction study, where every user played the game with both methods of interaction. The game and outcome of the user interaction study were further discussed with field experts. This study contributes towards a better understanding of how gesture interaction impacts the accessibility in games for children with cognitive disabilities. This study concludes that there are certain drawbacks with gesture-based games, especially with regards to precision, accuracy, and ergonomics. As a result, the majority of users preferred the touch interaction method. Nevertheless, some users also considered the gesture game to be a fun experience. Further, discussion with experts produces several points of improvement to make gesture interaction more accessible. The findings of the study are a departure point for a deeper analysis of gestures and how they can be integrated into the gaming world.

Within the field of Disability Studies, research on cognitive and developmental disabilities is relatively rare in comparison to other types of disabilities. Using Clifford Geertz's anthropological approach, "thick description," autism can be better understood by placing both fiction and non-fiction accounts of the disorder into a larger theoretical context. Applying concepts from existing works in Disability Studies to the major writings of Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva, Jacques Lacan, and Donna Haraway also proves to be mutually enlightening. This ethnographic approach within the context of analysis of literary texts provides a model by which representations of individuals who are cognitively or developmentally disabled can be included in the academy.

Cette recherche élabore une compréhension du soutien adapté exercé par des Auxiliaires de Vie Scolaire (AVS) auprès d’élèves aux fonctions exécutives troublées, lors d’une séquence d’apprentissage scientifique en classe ordinaire de primaire. Pour caractériser l’exercice de ce soutien, nous avons mobilisé et articulés entre eux cinq champs théoriques. Le premier, l’approche ergologique étudie comment les AVS composent leur milieu de travail. Les recherches de psychologues permettent de comprendre « aider à apprendre » dans le cas du soutien des AVS. La référence à la neuropsychologie permet de percevoir le handicap cognitif et ses répercussions possibles sur les apprentissages dans un contexte d'enseignement scientifique. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur des recherches en didactique des sciences pour mieux identifier les particularités du soutien d’un élève présentant des troubles des fonctions cognitives dans ce cadre de l’enseignement des sciences. Enfin, l'étude interroge la notion d'un partenariat entre les deux adultes présents dans la classe (enseignants et AVS) et des travaux permettent de mieux en comprendre l'organisation. La méthode d’étude du soutien a été conçu et nous avons recueilli le matériau de l'étude. Les résultats principaux montrent que l’exercice des soutiens des deux catégories de professionnels –enseignant et AVS– recouvre de multiples modalités et il peut être caractérisé. Il relève d'agencements d'aspects cognitifs et didactiques. Les élèves de l’étude progressent et ne sont pas plus en difficulté que certains autres élèves de la classe. Les AVS et les enseignants soulignent la complexité à accompagner et répondre ensemble aux besoins éducatifs / This research develops an understanding of the suitable adapted support done by “school ancillaries” (SA, in France, person contracted to provide support to special needs children in the classroom) and addressed to pupils with disturbed executive functions during a science class in ordinary primary classrooms. In order to characterise this support, five different theoretical frameworks where articulated. The first one, the ergonomic approach, studied the way the SA are dealing with their work environment. Researches in psychology allow to understand the concept of “heling to learn” in the case of the support by SA. The reference to neuropsychology allows discerning the cognitive disability and their possible impact on learnings in the context of science teaching. We based our work on research in science education in order to identify the specificities of pupils with disturbed executive functions in science class. The last theoretical grounds questions the notion of partnership between two adults in the classroom (teacher and SA) and research works allow to better understand this organisation.The method to study the support given by the SA was designed and the data collected (video, interviews). The main results highlight that the support of the two categories of professionals – teacher and SA – covers multiple modalities and can be characterized. Such support falls under arrangements of cognitive and didactical aspects. The pupils with disturbed executive functions make progress and do not show more difficulties than some other pupils of the class. The SA and the teachers stress the complexity to support and answer together to the special

In recognition that every child matters, inclusive education has become a practice that has been adopted by many schools across the globe and most usually in first world countries. As a whole-school system it occurs less frequently in developing countries including South Africa which, unlike many developing countries, has a sound infrastructure and many excellent schools in both the state and the independent sectors. ‘Education White Paper 6: Special education: Building an inclusive education and training system’ was published in 2001 with the express intention of developing an inclusive education system in South Africa. Some independent schools have successfully implemented exemplary forms of inclusion in their schools and this is the phenomenon that has been studied by focusing on the understandings and experiences of the principals. As the researcher I interviewed eight principals who are practicing inclusive education as the norm in their schools. This study reveals various aspects of the inclusive process including the pivotal role that principals play in the transformation process of which inclusive education is the harbinger. It also analyses why principals choose to embrace a paradigm that on the surface is uncomfortable and not an easy option. I used biographical narrative research as methodology for this qualitative research and crystallisation as quality strategy in order to study the phenomenon that is the understandings of principals of independent schools of inclusive education. The basic tenet was that inclusion leads to belonging and excellence in education. The major findings and implications for action are of interest not only to principals, but to anyone who is seriously interested in innovative and more humane forms of anti-oppressive education. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted