Many factors affect resilience, such as personality traits and environmental support. A projective assessment has many advantages to understand a person as a whole. Up to present, there is no projective assessment for resilience. This dissertation was a pilot study to develop a projective method. Sixty-five college students participated in this study. Participants used words to describe their feelings after hearing an open-ended story with a traumatic event; they also completed the story. In this study, the resilience ratio, defined as the ratio of the number of positive responses divided by the number of total responses, reflected the resilience level as well as cognitive and emotional flexibility. How participants completed the story revealed participants' interactions with the adversity. The resilience ratio has a slightly less than medium correlation with the CD-RISC-10 at a .05% level with r = .08. Participants who completed the story positively demonstrated the ability to use their resilient personality traits and social resources. t Tests revealed that resilience ratios, the CD-RISC-10 scores, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scores for participants providing positive endings and for those who providing negative endings were significantly different at a .05% level with Cohen's d values of .69, .65, and .62 respectively. The effect sizes for these three t tests were medium. Both the resilience ratio and how participants completed the story can be used to understand and measure resilience. The projective method presented in this pilot study may be used to develop prevention programs and intervention strategies to help individuals to gain resilience. As individuals become resilient, psychological disorder rate and mental health cost will decrease, and positive social change will result.

Constructivism is a learning theory that states that people learn by actively constructing their own knowledge, based on prior knowledge. Many different perspectives exist on constructivist pedagogical principles and on how to apply them to instructional design. It is thus not only difficult to evaluate the conformity of existing learning systems with constructivist principles, it is also quite hard to ensure that a new learning system being designed will ultimately facilitate and stimulate constructivist learning. A critical characteristic often mentioned in learning systems is adaptability. That is, the ability to provide a learning experience that is continuously tailored to the needs of the individual learner. The present research aims to help designing truly constructivist and adaptive learning systems. For that purpose, it is necessary to clarify what constructivism entails in an operational manner: I propose a set of criteria for certain aspects of constructivism and use it both as guidelines for designing learning systems and for evaluating the conformity of learning systems with these constructivist principles. One facet often mentioned as being strongly relevant to constructivism is cognitive flexibility, meaning the ability to spontaneously restructure one's knowledge, in many ways, in adaptive response to radically changing situational demands. The claim I make in the present thesis is that the operational approach I proposed makes the design and use of adaptive learning environments supporting cognitive flexibility straightforward and effective. More specifically, the dissertation makes four main contributions to the interdisciplinary field of learning and e-Learning technology. Firstly, the thesis proposes operational criteria for cognitive flexibility and presents both justifications and examples of their use. The set of criteria may be used in different instructional situations for designing and evaluating conditions of learning. Secondly, on the basis of the criteria for cognitive flexibility, the thesis proposes an operational instructional design process and shows an example of its use. The process may also be applied in a variety of instructional situations for the design and use of learning systems fostering cognitive flexibility. Thirdly, the thesis introduces a new, open-source, domain-independent, Web-based adaptive e-Learning platform, named COFALE, and illustrates an example of its use. The platform may be used for designing adaptive learning systems supporting cognitive flexibility in various domains. And fourthly, the thesis reports on a preliminary evaluation of the example handled by COFALE with actual learners. The study provides a certain number of encouraging results for fostering cognitive flexibility by means of ICT-based learning conditions.

A restrição do crescimento intrauterino (RCIU) está associada com preferências alimentares alteradas, assim como com um aumento do risco de obesidade na vida adulta. Enquanto os desfechos metabólicos adversos têm sido de certa forma bem caracterizados nesta condição, seus déficits neurocomportamentais e alterações em áreas específicas do sistema nervoso têm recebido significativamente menos atenção. Além disso, o papel do cuidado materno no estabelecimento destes desfechos também deve ser avaliado. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da RCIU sobre a flexibilidade cognitiva dos animais na vida adulta, explorando o possível envolvimento do cuidado materno e da resposta neuroquímica à recompensa – através da medida do conteúdo de tirosina hidroxilase (TH) no córtex orbitofrontal (OFC) e núcleo accumbens ( NAcc ) – sobre este desfecho. Materiais e Métodos: A partir do dia 10 de gestação e durante toda a lactação, ratas Sprague-Dawley receberam uma dieta ad libitum (Contr), ou uma dieta restrita a 50% do consumo médio das ratas do grupo Contr (FR). No dia do nascimento, foi realizada a adoção cruzada, gerando os grupos Contr/Contr e FR/Contr (gestação/lactação). Do dia 2 ao dia 7 pós-parto, o cuidado materno foi registrado em cinco sessões diárias de 72 minutos cada. A flexibilidade cognitiva foi medida nos ratos na idade adulta utilizando o Attentional Set- Shifting Task (ASST) que utiliza um pellet de alimento doce como recompensa. Os animais também foram submetidos a jejum de 4 horas e em seguida expostos ao alimento doce durante 1 hora para verificar o consumo agudo de alimento palatável. O conteúdo de TH no córtex orbitofrontal e núcleo accumbens foi medido em jejum ou em resposta à ingestão de alimentos palatáveis. Resultados: Ratas FR mostraram menos comportamentos de lamber os filhotes que fêmeas do grupo Contr (p<0,01) sem diferença nos escores das posturas de amamentação e no tempo permanecido em contato com os filhotes. Filhotes de ratas FR apresentaram peso reduzido ao nascer (p<0,01). Aos 90 dias de idade, machos do grupo FR/Contr apresentaram maior consumo de alimento doce no teste de exposição aguda (p=0,04), enquanto que as fêmeas não diferiram na quantidade consumida (p=0,37). Quando comparadas às controles, fêmeas RCIU necessitaram menos trials para alcançar o critério na etapa de Reversão 2 do ASST (p=0,04), e apresentaram um aumento de TH no OFC em resposta à ingestão de alimentos doces (p=0,04). Não foram observadas diferenças para o sexo masculino em relação à performance no ASST ou nos níveis de TH no OFC. No NAcc , houve um aumento de TH no estado de jejum tanto nos machos RCIU (p=0,03) quanto nas fêmeas RCIU (p=0,02). Discussão: O protocolo utilizado foi eficiente em induzir RCIU nos filhotes. Caracterizar os cuidado materno em diferentes protocolos é crucial para entender melhor as relações entre ambientes precoces adversos e seus coincidentes desfechos adversos na vida adulta. A melhora no desempenho do ASST e concomitante aumento de TH no OFC após consumo de doce sugere que as pistas relacionadas aos alimentos palatáveis sejam mais fortes para as fêmeas expostas à RCIU. Além disso, as alterações encontradas no Nacc em ambos os sexos sugere que a RCIU induz modificações na resposta central para as pistas de alimentos palatáveis e no consumo, afetando a liberação de dopamina em algumas estruturas do circuito encefálico de recompensa. / Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with altered food preferences as well as increased risk for obesity in adult life. However, while the adverse metabolic outcomes have been better characterized in this condition, the neurobehavioral disabilities and particular abnormalities in specific areas of the brain have received less attention. Moreover, the role of maternal care in the stablishment of these outcomes should be evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IUGR on the cognitive flexibility of adult animals, exploring the putative involvement of maternal care and the neurochemical response to reward – through the measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content in the orbitofrontal (OF) cortex and nucleus accumbens (nacc) - on this behavioral outcome. Materials and methods: From day 10 of gestation and through lactation, Sprague-Dawley rats received either an ad libitum (AdLib), or a 50% food restricted (FR) diet. At birth, pups were cross-fostered, generating AdLib/AdLib and FR/AdLib groups (pregnancy/lactation). From day 2 to 7 postpartum maternal care was recorded in a five daily sessions. Cognitive flexibility was measured using the Attentional Set-Shifting Task (ASST) with a sweet pellet as a reward. Animals were also submitted to 4 hours of fasting and then exposed to a sweet food for 1 hour to verify the palatable food consumption. TH content in the OF cortex and Nacc was measured at baseline or in response to palatable food intake. Results: Dams of FR group showed less care toward her pups. More precisely, these FR dams showed less licking/grooming than AdLib dams (p<0.01), without difference in the nursing postures and time spent out of the nest. Pups of FR dams had reduced birth weight (p<0.01). At 90 days of age, FR/AdLib males showed increased intake of sweet food in the acute exposure (p=0.04), while females did not differ in the amount consumed (p=0.37). When compared to Controls, IUGR females needed fewer trials to reach criterion in the ASST(p=0.04) and had an increase in TH in response to sweet food intake in the OFC (p=0.04), but not at baseline. No differences were seen in males (p=0.51). In the nacc, there was an increase in TH at baseline in IUGR males (p=0.03) and females (p=0.02). Discussion: The protocol used was efficient in inducing IUGR in the pups. To characterize maternal care in different protocols is crucial to better understand the relationships between early adverse environment and their coincident adverse outcomes in adult life. The improvement in performance of FR females in ASST and concomitant increase in OFC TH in respone to sweet food consumption suggests that palatable food cues are stronger for intrauterine restricted females. Besides, alterations found in the Nacc in both sexes suggest that IUGR induces modifications in the central response to palatable food cues and its intake, affecting dopamine release in select structures of the brain reward system.

A restrição do crescimento intrauterino (RCIU) está associada com preferências alimentares alteradas, assim como com um aumento do risco de obesidade na vida adulta. Enquanto os desfechos metabólicos adversos têm sido de certa forma bem caracterizados nesta condição, seus déficits neurocomportamentais e alterações em áreas específicas do sistema nervoso têm recebido significativamente menos atenção. Além disso, o papel do cuidado materno no estabelecimento destes desfechos também deve ser avaliado. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da RCIU sobre a flexibilidade cognitiva dos animais na vida adulta, explorando o possível envolvimento do cuidado materno e da resposta neuroquímica à recompensa – através da medida do conteúdo de tirosina hidroxilase (TH) no córtex orbitofrontal (OFC) e núcleo accumbens ( NAcc ) – sobre este desfecho. Materiais e Métodos: A partir do dia 10 de gestação e durante toda a lactação, ratas Sprague-Dawley receberam uma dieta ad libitum (Contr), ou uma dieta restrita a 50% do consumo médio das ratas do grupo Contr (FR). No dia do nascimento, foi realizada a adoção cruzada, gerando os grupos Contr/Contr e FR/Contr (gestação/lactação). Do dia 2 ao dia 7 pós-parto, o cuidado materno foi registrado em cinco sessões diárias de 72 minutos cada. A flexibilidade cognitiva foi medida nos ratos na idade adulta utilizando o Attentional Set- Shifting Task (ASST) que utiliza um pellet de alimento doce como recompensa. Os animais também foram submetidos a jejum de 4 horas e em seguida expostos ao alimento doce durante 1 hora para verificar o consumo agudo de alimento palatável. O conteúdo de TH no córtex orbitofrontal e núcleo accumbens foi medido em jejum ou em resposta à ingestão de alimentos palatáveis. Resultados: Ratas FR mostraram menos comportamentos de lamber os filhotes que fêmeas do grupo Contr (p<0,01) sem diferença nos escores das posturas de amamentação e no tempo permanecido em contato com os filhotes. Filhotes de ratas FR apresentaram peso reduzido ao nascer (p<0,01). Aos 90 dias de idade, machos do grupo FR/Contr apresentaram maior consumo de alimento doce no teste de exposição aguda (p=0,04), enquanto que as fêmeas não diferiram na quantidade consumida (p=0,37). Quando comparadas às controles, fêmeas RCIU necessitaram menos trials para alcançar o critério na etapa de Reversão 2 do ASST (p=0,04), e apresentaram um aumento de TH no OFC em resposta à ingestão de alimentos doces (p=0,04). Não foram observadas diferenças para o sexo masculino em relação à performance no ASST ou nos níveis de TH no OFC. No NAcc , houve um aumento de TH no estado de jejum tanto nos machos RCIU (p=0,03) quanto nas fêmeas RCIU (p=0,02). Discussão: O protocolo utilizado foi eficiente em induzir RCIU nos filhotes. Caracterizar os cuidado materno em diferentes protocolos é crucial para entender melhor as relações entre ambientes precoces adversos e seus coincidentes desfechos adversos na vida adulta. A melhora no desempenho do ASST e concomitante aumento de TH no OFC após consumo de doce sugere que as pistas relacionadas aos alimentos palatáveis sejam mais fortes para as fêmeas expostas à RCIU. Além disso, as alterações encontradas no Nacc em ambos os sexos sugere que a RCIU induz modificações na resposta central para as pistas de alimentos palatáveis e no consumo, afetando a liberação de dopamina em algumas estruturas do circuito encefálico de recompensa. / Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with altered food preferences as well as increased risk for obesity in adult life. However, while the adverse metabolic outcomes have been better characterized in this condition, the neurobehavioral disabilities and particular abnormalities in specific areas of the brain have received less attention. Moreover, the role of maternal care in the stablishment of these outcomes should be evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IUGR on the cognitive flexibility of adult animals, exploring the putative involvement of maternal care and the neurochemical response to reward – through the measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content in the orbitofrontal (OF) cortex and nucleus accumbens (nacc) - on this behavioral outcome. Materials and methods: From day 10 of gestation and through lactation, Sprague-Dawley rats received either an ad libitum (AdLib), or a 50% food restricted (FR) diet. At birth, pups were cross-fostered, generating AdLib/AdLib and FR/AdLib groups (pregnancy/lactation). From day 2 to 7 postpartum maternal care was recorded in a five daily sessions. Cognitive flexibility was measured using the Attentional Set-Shifting Task (ASST) with a sweet pellet as a reward. Animals were also submitted to 4 hours of fasting and then exposed to a sweet food for 1 hour to verify the palatable food consumption. TH content in the OF cortex and Nacc was measured at baseline or in response to palatable food intake. Results: Dams of FR group showed less care toward her pups. More precisely, these FR dams showed less licking/grooming than AdLib dams (p<0.01), without difference in the nursing postures and time spent out of the nest. Pups of FR dams had reduced birth weight (p<0.01). At 90 days of age, FR/AdLib males showed increased intake of sweet food in the acute exposure (p=0.04), while females did not differ in the amount consumed (p=0.37). When compared to Controls, IUGR females needed fewer trials to reach criterion in the ASST(p=0.04) and had an increase in TH in response to sweet food intake in the OFC (p=0.04), but not at baseline. No differences were seen in males (p=0.51). In the nacc, there was an increase in TH at baseline in IUGR males (p=0.03) and females (p=0.02). Discussion: The protocol used was efficient in inducing IUGR in the pups. To characterize maternal care in different protocols is crucial to better understand the relationships between early adverse environment and their coincident adverse outcomes in adult life. The improvement in performance of FR females in ASST and concomitant increase in OFC TH in respone to sweet food consumption suggests that palatable food cues are stronger for intrauterine restricted females. Besides, alterations found in the Nacc in both sexes suggest that IUGR induces modifications in the central response to palatable food cues and its intake, affecting dopamine release in select structures of the brain reward system.

A restrição do crescimento intrauterino (RCIU) está associada com preferências alimentares alteradas, assim como com um aumento do risco de obesidade na vida adulta. Enquanto os desfechos metabólicos adversos têm sido de certa forma bem caracterizados nesta condição, seus déficits neurocomportamentais e alterações em áreas específicas do sistema nervoso têm recebido significativamente menos atenção. Além disso, o papel do cuidado materno no estabelecimento destes desfechos também deve ser avaliado. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da RCIU sobre a flexibilidade cognitiva dos animais na vida adulta, explorando o possível envolvimento do cuidado materno e da resposta neuroquímica à recompensa – através da medida do conteúdo de tirosina hidroxilase (TH) no córtex orbitofrontal (OFC) e núcleo accumbens ( NAcc ) – sobre este desfecho. Materiais e Métodos: A partir do dia 10 de gestação e durante toda a lactação, ratas Sprague-Dawley receberam uma dieta ad libitum (Contr), ou uma dieta restrita a 50% do consumo médio das ratas do grupo Contr (FR). No dia do nascimento, foi realizada a adoção cruzada, gerando os grupos Contr/Contr e FR/Contr (gestação/lactação). Do dia 2 ao dia 7 pós-parto, o cuidado materno foi registrado em cinco sessões diárias de 72 minutos cada. A flexibilidade cognitiva foi medida nos ratos na idade adulta utilizando o Attentional Set- Shifting Task (ASST) que utiliza um pellet de alimento doce como recompensa. Os animais também foram submetidos a jejum de 4 horas e em seguida expostos ao alimento doce durante 1 hora para verificar o consumo agudo de alimento palatável. O conteúdo de TH no córtex orbitofrontal e núcleo accumbens foi medido em jejum ou em resposta à ingestão de alimentos palatáveis. Resultados: Ratas FR mostraram menos comportamentos de lamber os filhotes que fêmeas do grupo Contr (p<0,01) sem diferença nos escores das posturas de amamentação e no tempo permanecido em contato com os filhotes. Filhotes de ratas FR apresentaram peso reduzido ao nascer (p<0,01). Aos 90 dias de idade, machos do grupo FR/Contr apresentaram maior consumo de alimento doce no teste de exposição aguda (p=0,04), enquanto que as fêmeas não diferiram na quantidade consumida (p=0,37). Quando comparadas às controles, fêmeas RCIU necessitaram menos trials para alcançar o critério na etapa de Reversão 2 do ASST (p=0,04), e apresentaram um aumento de TH no OFC em resposta à ingestão de alimentos doces (p=0,04). Não foram observadas diferenças para o sexo masculino em relação à performance no ASST ou nos níveis de TH no OFC. No NAcc , houve um aumento de TH no estado de jejum tanto nos machos RCIU (p=0,03) quanto nas fêmeas RCIU (p=0,02). Discussão: O protocolo utilizado foi eficiente em induzir RCIU nos filhotes. Caracterizar os cuidado materno em diferentes protocolos é crucial para entender melhor as relações entre ambientes precoces adversos e seus coincidentes desfechos adversos na vida adulta. A melhora no desempenho do ASST e concomitante aumento de TH no OFC após consumo de doce sugere que as pistas relacionadas aos alimentos palatáveis sejam mais fortes para as fêmeas expostas à RCIU. Além disso, as alterações encontradas no Nacc em ambos os sexos sugere que a RCIU induz modificações na resposta central para as pistas de alimentos palatáveis e no consumo, afetando a liberação de dopamina em algumas estruturas do circuito encefálico de recompensa. / Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with altered food preferences as well as increased risk for obesity in adult life. However, while the adverse metabolic outcomes have been better characterized in this condition, the neurobehavioral disabilities and particular abnormalities in specific areas of the brain have received less attention. Moreover, the role of maternal care in the stablishment of these outcomes should be evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IUGR on the cognitive flexibility of adult animals, exploring the putative involvement of maternal care and the neurochemical response to reward – through the measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content in the orbitofrontal (OF) cortex and nucleus accumbens (nacc) - on this behavioral outcome. Materials and methods: From day 10 of gestation and through lactation, Sprague-Dawley rats received either an ad libitum (AdLib), or a 50% food restricted (FR) diet. At birth, pups were cross-fostered, generating AdLib/AdLib and FR/AdLib groups (pregnancy/lactation). From day 2 to 7 postpartum maternal care was recorded in a five daily sessions. Cognitive flexibility was measured using the Attentional Set-Shifting Task (ASST) with a sweet pellet as a reward. Animals were also submitted to 4 hours of fasting and then exposed to a sweet food for 1 hour to verify the palatable food consumption. TH content in the OF cortex and Nacc was measured at baseline or in response to palatable food intake. Results: Dams of FR group showed less care toward her pups. More precisely, these FR dams showed less licking/grooming than AdLib dams (p<0.01), without difference in the nursing postures and time spent out of the nest. Pups of FR dams had reduced birth weight (p<0.01). At 90 days of age, FR/AdLib males showed increased intake of sweet food in the acute exposure (p=0.04), while females did not differ in the amount consumed (p=0.37). When compared to Controls, IUGR females needed fewer trials to reach criterion in the ASST(p=0.04) and had an increase in TH in response to sweet food intake in the OFC (p=0.04), but not at baseline. No differences were seen in males (p=0.51). In the nacc, there was an increase in TH at baseline in IUGR males (p=0.03) and females (p=0.02). Discussion: The protocol used was efficient in inducing IUGR in the pups. To characterize maternal care in different protocols is crucial to better understand the relationships between early adverse environment and their coincident adverse outcomes in adult life. The improvement in performance of FR females in ASST and concomitant increase in OFC TH in respone to sweet food consumption suggests that palatable food cues are stronger for intrauterine restricted females. Besides, alterations found in the Nacc in both sexes suggest that IUGR induces modifications in the central response to palatable food cues and its intake, affecting dopamine release in select structures of the brain reward system.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-24T14:41:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Pereira de Araujo.pdf: 6956123 bytes, checksum: f4c35c65ac7cc45d0de6786779082c61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T14:41:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Pereira de Araujo.pdf: 6956123 bytes, checksum: f4c35c65ac7cc45d0de6786779082c61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / The approach of teaching is increasingly a challenge in front of the technological tools, provided by the Information Society. Under the backdrop of the Cognitive Flexibility Theory, this Research investigates the application of this theory in Learning Management Systems, from the adoption of strategies to support the learning mediation, giving students learn to learn and collaborative learn. The analysis is on the basis of Research and Teaching Intervention, students with high school, proposed on hyperdocument. Among the results of the application, found that the application of the elements of this theory helps in the studies organization in relation to the approach of teaching complex and illstructured contents. As a contribution, this research highlights the need for the adoption of control mechanisms, which favors the view of the current state of development of activities performed by the student. Also indicate the need to alert to the student, the goals of learning, inherent in the desired result and express what this can do when you have dominated. And finally, it points to the need for integration of the student, the process of interaction and collaboration among peers, leading it to independence in the production of knowledge, positioning it as the author and/or co-author in the (re)construction of knowledge, opening a conversation channel without limits, and directing the use of resources in hyperdocument. / A abordagem da prática docente constitui, cada vez mais, um desafio diante dos ferramentais tecnológicos, proporcionados pela Sociedade da Informação. Sob o pano de fundo da Teoria da Flexibilidade Cognitiva, o presente trabalho investiga a aplicação dessa teoria em Ambientes Virtuais de Ensino, a partir da adoção de estratégias de suporte à mediação da aprendizagem, proporcionando aos alunos aprender a aprender e aprender colaborativamente. A análise constitui-se a partir de investigação e intervenção didática, junto a alunos do ensino Médio, proposta com base em hiperdocumentos. Dentre os resultados da aplicação, detectou-se que a aplicação dos elementos dessa teoria auxilia na organização de estudos, em relação à abordagem de ensino de conteúdos complexos e pouco estruturado. Como contribuição, esta pesquisa aponta a necessidade da adoção de mecanismos de controle, que favoreça a visualização do estado atual do desenvolvimento das atividades realizadas pelo aluno. Indicamos também, a necessidade da indicação, para o aluno, dos objetivos de aprendizagem, inerentes ao resultado pretendido e exprimem o que este poderá realizar quando os tiver dominado. E, finalmente, aponta-se para a necessidade de integração do próprio aluno, ao processo de interação e colaboração entre os pares, levando-o à autonomia na produção do saber, posicionando-o como autor e/ou co-autor no processo de (re)construção do conhecimento, abrindo um canal de conversação sem limites, e direcionando o uso dos recursos presentes nos hiperdocumentos.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T15:07:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ursula Moema Chaves Melo Veras.pdf: 2093476 bytes, checksum: a4198fc75ad17f01a094accda72ab3b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T15:07:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ursula Moema Chaves Melo Veras.pdf: 2093476 bytes, checksum: a4198fc75ad17f01a094accda72ab3b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-27 / In this paper we intend to present the research applied in a particular school of the city of Recife, with pupils of 7th grade. The focus is the WebQuest Model (WQM), created by Bernie Dodge and Tom March in 1995 at San Diego State University – EUA. Associated to the WebQuest Model we have the theory of teaching, learning and representation of knowledge created by Rand Spiro et al: The Cognitive Flexibility Theory (CFT). We will show a pedagogical intervention carried through the lessons of Sciences, working the content "Urinary System" and applying the WebQuest(WQ) "Lixo: Para fora!". The inquiry occurred from application of two WebQuests: The first WQ (conventional) was constructed with the critical and notcritical attributes defined by Dodge; the second WQ (modified) was increased of the beddings of the TFC and with an educational hypermedia / O presente trabalho pretende apresentar a pesquisa realizada numa escola particular da cidade do Recife, com alunos da 7ª Série do Ensino Fundamental. O foco da pesquisa é o Modelo WebQuest (MWQ), criado por Bernie Dodge e Tom March em 1995, na Universidade Estadual de San Diego – EUA. Associada ao Modelo WebQuest, teremos a teoria de ensino, aprendizagem e representação do conhecimento criada por Rand Spiro e Colaboradores: A Teoria da Flexibilidade Cognitiva (TFC). Faremos um relato da intervenção pedagógica realizada nas aulas de Ciências, trabalhando o conteúdo “Sistema Urinário” e aplicando a WebQuest(WQ) “Lixo: Para Fora!”. A investigação ocorreu a partir de aplicação de duas WebQuests: A primeira WQ (convencional) foi construída com os atributos críticos e não-críticos definidos por Dodge; a segunda WQ (modificada) foi acrescida dos fundamentos da TFC e uma hipermídia educacional.

Hintergrund: Chronische Schmerzen sind weit verbreitet in Deutschland (Häuser et al., 2014). Folgt man den Empfehlungen der NVL Kreuzschmerz (2017) für chronische Verlaufs-formen werden vor allem interdisziplinäre multimodale Therapieansätze in der Behandlung präferiert. Diese zeitlich und inhaltlich umfangreichen Therapieprogramme (Arnold et al. 2009), deren Wirksamkeit und Effektivität bereits gut untersucht ist und als im Wesentlichen positiv bewertet wurde (Kaiser, Azad und Sabatowski, 2015; Pfingsten et al., 2010; Nagel und Korb, 2009), stellen hinsichtlich der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit eine große Herausforderung für die Patienten dar: häufig berichten Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen von kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen. Wenngleich sich die Studienlage sehr heterogen gestaltet, konnten zahlreiche Untersuchungen das Vorliegen kognitiver Beeinträchtigungen bereits bestätigen – sowohl auf subjektiver als auch auf objektiver Ebene (e. g. Landrø et al., 2013; Rathbone et al., 2016; Baker et al., 2016; Kuhnt, 2005; Oosterman et al., 2012). Insbesondere Defizite in Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen und Exekutivfunktionen wie Arbeitsgedächtnis und kognitiver Flexibilität wurden beobachtet. Zudem entspannt sich seit den 90er Jahren eine breite Diskussion um angemessene Bewältigungsstrategien auf chronischen Schmerz. Dabei steht u. a. die Frage, was ein angemessener Bewältigungsansatz, ist im Fokus. Verschiedene Modellansätze beschreiben verschiedene Formen von Coping (Lazarus und Folkman, 1984; Brandtstädter et al., 1990; Vlaeyen und Linton, 2000; Hasenbring, Hallner und Klasen, 2001), wobei sich deutlich ungünstige und günstige Bewältigungsstrategien herauskristallisieren: Während Flexibilität und ein Ausgleich zwischen Regeneration und Aktivität als günstige Strategien gewertet werden, werden Durchhaltestrategien und Katastrophisierung sowie Passivität und Rigidität eher als ungünstige Muster im Umgang mit chronischen Schmerzen wahrgenommen. Fragestellung: Bisher weniger Beachtung fanden Wirkmechanismen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen chronischem Schmerz, kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit und Coping sowie den daraus resultierenden Implikationen für therapeutische Programme und deren Outcome. Interdisziplinäre multimodale Therapieprogramme verfügen jedoch über einen großen Anteil kognitiver Informationsvermittlung und erfordern ein hohes Maß an Reflexionsfähigkeit und sind daher unter Umständen maßgeblich für den Therapieerfolg. Ziel der aktuellen Studie ist es daher, die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit bei Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären multimodalen Therapiesettings zu untersuchen. Methode: Untersucht wurden Patienten, die im Zeitraum von 02/2014 bis 01/2016 an der interdisziplinären multimodalen tagesklinischen Schmerztherapie am USC in Dresden teilnahmen. Die Indikation für die Aufnahme einer solchen Behandlung bestand u. a. dann, wenn Patienten über rezidivierende oder anhaltende Schmerzen über 6 Monaten berichteten und unter psychischer Komorbidität litten. In die Studie einbezogen wurden diejenigen, die eine Fragebogenbatterie sowie eine Testauswahl der standardisierten computergestützten Testbatterie COGBAT zur kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit sowohl zu Therapiebeginn als auch zu Therapieende absolvierten. Die erhobenen kognitiven Leistungsparameter waren Aufmerksamkeits- und Arbeitsgedächtnisleistungen, kognitive Flexibilität, Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit und Fähigkeit ungewollte Reaktionen zu unterdrücken. Entsprechend ergab sich eine Untersuchungsstichprobe von N=139. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 50,73 Jahre. Ein Viertel der Patienten war Männer (24,5%). Etwas mehr als die Hälfte der befragten Patienten litt unter Rückenschmerzen (55,4%), der Anteil an mittel und stark chronifizierten Schmerzen ergab zusammen knapp 80% (42,4% MPSSII, 36,0% MPSSIII). Des Weiteren lag die durchschnittliche Schmerzstärke (NRS, 0-10) bei 5,20 (SD=1,58). Die Werte bezüglich der schmerzbedingten Beeinträchtigung (PDI) lagen im Mittel deutlich unter dem Cut-off-Point. Knapp auffällige Werte zeigten die Patienten bezüglich der psychische Komponenten der Lebensqualität (SF-12). Das Screening auf Angst, Depressivität und Stress (DASS) ergab unauffällige Werte. Zur Analyse der Zusammenhangshypothesen wurden Produkt-Moment-Korrelationen berechnet, Unterschiedshypothesen wurden unter Verwendung von T-Test und Wilcoxon-Rang-Vorzeichentest überprüft. Zur Beurteilung der klinischen Bedeutsamkeit wurden Effektstärken ermittelt. Die Analysen wurden mit SPSS Version 27.0 vorgenommen. Ergebnisse: Im Ergebnis der Analyse zeigte sich, dass diese Patienten im Vergleich mit der Normstichprobe (gesunde Erwachsene zwischen 17 und 88 J.) zum Zeitpunkt des Therapiebeginns durchschnittliche Ausprägungen bezüglich der erhobenen kognitiven Leistungsparameter aufweisen. Hingegen konnten hinsichtlich aller Parameter, bis auf die Aufmerksamkeitsleistung, Steigerungen mit mittleren Effektstärken zum Therapieende nachgewiesen werden. Die Daten bestätigen des Weiteren das gleichzeitige Vorliegen einer Depressionsdiagnose bei unterdurchschnittlich ausgeprägten kognitiven Leistungsparametern, was auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen Depressivität und kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit spricht. Bei Patienten, die eine unterdurchschnittliche kognitive Flexibilität (Teilbereich der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit) aufweisen, wurde zudem der Einfluss des Alters auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit bestätigt. Zusammenhänge zwischen der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit zu schmerzbezogenen Parametern zeigten sich im Wesentlichen keine. Ein Einfluss in Abhängigkeit der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit auf die angewandten Copingsstrategien konnte ebenfalls nicht bestätigt werden. Dasselbe Bild ergab sich aus den Analysen zum Einfluss der angewandten Copingstrategien auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit sowie die schmerzbezogenen Parameter. Schlussfolgerung: Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Coping und kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit sowie zwischen schmerzbezogenen Parametern und kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse legen jedoch nah, dass die angebotene interdisziplinäre multimodale Schmerztherapie Veränderungen in der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit bewirkt. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass die IMST einen differenzierten Therapieansatz darstellt, der ein wesentlicher Wirkfaktor zwischen kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit und chronischen Schmerzen ist. Die genauen Wirkfaktoren innerhalb der IMST sind dabei zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt noch ungewiss. Weitere Forschungsbemühungen sollten dahingehend ausgerichtet werden.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 1 1.1. Theoretische Grundlagen 3 1.2. Grundlagen zum chronischen Schmerz 3 1.2.1. Definition chronischer Schmerz 3 1.2.2. Auftreten chronischer Schmerzen 4 1.4. Grundlagen zu den zu untersuchenden Variablen 7 1.4.1. Kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit 7 1.4.2. Aufmerksamkeit 7 1.4.3. Exekutive Funktionen 8 1.5. Allgemeine Einflussfaktoren auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit 9 1.6. Allgemeiner Zusammenhang zwischen kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit, und chronischem Schmerz 13 1.7. Coping bei chronischem Schmerz 18 1.8. Einordnung in den Kontext der Therapie: chronischer Schmerz, kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit und Coping 21 1.9. Fragestellungen 24 2. Methodik 28 2.1. Setting 28 2.2. Einschlusskriterien 28 2.3. Operationalisierung der Konstrukte 29 2.4. Ablauf der Datenerhebung 31 2.4.1. Untersuchungsdesign 31 2.4.2. Ablauf der Untersuchung 31 2.4.3. Ethik- und Datenschutz 33 2.4.4. Fallzahlberechnung 33 2.5. Geplante Auswertung 33 2.5.1. Methoden der Datenauswertung 33 2.5.2. Verfahrensbeschreibung 34 2.5.3. Stichprobenbeschreibung 36 2.5.4. Voraussetzungsprüfung 41 2.5.5. Festlegung des statistischen Vorgehens 42 3. Ergebnisse 44 3.1. Einschränkungen der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und der Zusammenhang zu Depressivität und Copingverhalten zu Therapiebeginn 44 3.2. Zusammenhang zwischen Einschränkungen der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und den angewandten Copingstrategien 46 3.3. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 57 4. Diskussion 58 5. Zusammenfassung 68 Literaturverzeichnis 73 Tabellenverzeichnis 82 Abbildungsverzeichnis 84 Anhang 85 Danksagung 128 Erklärungen 129

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious psychiatric condition manifested by repeated thoughts followed by stereotypic compulsive behavior. Alterations to cortico-thalamo-striato- cortical circuits are most often implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD. However, many studies have also found a changed volume, shape and activity of the hippocampus in OCD patients. This work focused on the activity of hippocampal CA1 cells during stereotypical checking behavior and on cognitive flexibility in a quinpirole (QNP) sensitization model of OCD. The activity of CA1 hippocampal cells during stereotypical checking was assessed in an enriched open-field test in QNP sensitized rats. Arc+ (activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein, or Arg 3.1) mRNA expression profiles were determined in CA1 coronal hippocampal sections following stereotypical checking. After the establishment of stereotypical checking (10 sessions), rats were exposed to the arena and sacrificed after 5 minutes. QNP sensitized animals visited the same objects with the same frequency as during previous sessions, while control rats did not. Locomotor activity was comparable between QNP treated rats and controls. Following sacrifice, rat brains were flash frozen and sliced to 20 µm thick sections. Sections, mounted on slides, were hybridized...