Thesis (Ph.D.)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Oshinski, John N.; Committee Member: Fyfe, Derek A.; Committee Member: León, Angel R.; Committee Member: Skrinjar, Oskar; Committee Member: Taylor, W. Robert.

Il a été observé maintes fois dans les enquêtes post-sismiques que les structures ayant des fréquences similaires à celles du sol de fondation présentent des dommages beaucoup plus importants (Caracas 1967, Mexique 1985, Pujili, Equateur 1996; L'Aquila 2009). Cette observation de bon sens n'est cependant que très peu, ou de façon très indirecte, prise en compte d'une part dans les réglementations parasismiques (échelle du bâtiment), et d'autre part dans les études de risque et de scénario à l'échelle urbaine. On assiste ainsi souvent à un niveau de précision incohérent entre les études d'aléa, qui sont maintenant à même de cartographier de manière fiable les fréquences de sol, les possibilités actuelles en matière d'analyse du comportement dynamique des bâtiments, et les cartes de vulnérabilité et de risque finales. Une analyse numérique complète pour étudier l'effet de coïncidence entre les fréquences du sol et du bâtiment est effectuée. Un ensemble de 887 profils de sol réalistes est couplé avec un total de 141 oscillateurs élastoplastiques à un degré de liberté, et leurs réponses combinées (non linéaires) sont calculées à la fois pour un comportement de sol linéaire et non-linéaire, pour un grand nombre (60) de signaux d'entrée avec différents niveaux de PGA et contenu fréquentiel. Les dommages associés sont quantifiés sur la base du déplacement maximal comparé à la fois par rapport aux déplacements élastiques et ultimes, selon les recommandations du projet européen RISK-UE (Lagomarsino et Giovinazzi, 2006), et par rapports aux dommages obtenus dans le cas d’un bâtiment similaire situé sur le substratum rocheux. La corrélation entre les incréments de dommages entre sol et rocher et un certain nombre de paramètres simples mécaniques et de chargement est ensuite analysée en utilisant une approche de réseau neuronal. Les résultats soulignent le rôle clé joué par le rapport de fréquence bâtiment / sol, même lorsque le sol et la bâtiment se comportent de manière non linéaire; d'autres paramètres importants sont le niveau de PGA, le contraste d’impédance sol/rocher et la ductilité du bâtiment. Une enquête numérique spécifique basée sur la simulation du bruit ambiant pour l'ensemble des 887 profils indique également que l'impact du contraste d’impédance sol/rocher peut être cohéremment remplacée en utilisant l'amplitude du rapport H/V. Aussi l'effet de coïncidence apparaît comme une observation importante, non seulement dans la réponse de l'analyse des sites linéaires, mais aussi dans la réponse d'un site non-linéaire: en dépit d'un niveau important de non-linéarité atteint la coïncidence spectrale se produit, mais à un rapport de fréquence décalé vers des valeurs inférieures. La méthode élaborée permet une mise en œuvre très facile, en utilisant des mesures de vibrations ambiantes, tant au niveau du sol et à l'intérieur des bâtiments. Un exemple d'application très illustratif est représenté pour la ville de Beyrouth (Liban). / It has been observed repeatedly in post-seismic investigations that structures having frequencies close to foundation soil frequencies exhibit significantly heavier damages (Caracas 1967, Mexico 1985, Pujili, Ecuador 1996; L’Aquila 2009). However, these observations are generally not taken directly into account neither in present-day seismic regulations (small scale), nor at large-scale seismic risk analysis. We thus encounter frequently an incoherent precision level between hazard studies that are capable of reliably mapping the ground frequency, the actual possibilities of analyzing the dynamic behavior of the building, and the final vulnerability and risk maps. A comprehensive numerical analysis to investigate the effect of coincidence between soil and building frequencies is performed. A total of 887 realistic soil profiles are coupled with a set of 141 elastoplastic oscillators with a single degree of freedom and their combined (non-linear) response are computed both for linear and non-linear soil behavior, for a large number (60) of input signals of various PGA levels and frequency contents. The associated damage is quantified on the basis of the maximum displacement as compared to both yield and ultimate post-elastic displacements, according to the RISK-UE European project recommendations (Lagomarsino and Giovinazzi, 2006), and compared with the damage obtained in the case of a similar building located on bedrock. The correlation between this soil/rock damage increment and a number of simplified mechanical and loading parameters is then analyzed using a neural network approach. The results emphasize the key role played by the building/soil frequency ratio even when both soil and building behave non-linearly; other important parameters are the PGA level, the soil/rock impedance contrast and the building ductility. A specific numerical investigation based on simulation of ambient noise for the whole set of 887 profiles also indicates that the impact of soil/rock impedance contrast may be satisfactory replaced using the amplitude of H/V ratio. Moreover the effect of coincidence appears to be an important observation not only in the linear site analysis response but also in the nonlinear site response: in spite of a large nonlinearity level reached spectral coincidence occurs, however at a shifted frequency ratio towards lower values. The elaborated method allows a very easy implementation, using ambient vibration measurements both at ground level and within buildings. A very illustrative example application is shown for the city of Beirut (Lebanon).

The fragmentation of a 133 pps beam of 14Be ions at 35 MeV/A on targets of carbon and lead has been used to study the structure of the unbound nucleus 13Be. Neutrons and 12Be reaction products were measured in the DeMoN array and a detector telescope placed at 0° respectively. These coincidence measurements were used to reconstruct the 13Be particles. The beam energy was measured on a particle by particle basis from the time of flight. This was essential for momentum measurements which were made in the reference frame of the projectile. A significant contribution to the experimental background came from reactions in the detector telescope, which had to be subtracted. Relative velocity (arithmetic velocity difference) and invariant mass analyses both signify the existance of significant strength close to the 12Be + n threshold. Simulations including an experimental filter clearly show that this includes strength that is localised below 500 ke V in relative energy. Momentum distributions for 12Be, 10Be, neutrons and the reconstructed 13Be particle in the longitudinal direction have been measured. The 13Be distribution displays evidence for a two component structure. Calculations of the neutron stripping from 14Be have shown that this structure requires s-wave stripping to explain the narrow component. The wider component is consistent with d- wave stripping, and additional contributions from p-wave stripping cannot be excluded. The angular distribution of neutrons from 12Be + n breakup, measured in the 13Be reference frame is essentially isotropic. There is evidence for a weak asymmetry which could be due to broad over-lapping states of both positive and negative parity at energies below 2 MeV. This would support the inclusion of a P½ resonance in the low-lying structure of 13Be.

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