Lower Canada occupied a strategic position in Britain's policies for the defence, trade and settlement of British North America. The smooth development of these three interests was threatened by the autonomist ambitions of the colony's French-speaking (Canadien) leaders. Between 1820 and 1841 British policy had to cope with the collapse of traditional canadien elites as reliable supporters of imperial interests, the persistent hostility of the new canadien leadership towards commerce and immigration, and the increased restlessness of the growing minority of English speaking colonists. During the 1820s, the Governor alienated the bureaucracy, the traditional social leaders of French Canada, and the elected Assembly by his encouragement of diverse efforts to anglicize the colony's administration, institutions and civil law. The political divisions of the British colonists encouraged the Canadiens to seek greater autonomy for tie colony, tb and British policy after 1828 favoured concession e the Canadiens as the best way to smooth out political obstacles to social and economic change. But increased immigration alarmed the Canadiens, created a larger and more complex British community in the colony, and made the imperial government more anxious to conciliate the British than the French colonists after a few of the latter revolted in 1837-38. Economic and demographic pressures were important but the debate over political legitimacy was a major element too. Belief in prescriptive legitimacy faded during the 1820s; the growth of liberal attitudes in the British part of the population brought impatience towards the colony's antiquated civil law and hastened the creation of suitable conditions for the growth of a modern commercial state. Britain imposed a new constitution giving greater powers to the fast-growing colony of Upper Canada and to the British merchants and settlers of Lower Canada.

L’évolution économique et sociale comparée de deux régions sénégalaise dans le processus de décolonisation : Le Boundou et le Gadiaga 1885-1980Ce travail est le diagnostic de l’évolution interne du Boundou et du Gadiaga (Sénégal oriental) dont les économies respectives n’ont suscité que peu d’intérêt pour le pouvoir colonial et les élites postcoloniales. Le processus et les mécanismes de leur marginalisation sont jusqu’ici mollement signalés pour ce qui concerne le Gadiaga et ne sont pas envisagés dans le cas du Boundou ; d’ailleurs, les travaux antérieurs sont exclusivement circonscrits dans la période de la domination coloniale, et n’établissent aucune "passerelle" entre les manifestations coloniales et postcoloniales de la marginalisation.Cette exclusion de l’économie globale du Sénégal en toute époque est la résultante de l’orientation des politiques économiques et de la faible opportunité offertes par les politiques publiques à certaines régions. Les facteurs de la marginalisation du Boundou et du Gadiaga sont pour ainsi dire d’ordre structurels (absence d’investissement digne de ce nom et de solutions économiques durables) et non conjoncturels. Sur le plan social, les conséquences économiques sont lourdement ressenties, avec la genèse de phénomènes tels l’exode rural, l’émigration massive et organisée de travail et le bouleversement des structures sociales, ce qui accentue à rebours le retard économique. Il se produit à terme une sorte de cercle vicieux de la marginalisation puisque l’accentuation du retard économique par les phénomènes sociaux, encourage les autorités publiques à différer les investissements, voire à y renoncer, en prenant parfois pour seul prétexte la régression démographique dont sont victimes toutes les "périphéries".La similarité de la situation économique entre le « temps partagé » colonial et le « temps propre » postcolonial et les comportements sociaux considérés comme leurs effets induits ne permettent-elle pas de dire que le schéma de gestion de l’État moderne du Sénégal est simplement le rejeton de la politique coloniale. / The economic and social evolution compared by two regions of Senegal in the process of decolonisation: Boundou and Gadiaga on 1885-1980This thesis is the analysis of the internal evolution of Boundou and Gadiaga (Eastern Senegal) whose economies have been little entitled to the colonial and postcolonial elites. The processes and mechanisms of marginalisation are so far softly reported regarding the Gadiaga’s area but this has not been considered in the case of Boundou, and indeed previous work exclusively restricted to the period of colonial domination and makes no “link” between the colonial and postcolonial manifestations of marginalisation.This exclusion of the overall economy of Senegal in many ways and any time is the result of the orientation of economic policies and low opportunities offered by public policies in certain areas. The factors of marginalisation of Boundou Gadiaga are basically structural order (lack of substantial investment and lack of vision and strategy on long run but weakness of sustainable economic approaches) and non-cyclical economic mechanism. Along the social aspects, the population undergoes heavily the economic consequences of the lackluster of the region, and the conditions entail the mass movement of population from rural to urban area (rural exodus) and the disruption of social structures, which increase the pressure of the economic on backwardness. It occurs on short run vicious circle of marginalisation since the accentuation of economic backwardness by social phenomena, encourages public authorities to push back investment’s programs or cancel it, by spotlighting the pretext of the declining population.The similarity of the economic condition between the “shared time” colonial and “owned time” postcolonial and the social behaviours considered induced effects does not allow the scheme management of the modern state of Senegal is simply the offshoot of colonial policy.