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Although many counselors consider themselves to be culturally aware, research has shown that deliberately and respectfully addressing race, culture, and ethnicity—particularly with clients of color—does not occur as consistently as it should, despite empirical evidence which documents that discussions about how racial and cultural factors shape the client's presenting problem contribute to favorable counseling outcomes. This exploratory study used a qualitative method to examine professional African American counselors' experiences of discussing racial, ethnic, and cultural issues with their culturally diverse clients. Critical race theory functioned as the research paradigm that guided this study. As a result, this study produced seven categories and four subcategories that explored the influences, thoughts, and understandings that came to bear on their efforts to discuss race, ethnicity, and culture with clients of color. Participants found that candid discussions about racial and cultural matters, in combination with a willingness to explore counselor-client differences, greatly enhanced the therapeutic rapport with clients. Furthermore, participants provided suggestions for graduate counseling programs to improve their multicultural curriculum, and they discussed the importance of counselors exercising multicultural competency both within and outside of clinical sessions. Essentially, this study examined the strategies that African American counselors use to explore cultural dynamics with clients of color. Implications for the counseling field are also recommended based on the findings. / Ph. D.

Much of the research investigating color as an image characteristic for enhancing recognition memory has focused on comparisons between black-and-white images and full color images. These comparisons have only recently been extended to differentiate how color impacts learners of different cognitive style and in particular how color influences field dependency. Learners predisposed to field-dependence continually demonstrate a lower capacity than field-independent learners in terms of performance tasks where organizing or restructuring visual information is required. By using color as a mechanism to highlight objects within a visual field, we potentially increase figure-ground separation, which may help facilitate learning for field-dependents in instances where visual information is present. Thus this study undertook to examine the effects highlight color offers as a means of addressing individual learner differences. Undergraduate students were identified on the field-dependence-independence continuum using the Group Embedded Figures Test. Each student then received an instructional lesson on the anatomy of the heart where images were presented in one of four color variations; black-and-white, full realistic color, realistic highlight color, or contrived highlight color. All participants were given two tests following the instructional lesson, one for identification and the other for terminology. Test scores for the two tests indicated no differences for any variation of the color variable. Field-independents were observed to outperform field-dependents in all instances for both tests. / Ph. D.

The art of painting opens vast expressive possibilities for architecture, wherein architecture can produce a more conducive atmosphere for the contemplation of painting. The subtle affinities between the two fields stirred me to explore the individualistic expressiveness of the sensory realm in a painting and how it can inspire an architect. My thesis starts from an interest in a painting of Kandinsky's. The painting "Yellow, Red, Blue" stirred my curiosity in the potency of its beauty and made me ask questions in regards to what I can capture, learn and express architecturally. The aim is to design a Contemporary Art Center to be situated within the fabric of Virginia Tech campus. Throughout the various stages of design, the finality of the project resulted from dealing with the various inputs from: Kandinsky's painting as a catalyst and inspirer to the design, to the contextual issues and ways of urban integration and also dealing with the nature of the project's function and programmatic needs. / Master of Architecture

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As its objective this study develops a modus operandi for the interior designer who must understand and work with both additively and subtractively mixed colors in constructing interior color schemes.

Este estudo comparou a percepção da diferença de cor entre profissionais da Odontologia e a influência de cada coordenada na percepção da diferença de cor. O critério de exclusão dos participantes foi a deficiência na visão cromática que foi avaliada através da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Dois homens identificaram incorretamente 1 ou mais pranchas e foram excluídos do estudo. Participaram desta pesquisa 51 pessoas: 20 alunos do último ano de graduação, 20 clínicos gerais e 11 professores. Todas avaliações foram realizadas sob iluminante D65 e em cabine de luz. Neste experimento foram utilizados 1 cartão padrão e 3 conjuntos de cartões. Cada conjunto de cartões foi composto por 1 cartão que apresenta os mesmos valores de L*, a* e b* que o cartão padrão e 6 cartões que apresentavam variações em apenas uma das coordenadas. Solicitamos aos participantes que selecionassem: 1 cartão que não apresentasse diferença de cor em relação ao cartão padrão, 1 cartão cuja diferença de cor em relação ao cartão padrão seria aceitável e 1 cartão cuja diferença de cor seria inaceitável. A análise dos resultados sugere que não houve diferença na percepção da diferença de cor entre homens e mulheres e entre alunos de graduação, clínicos gerais e professores em qualquer dos grupos. / This study investigated the perception of color difference among distinct group of dental personnel and the influence of each color coordinate on the perception of color difference. The color vision deficiency was the only exclusion criteria used. Screening for color defective vision was conducted using the simplified version of Ishihara test. Two men who missed 1 or more plates did not take part in this study. Fifty one subjects took part in this experiment: 20 final year dental students, 20 dental practitioners and 11 teachers. All visual assessments were conducted with D65 illumination of visual observation booth. Test was composed of 1 standard card and 3 sets of cards. Each set consisted of 1 card that did not differ from standard card and 6 cards that differed from the standard card in only one coordinate L*, a* or b*. The subjects were asked to select: 1 card that matched to the standard card; 1 card that color difference from the standard card would be acceptable; and 1 card that color difference from the standard card would be unacceptable. The analysis of percentis suggests that within the limitations of this study: there were no significant difference in color difference perception between men and women or between dental students, dental practitioners and teachers.

Este estudo avaliou a influência de três iluminantes e da diferença na rugosidade superficial de réplicas de dentes artificias na percepção da diferença de cor entre profissionais da Odontologia e verificou se houve variação na opinião de 20 profissionais uma semana após a primeira avaliação. O único critério de exclusão dos participantes foi a deficiência na visão cromática, avaliada através da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Dos 117 profissionais entrevistados, 6 (5,1%) homens e 11 (9,4%) mulheres foram excluídos do estudo, pois identificaram incorretamente 1 ou mais pranchas da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Neste estudo foram utilizados 4 pares de réplicas de dentes artificiais, sendo que cada par foi confeccionado em resina composta nas cores A1, A3, B1 ou B2, porém uma réplica apresentava superfície lisa e a outra, superfície rugosa. Todas as avaliações foram realizadas em cabine de luz sob os iluminantes D65, A e F2. Para cada iluminante, os participantes foram questionados se havia diferença de cor entre as réplicas. Após uma semana, todo o experimento foi repetido por 20 profissionais selecionados aleatoriamente. A análise dos resultados sugeriu que os iluminantes e a diferença na textura superficial influenciaram a percepção da diferença cor entre as réplicas e que após uma semana houve variação na opinião dos observadores. / This study evaluated the influence of three different illuminants and the difference on surface roughness of artificial teeth replica on the color difference perception among dental professionals and if there were variations on 20 professionals opinion 1 week after the first evaluation. The color vision deficiency was the only exclusion criteria used and a screening for color defective vision was conducted by using the simplified version of Ishihara test. Among the 117 professionals interviewed, 6 (5.1%) men and 11 (9.4%) women who missed 1 or more plates did not take part in this study. The test was composed by 4 pairs of artificial composite resin teeth replicas was confectioned with the same color A1, A3, B1 or B2, but the surface of one replica was smooth and the surface of the other one was rough. All the evaluations were conducted in light booth with D65, A and F2 illuminants. In each illuminant the participants were asked if there were color difference between the replicas. After one week, all the experiment was repeated by 20 participants randomly selected. The analysis of the results suggested that the illuminant and the difference on surface texture influenced the difference color perception between the replicas and reaffirm that the professionals opinion varied after one week of the first evaluation.

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