OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare color difference CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) of pressed IPS E.max lithium disilicate ceramic material after repeated firing cycles. To determine and evaluate correlation of CIELAB and CIEDE2000 values analyzed by X-Rite Color i5 Spectrophotometer, VITA EasyShade® Advance 4.0 (VITA Zahnfabrik) and Adobe Photoshop CC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 36 specimens 8mmX10mm at 1.5mm thickness (12 specimens of pressed IPS e.max® Press Lithium Disilicate MT Monochromatic ingots and 24 specimens pressed IPS e.max® Multi Press Lithium Disilicate Multichromatic ingots. Specimens were exposed to repeated firing cycles up to 7 cycles. Color analysis was performed after 1st,2nd,3rd,5th, and7th firing cycle. CIE L*a*b* values measured by X-Rite Color i5 Spectrophotometer, VITA EasyShade® Advance 4.0 (VITA Zahnfabrik) and Adobe Photoshop CC. CIELAB (Δ*ab) and CIEDE2000 (Δ00) calculated to measure color difference. RESULTS: Linear regression and multiple comparison analysis (Tukey’s HSD test) showed a significant color difference (Δ*ab) and CIEDE2000 (Δ00) with (p-value <0.001), after multiple firing cycles, between instruments used and in different shades groups. Moreover, significant different in interactive effect between different shades tested by different instrument, different shades tested after multiple firing cycles and different instruments after multiple firing cycles. CONCLUSION: IPS E.max lithium disilicate material shows significant color difference after repeated firing cycle tested by three color analysis instruments. Measuring instruments used to evaluate CIE L*a*b* color values showed significant different in color values analysis which may lead to altered level of interpretation, particularly to determine perceptibility and clinical acceptability thresholds. / 2021-08-15T00:00:00Z

Este estudo comparou a percepção da diferença de cor entre profissionais da Odontologia e a influência de cada coordenada na percepção da diferença de cor. O critério de exclusão dos participantes foi a deficiência na visão cromática que foi avaliada através da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Dois homens identificaram incorretamente 1 ou mais pranchas e foram excluídos do estudo. Participaram desta pesquisa 51 pessoas: 20 alunos do último ano de graduação, 20 clínicos gerais e 11 professores. Todas avaliações foram realizadas sob iluminante D65 e em cabine de luz. Neste experimento foram utilizados 1 cartão padrão e 3 conjuntos de cartões. Cada conjunto de cartões foi composto por 1 cartão que apresenta os mesmos valores de L*, a* e b* que o cartão padrão e 6 cartões que apresentavam variações em apenas uma das coordenadas. Solicitamos aos participantes que selecionassem: 1 cartão que não apresentasse diferença de cor em relação ao cartão padrão, 1 cartão cuja diferença de cor em relação ao cartão padrão seria aceitável e 1 cartão cuja diferença de cor seria inaceitável. A análise dos resultados sugere que não houve diferença na percepção da diferença de cor entre homens e mulheres e entre alunos de graduação, clínicos gerais e professores em qualquer dos grupos. / This study investigated the perception of color difference among distinct group of dental personnel and the influence of each color coordinate on the perception of color difference. The color vision deficiency was the only exclusion criteria used. Screening for color defective vision was conducted using the simplified version of Ishihara test. Two men who missed 1 or more plates did not take part in this study. Fifty one subjects took part in this experiment: 20 final year dental students, 20 dental practitioners and 11 teachers. All visual assessments were conducted with D65 illumination of visual observation booth. Test was composed of 1 standard card and 3 sets of cards. Each set consisted of 1 card that did not differ from standard card and 6 cards that differed from the standard card in only one coordinate L*, a* or b*. The subjects were asked to select: 1 card that matched to the standard card; 1 card that color difference from the standard card would be acceptable; and 1 card that color difference from the standard card would be unacceptable. The analysis of percentis suggests that within the limitations of this study: there were no significant difference in color difference perception between men and women or between dental students, dental practitioners and teachers.

Este estudo avaliou a influência de três iluminantes e da diferença na rugosidade superficial de réplicas de dentes artificias na percepção da diferença de cor entre profissionais da Odontologia e verificou se houve variação na opinião de 20 profissionais uma semana após a primeira avaliação. O único critério de exclusão dos participantes foi a deficiência na visão cromática, avaliada através da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Dos 117 profissionais entrevistados, 6 (5,1%) homens e 11 (9,4%) mulheres foram excluídos do estudo, pois identificaram incorretamente 1 ou mais pranchas da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Neste estudo foram utilizados 4 pares de réplicas de dentes artificiais, sendo que cada par foi confeccionado em resina composta nas cores A1, A3, B1 ou B2, porém uma réplica apresentava superfície lisa e a outra, superfície rugosa. Todas as avaliações foram realizadas em cabine de luz sob os iluminantes D65, A e F2. Para cada iluminante, os participantes foram questionados se havia diferença de cor entre as réplicas. Após uma semana, todo o experimento foi repetido por 20 profissionais selecionados aleatoriamente. A análise dos resultados sugeriu que os iluminantes e a diferença na textura superficial influenciaram a percepção da diferença cor entre as réplicas e que após uma semana houve variação na opinião dos observadores. / This study evaluated the influence of three different illuminants and the difference on surface roughness of artificial teeth replica on the color difference perception among dental professionals and if there were variations on 20 professionals opinion 1 week after the first evaluation. The color vision deficiency was the only exclusion criteria used and a screening for color defective vision was conducted by using the simplified version of Ishihara test. Among the 117 professionals interviewed, 6 (5.1%) men and 11 (9.4%) women who missed 1 or more plates did not take part in this study. The test was composed by 4 pairs of artificial composite resin teeth replicas was confectioned with the same color A1, A3, B1 or B2, but the surface of one replica was smooth and the surface of the other one was rough. All the evaluations were conducted in light booth with D65, A and F2 illuminants. In each illuminant the participants were asked if there were color difference between the replicas. After one week, all the experiment was repeated by 20 participants randomly selected. The analysis of the results suggested that the illuminant and the difference on surface texture influenced the difference color perception between the replicas and reaffirm that the professionals opinion varied after one week of the first evaluation.

Este estudo comparou a percepção da diferença de cor entre profissionais da Odontologia e a influência de cada coordenada na percepção da diferença de cor. O critério de exclusão dos participantes foi a deficiência na visão cromática que foi avaliada através da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Dois homens identificaram incorretamente 1 ou mais pranchas e foram excluídos do estudo. Participaram desta pesquisa 51 pessoas: 20 alunos do último ano de graduação, 20 clínicos gerais e 11 professores. Todas avaliações foram realizadas sob iluminante D65 e em cabine de luz. Neste experimento foram utilizados 1 cartão padrão e 3 conjuntos de cartões. Cada conjunto de cartões foi composto por 1 cartão que apresenta os mesmos valores de L*, a* e b* que o cartão padrão e 6 cartões que apresentavam variações em apenas uma das coordenadas. Solicitamos aos participantes que selecionassem: 1 cartão que não apresentasse diferença de cor em relação ao cartão padrão, 1 cartão cuja diferença de cor em relação ao cartão padrão seria aceitável e 1 cartão cuja diferença de cor seria inaceitável. A análise dos resultados sugere que não houve diferença na percepção da diferença de cor entre homens e mulheres e entre alunos de graduação, clínicos gerais e professores em qualquer dos grupos. / This study investigated the perception of color difference among distinct group of dental personnel and the influence of each color coordinate on the perception of color difference. The color vision deficiency was the only exclusion criteria used. Screening for color defective vision was conducted using the simplified version of Ishihara test. Two men who missed 1 or more plates did not take part in this study. Fifty one subjects took part in this experiment: 20 final year dental students, 20 dental practitioners and 11 teachers. All visual assessments were conducted with D65 illumination of visual observation booth. Test was composed of 1 standard card and 3 sets of cards. Each set consisted of 1 card that did not differ from standard card and 6 cards that differed from the standard card in only one coordinate L*, a* or b*. The subjects were asked to select: 1 card that matched to the standard card; 1 card that color difference from the standard card would be acceptable; and 1 card that color difference from the standard card would be unacceptable. The analysis of percentis suggests that within the limitations of this study: there were no significant difference in color difference perception between men and women or between dental students, dental practitioners and teachers.

Este estudo avaliou a influência de três iluminantes e da diferença na rugosidade superficial de réplicas de dentes artificias na percepção da diferença de cor entre profissionais da Odontologia e verificou se houve variação na opinião de 20 profissionais uma semana após a primeira avaliação. O único critério de exclusão dos participantes foi a deficiência na visão cromática, avaliada através da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Dos 117 profissionais entrevistados, 6 (5,1%) homens e 11 (9,4%) mulheres foram excluídos do estudo, pois identificaram incorretamente 1 ou mais pranchas da versão simplificada do teste de Ishihara. Neste estudo foram utilizados 4 pares de réplicas de dentes artificiais, sendo que cada par foi confeccionado em resina composta nas cores A1, A3, B1 ou B2, porém uma réplica apresentava superfície lisa e a outra, superfície rugosa. Todas as avaliações foram realizadas em cabine de luz sob os iluminantes D65, A e F2. Para cada iluminante, os participantes foram questionados se havia diferença de cor entre as réplicas. Após uma semana, todo o experimento foi repetido por 20 profissionais selecionados aleatoriamente. A análise dos resultados sugeriu que os iluminantes e a diferença na textura superficial influenciaram a percepção da diferença cor entre as réplicas e que após uma semana houve variação na opinião dos observadores. / This study evaluated the influence of three different illuminants and the difference on surface roughness of artificial teeth replica on the color difference perception among dental professionals and if there were variations on 20 professionals opinion 1 week after the first evaluation. The color vision deficiency was the only exclusion criteria used and a screening for color defective vision was conducted by using the simplified version of Ishihara test. Among the 117 professionals interviewed, 6 (5.1%) men and 11 (9.4%) women who missed 1 or more plates did not take part in this study. The test was composed by 4 pairs of artificial composite resin teeth replicas was confectioned with the same color A1, A3, B1 or B2, but the surface of one replica was smooth and the surface of the other one was rough. All the evaluations were conducted in light booth with D65, A and F2 illuminants. In each illuminant the participants were asked if there were color difference between the replicas. After one week, all the experiment was repeated by 20 participants randomly selected. The analysis of the results suggested that the illuminant and the difference on surface texture influenced the difference color perception between the replicas and reaffirm that the professionals opinion varied after one week of the first evaluation.

Context: It is common practice to treat musculoskeletal injury acutely with cryotherapy with compression. A tobacco poultice and the SportsWrap are touted as effective acute care treatments, yet are unproven. Objective: Compare four treatments (cryotherapy with compression, compression alone, a tobacco poultice, and the SportsWrap) of an experimentally induced bruise to determine their effectiveness at limiting bruise formation, thereby decreasing overall bruise duration. Design: Randomized, controlled, blinded trial. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: 64 male participants (height: 180.2±6.4cm, weight: 78.0±16.2kg, age: 22.1±2.8yrs) volunteered. Participants committed to not exercise during participation and were free of medication affecting coagulation or inflammation at least 3 days before and throughout the study. Interventions: Participants were shot in both quadriceps with a tennis ball fired from a tennis ball machine at ~31m/sec from 46cm. Digital pictures were taken of the trauma site immediately before and on days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 post-trauma. Within 5 minutes of being shot, participants were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 treatments to one of their legs: 1) cryotherapy with compression (applied 5 times separated by 2 hours, compression applied with and without the ice until return on Day 2); 2) compression alone (worn continuously until Day 2); 3) a tobacco poultice (worn for no less than 12 hours, then removed; compression reapplied until Day 2); and 4) the SportsWrap (worn continuously until Day 2). Treatment times reflected clinical practice. Untreated leg served as control. Two raters, blinded to treatment and treatment leg, analyzed each bruise, while a third analyzed an unbruised control area for normalization. Software calculated average pixel values of cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and luminosity for each picture. This analysis was shown to be reliable during pilot data collection (ICC = .77) and has been used previously. Main Outcome Measures: Color difference, a unitless value, was calculated as the difference between the treatment and control legs from the normalized average pixel values. A 2 x 4 x 6 mixed model ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis determined differences between limbs and treatments over time. Results: There was no treatment (F3,60 = .47, P = .70) or limb (F1,60 = .04, P = .84) effect, but there was a day effect (F3.9,234.5 = 6.82, P < .001). The mean color difference values were greater on Days 4 and 6 than Days 0 and 10, and Day 4 was greater than Day 2 (Bonferroni < .05). None of the interactions were significant. Conclusions: Treatment had no effect on the degree of bruising that we produced in this study. We are reluctant to generalize this data to musculoskeletal injury beyond what we caused because of insufficient bruising/too great of variance in bruising.

Orientador: Edison Bittencourt / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morenval_PatriciaPadilhaNunes_M.pdf: 1652893 bytes, checksum: 02a23a8bf415a9489bdf5d12239fabcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Padrões de cores Munsell são muito utilizados como referência de cor em diversos campos da ciência. O presente estudo partiu da dificuldade do ajuste de cores na indústria de tintas, o que constitui um problema técnico, pois os profissionais que se relacionam com os clientes e os próprios clientes desconhecem as dificuldades de reproduzir as cores. Neste estudo, analisaram-se as diferenças de cores Munsell de mesma notação, mas adquiridas em diferentes datas. Entre os exemplares Munsell analisados estão: dois livros do The Munsell Book of Colors, o primeiro adquirido em janeiro de 2005, e o segundo, em dezembro de 2006, folhas Munsell adquiridas em setembro de 2004 e duas cartelas Munsell Neutral Value Scale, ambas adquiridas em dezembro de 2006. Todos os padrões analisados apresentavam o acabamento brilhante e foram adquiridos do mesmo fornecedor. Foi medida a diferença de cor através do espectrofotômetro Datacolor, em vinte cores e a análise visual foi realizada na cabine de luz BYK Gardner. Para aproximadamente 70% das amostras de cores Munsell analisadas, existe uma diferença de cor perceptível entre aquelas de mesma especificação. Os valores encontrados não tiveram constância de resultados, pois amostras mais antigas apresentaram valores de diferença de cor menores que amostras mais novas. Recomenda-se aos usuários de cores Munsell façam uma avaliação da cor de suas amostras para controlar o estado do seu exemplar. Concluiu-se que o Munsell têm variação entre as amostras de cores produzidas, e que essa variação pode interferir na análise do controle de qualidade de cor na indústria. As causas destas variações nos atributos da cor Munsell são desconhecidas, mas sabemos que o impacto no cliente que recebe a cor é grande, pois não se sabe se a cor que está sendo utilizada confere com as especificações, podendo até gerar conflitos se as partes interessadas não entrarem em acordo / Abstract: Munsell color charts are widely used as color reference in many science fields. This study was motivated by the difficult to match colors in the industry of paints, what constitute a technical problem, due to the fact that professionals that work with customers and customers don¿t know the difficulties of reproducing colors. In this work, we measured Munsell color differences with the same notation, but bought in different dates. Among them are; two ¿The Munsell Book of Colors¿, the first one was bought in January 2005, the second one in December 2006, Munsell sheets bought in September 2004 and two ¿Munsell Neutral Value Scale¿ charts, which were bought in December 2006. All colors analyzed were in glossy finish and were bought from the same supplier. The color difference was measured by a Datacolor spectrophotometer in twenty colors and the visual analyze was done in a BYK Gardner light booth. As a result we found that for more than 70% of Munsell colors samples, there are a perceptive color difference among the ones which has the same specification. The obtained values show no constancy in the results, due to the fact that old samples had smaller results than the new ones. Is recommended to users of Munsell to do a color analyze in their samples, in order to estipulate the tolerance and to control the color. This work concludes that Munsell have colors variations which can interfere in the quality color control of industries. The causes of color variations are unknown, but the impact in customers who receives the color is high, which can cause conflict if both parts do not find a compromise / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka färgstabiliteten hos manuellt färginfiltrerad högtranslucent zirkonia efter upprepade bränningar.   Material och metod: Fem provkroppar av respektive fabrikat; Prettau® Zirconia (PZ) och M+W Zircon HT (MW) kapades fram ur ofärgade zirkonia-diskar. Provkropparna färgades in manuellt med färgen A3 och torkades därefter under en infraröd lampa. Provkropparna sintrades enligt fabrikanternas anvisningar och en första färgmätning utfördes med en spektrofotometer (VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0) mot en matt grå bakgrund. Där efter utfördes bränningar av provkropparna i fyra cykler. Efter varje cykel utfördes färgmätningar.Medelvärdena för L*a*b*c*h* registrerades. Formlerna CIE76 (∆E*ab) och CIEDE2000 (∆E*00) användes för att räkna ut färgskillnader efter bränncyklerna. Värdena registrerades i SPSS och analyserades med One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test med en signifikansnivå på α=0,05.   Resultat: Statistiskt signifikanta skillnader (p&lt;0,05) i färgförändring hittades både inom och mellan de båda grupperna (MW och PZ). Färgskillnaderna som uppmättes befann sig inom ramen för vad som anses som en acceptabel (∆E*ab≤2,7 och ∆E*00≤1,8) eller mycket god färgmatchning (∆E*ab≤1,2 och ∆E*00≤0,8).   Slutsats: Inom ramen för studiens begränsningar kan följande slutsatser dras: Upprepade bränningar påverkar färgen hos manuellt färginfiltrerad högtranslucent zirkonia. De färgförändringar som sker är inom ramen för vad som räknas som en ”acceptabel färgmatchning” eller ”mycket god färgmatchning” enligt aktuella gränsvärden. Färgförändringarna som sker är inte iögonfallande och har ringa betydelse kliniskt. Färgen och färgskillnader hos manuellt färginfiltrerad högtranslucent zirkonia är beroende av fabrikat. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate color stability in manually color infiltrated high translucent zirconia after repeated firings. Material and methods: Five specimens of each manufacturer; Prettau® Zirconia (PZ) and M+W Zircon HT (MW) were cut from uncolored zirconia discs. The specimens were manually colored with shade A3, and dried. The specimens were sintered and a first color measurement was performed with a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0) against a matte gray background. Firings of the specimens were performed in four cycles. After each cycle, color measurements were performed. The mean values for L*a*b*c*h* ​​were registered. The formulas CIE76 (∆E*ab) and CIEDE2000 (∆E*00) were used to calculate color differences after firing cycles. The values were registered and analyzed with One-way ANOVA, Tukey's test with a level of significance at α=0.05.  Results: Statistically significant color differences (p&lt;0.05) were found within and between groups (PZ and MW). The color differences measured were within the range of what is considered an acceptable match (∆E*ab≤2.7 and ∆E*00≤1.8) or a perfect match (∆E*ab≤1.2 and ∆E*00≤0.8).   Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: Repeated firings affect the color in manually color infiltrated high translucent zirconia. The color changes that occur are within the range of what is considered an “acceptable match” or “perfect match” according to current thresholds. The color changes are not conspicuous and of little importance clinically. The color and color differences in manually color infiltrated high translucent zirconia are dependent on the brand.

No description available.

Most of the drinking water supply in rural Bangladesh comes from groundwater collected using shallow tubewells. The tubewells, usually shallow because of the increased cost involved in deeper tubewells, have been installed by local drillers. A Sediment Color Tool was developed, with input from local drillers, that associated the arsenic concentration with specific sediment colors, in order to help the drillers install safe tubewells. This tool was digitized into the phone application, ASMITAS, to reduce subjectivity in sediment color determination due to human error or surrounding conditions, when used with a color sensor. The purpose of this study was to carry out a preliminary assessment of the application performance and usability, and the results provided by the application for color identification. 35 sediments were used and assigned into 4 different data sets to allow for comparison. Two data sets were assigned a Munsell color manually, while two were assigned the Munsell Soil Color (or Red-Green-Blue color) through use of the digital app. The sensor, the Nix Color Sensor Pro 2, was validated through a literature review and is considered accurate in identifying the color of the soil sediments. The data sets were compared based on the Delta E 2000 formula to determine the color difference between the data sets. The most relevant result of this method was between the Red-Green-Blue that the Nix Sensor originally provided to the application versus the closest matching Munsell code that the application could provide. It showed that the library from which the Munsell color was drawn was not yet expansive enough to accurately identify all sediments that may be scanned. Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black color comparisons were made to ascertain which aspects of the color are the most difficult to identify. It was found that both the sensor and the human eye had difficulties in identifying differences in the yellow percentage of several of the samples. The results showed that there may be greater need for distinction of which yellow percentages of Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black belong to which color sediment. Overall, the application appears to have a small number of less prominent features and functions to improve on prior to the publication of the application. At this stage of development, the main goal lies in the improvement and building of the Munsell color code reference library and the library of arsenic concentrations associated with each sediment color within the application, in order to improve the accuracy of the results. / Största delen av dricksvattenförsörjningen i lantlig Bangladesh kommer från grundvatten som samlas in med rörbrunnar. Rörbrunnarna, som vanligtvis är grunda som en följd av kostnaderna, har installerats av lokala borrare. Under 2007 antogs det att färgen på sedimentet i vilket rörbrunnarna placeras ger en indikation på arsenikens koncentration. Därför utvecklades Sediment Color Tool med input från de lokala borrarna. Verktyget vidareutvecklades till en digital app, ASMITAS, för att minska subjektiviteten i markfärgbestämning på grund av mänskliga fel eller omgivande förhållanden. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera applikationens prestanda i detta stadie av dess utveckling och färgidentifiering som genomförts av applikationen. 35 sediment användes i första bedömningen och klassificerades fyra gånger i fyra olika datamängder för att möjliggöra jämförelse. Två datamängder tilldelades en Munsell Soil Color manuellt, medan två tilldelades sin färg genom användning av den digitala appen. Sensorn som användes, Nix Color Sensor Pro 2, validerades genom en litteraturöversikt och anses vara korrekt när det gäller att identifiera färgen på sediment. De fyra datamängderna jämfördes visuellt med användning av färgbrickor. De jämfördes baserat på DE2000-formeln för att bestämma färgskillnaden mellan datamängden. Det mest avslöjande resultatet med denna metod var mellan dem två digitalt förvärvade datamängderna. Resultatet föreslår att referensbiblioteket i ASMITAS, från vilket matchen togs, ännu inte var tillräckligt stort för att identifiera alla sedimentprover noggrant för att ej vara märkbar för det mänskliga ögat. Cyan-Magenta-Gul-Svart jämförelser gjordes för att se vilka aspekter av färgen som är svårast att identifiera. Resultaten visade att både sensorn och det mänskliga ögat hade svårigheter att identifiera skillnader i den gula procentandelen av flera av proverna och sedimentfärgerna. Resultaten visade att det kan finnas ett större behov av åtskillnad av vilka gula procentsatser som tillhör vilken färg av sediment (och motsvarande arsenikkoncentration). Det finns ytterligare aspekter och funktioner av appen som är mindre centrala för dess prestanda som bör förbättras innan applikationen publiceras. I detta utvecklingsstadium ligger emellertid huvudmålet i förbättring och uppbyggnad av Munsell- färgkodreferensbiblioteket och biblioteket med arsenik-koncentrationer som är kopplad till varje sedimentfärg i applikationen. Detta för att öka resultatets noggrannhet.