Color is with us everywhere, all the time. It is an integral part of our existence. Sensitivity to color and awareness of color's physical and psychological qualities is undeveloped in the normal, average human being. What can be done about this? Where can it be done? The answers to these two questions form the basis for this thesis. Color awareness as part of visual education and environmental sensitivity can be taught and should be taught in every educational institution. The key to BUCcessful instruction is informed, knowledgeable, color sensitive teachers and the exposure of students to workable color systems. Color instruction can be approached from many directions; an observation and study of nature, a research of man's uses of color, past and present, and the examination of the scientific aspects of color to name a few. All are expressed in some kind of color systems. Whether the systems are identified to the students is of less importance than the instructors having a good understanding of these systems to help guide the students to more complete color awareness. Research for this thesis consisted of an examination of available material on color in the Portland area. In addition a questionnaire was given to all teachers at the elementary level and to teachers of Art, Science and Home Economics at the junior high and senior high level in a test school district to determine the color curriculum, at what grade levels color was introduced and the methods of introducing color. Also a color quiz was given to first year art students in one of the three high schools in the district to determine the amount of color knowledge or information retained from previous schooling. All instructional material in the same district was examined and evaluated. The results from the questionnaire and the quiz indicated a lack of color awareness by the elementary teachers and, consequently, the students in first year art classes. This was felt to be in part due to the minimal Oregon state requirements in Art for elementary teachers, which therefore would result in inadequately trained teachers. The lack of acknowledgement of the importance of color awareness by faculty and administration were also prevailing influences. This thesis is being written in the hope of enlightening teachers on the importance and necessity of color awareness and sensitivity at all grade levels.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: With the improvement of CAD/CAM technology and translucency of zirconia material, the full contour zirconia crown was introduced to offer dentists a metal free, high strength, and acceptable esthetic prosthesis option. In addition, it is claimed that it is possible to make a full contour high translucent zirconia crown close to natural tooth color by using coloring liquid. However, there is little information in the literature regarding the effect of coloring techniques and cement color on the optical properties of high translucent zirconia. Objective :1) To evaluate the effect of the coloring liquid technique on the resulting optical properties of a monolithic high translucent zirconia 2) To evaluate the cumulative effect of the cement color on the resulting optical properties of a monolithic high translucent zirconia. Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in optical properties between the high translucent monolithic zirconia ceramics with different color staining technique. In addition, the use of shaded resin cement has an effect on the final optical properties of high translucent monolithic zirconia ceramics. Materials and methods: 35 specimens of high translucent zirconia (11mm x11mm) with thickness 1mm was divided into 5 groups according coloring technique, as follows: no color, submerge, two layers of painting, four layers of painting, and six layers of painting. All specimens were measured for the Δ E, transparent parameter (TP), and opalescence parameter(OP) by spectrophotometer (CM-2600D) after firing. Forty-two specimens of high translucent zirconia (11mm x11mm) with thickness 1mm were divided into three groups according to cement color, as follows: clear, opaque, and A2. After firing and cementing with ND4 resin Block. The Δ E, TP and OP will be measured by spectrophotometer. Statistics: The data were analyzed with significant level set at 0.05 one way ANOVA followed by pair-wise group comparisons using Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Differences. Result: 1) The shade of cement significantly affected the mean value of ΔE of E-max CAD and BruxZir high translucent zirconia restoration. Using opaque cement combined with E-max CAD resulted in color difference that was above the clinically perceptible level (ΔE> 3.7). 2) With more layers of staining liquid application, the ΔE and value decreased. The six-layered group showed lowest mean delta ΔE value of 22 (0.78). ΔE was significantly different among groups (p<0.0001). The submerged group showed higher ΔE than the all painting groups. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, the colors of BruxZir high translucent zirconia and E-max CAD restorations were affected by the shade of cement, whereas white opaque resin cement resulted in BruxZir high translucent zirconia more yellowish. The results of the study demonstrated that the staining technique has an influence on value and final color of Lava-Plus high translucent. Therefore, it is recommended to consider staining technique as one of the influential factors on the final color of zirconia crowns.

The goal of this study is to examine racial residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The study uses 1990-2010 decennial census data to answer a broad theoretical question: is the historical black-white color line being replaced by a black-nonblack or white-nonwhite color line? The results show that blackwhite segregation is higher than black-nonblack and white-nonwhite segregation in metropolitan areas, nonmetropolitan areas, and the United States as a whole. A multivariate analysis reveals that population size tends to be associated with higher segregation in metropolitan areas and lower segregation in nonmetropolitan areas. As a control variable, diversity seems to play an important role in segregation by U.S. region. The study concludes that further research is needed to examine how the color line might change, especially in nonmetropolitan areas, which experienced rapid minority population growth during the 2000s.

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In the design, the student researches urban color and explores how to use color to improve people's experience in the city.

Although individuals have limited directed attention capabilities, it has been shown that exposure to natural environments elicit cognitive restoration (i.e. Berman, 2008). It has also been shown that individuals prefer blue and green colors because they are relaxing and prompt happy feelings (Guilford & Smith, 1959; Mahnke, 1996; Wexner, 1954). The question however, is what aspects of nature elicit these effects: is it the natural colors, the environmental setting, or both? The present experiment will examine the effects of color (Blue, Green, Black and White, & Natural) and environmental setting (Urban, Foliage, & Aquatic) on measures of attention, short term memory, and mood. Additionally, this study was designed to replicate the findings of Berman et.al 2008, all while rigorously controlling for the pictorial content of its manipulation. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, no specific hypotheses were made. However, the goal of this research was to “tease apart” the effects of color and environment on the restoration of cognitive abilities. One hundred and nineteen non-color blind individuals completed pre and post tests for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y-1), Backwards Digit Span, and the Attention Network Task and viewed one of the twelve color/environmental setting picture sets between the pre and posttests. Results of the 2x3x4 Mixed ANOVAs do not support past research which suggests that natural environments are restorative in nature.

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