Contamination of surface and ground water has emerged as one of the most important environmental issues in developed and developing countries. Bioremediation of groundwater takes advantage of bacteria present in the environment to transform toxic compounds to non-toxic metabolites. This biotechnology holds the potential for fast, inexpensive, and effective water decontamination. However, it is still poorly understood and usually not fully controlled due to the lack of information describing the natural phenomena involved. Therefore, a better understanding of the phenomena involved during bioremediation of groundwater could help in the design and implementation of more efficient technologies. The main objective of the present research is to assess how pore-scale physical factors, such as pore-scale velocity, affect the degradation potential of contaminants during transport in groundwater. The target chemicals studied were chlorinated ethenes because they are commonly found in contaminated groundwater sites. To achieve the research objective, the following were employed: a mathematical model that links pore scale processes to the macro-scale representation of contaminant transport; development of numerical tools to solve the mathematical model; and experimental elucidation of the influence of pore-scale flow velocity on the biodegradation of contaminants using column experiments. Results from the mathematical model and experiments were used to elucidate the inter-relationship between physical and biological phenomena at the micro scale. The influence of flow velocity through the porous media (a physical factor) on the biological structure (microbial community in the porous media) was assessed. The results of this investigation contribute to the bioremediation of contaminated groundwater understanding with new insights on the importance of physical transport factors on the biodegradation potential. For example, flow velocity is shown to have an important effect on the degradation potential of chlorinated ethenes. Additionally, the mathematical model and numerical tools have potential application to many other reactive transport problems, including: adsorption onto activated carbon, reaction in packed beds of catalyst, chemical transport in streambeds, and separation in chromatographic columns.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 galera_srgp_me_guara.pdf: 622713 bytes, checksum: 6959d04bfe2820f5a6bd20506ba872ea (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o alinhamento postural estático por método quantitativo, de indivíduos sintomáticos e não sintomáticos de dor na coluna vertebral. É um estudo transversal do qual participaram sujeitos com cervicalgia, lombalgia e sem queixas dolorosas. O procedimento constituiu do preenchimento do protocolo de anamnese, colocação de marcadores em pontos anatômicos específicos e obtenção de fotografias em vista anterior, posterior, lateral direita e esquerda, segundo o protocolo do Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO). O SAPO trata-se de um programa computacional com tutoriais científicos vinculado ao CNPq. A análise das fotografias digitalizadas foi por meio deste programa que expõe os resultados pelo relatório gerado no Excel. É um programa de acesso público, que disponibiliza recursos para a análise postural, de forma a medir os ângulos em graus e em centímetro as diferenças de comprimento dos membros inferiores. Os ângulos avaliados foram analisados em módulo e suas medidas foram submetidas à análise estatística pela comparação de médias entre os três grupos utilizando o teste de ANOVA e quando comparados dois a dois, utilizou o teste t de Student, com significância de 5%. Foram identificados valores quantitativos para as variáveis de análise postural para os segmentos da cabeça, tronco e membros inferiores, nas quatro vistas. Os desvios referentes às vistas anterior e lateral direita, apresentaram maior prevalência em termos de diferença estatística entre os sujeitos dos três grupos estudados, sendo que a diferença no comprimento dos membros inferiores só se mostrou significativamente diferente entre os grupos de sujeitos com lombalgia e sujeitos assintomáticos. / The objective of this study is to compare the postural alignment static for quantitative method, of symptomatic and not symptomatic individuals of pain in the vertebral column. It is a transversal study of which they had participated citizens with cervical pain, lombar pain and without painful complaints. The procedure it constituted to fill based on anamneses protocol, anatomic markers on specific points and photograph attainment in previous, posterior sight, lateral right and left, according to protocol of the Software of Postural Evaluation SAPO The SAPO is about a computational program with tutorial scientific tied with the CNPq. The analysis of scanned photographs was by means of this program that displays the results for the report generated in the Excel. It is a program of public access, that makes available resources for the postural analysis, of form to measure the angles in degrees and centimeter the differences of length of the inferior members. The evaluated angles had been analyzed in module and its measures had been submitted to the statistics analysis for the comparison of averages between the three groups using the test of ANOVA and when compared as couple, the T test of Student was used, with significance of 5%. Quantitative values for the 0 variable of postural analysis for the segments of the head, inferior trunk had been identified in the four sights. The referring shunting lines to the sights previous and lateral right, had presented greater prevalence in difference statistics terms enter the citizens of the three studied groups, being that the difference in the length of the inferior members if only showed significantly different in the groups of citizens with lombar pain and assymptomatic citizens.

1. A comparative study of the joints between the vertebral bodies in different vertebrate animals has been made. 2. The natures of the intervertebral joint in different -vertebrate groups is dependent on its inherent pattern of self-differentiation. 3. In Elasmobranchs the cartilaginous composition of the vertebrae contributes to the flexibility of the column, but the notochord remains as a well-defined structure throughout life, as it does also in the vertebral column of Teleostei. In Fish, special fibrous joints between the amphicoelous vertebrae allow an effective side to side movement, and the persisting notochord imparts an additional flexibility to the column. 4. Regional variation of the vertebral column is a characteristic feature of land animals; it is first encountered in Amphibia and is greatest in Mammals. In Anura, shortening of the vertebral column, associated/associated with absence of a tail, is a characteristic feature correlated with the jumping gait. In them, synovial ball and socket joint between the procoelous vertebrae are described, and an account is given of lateral intervertebral and central ligaments, to which there is no reference in the literature. The central ligament a degenerate oranio-caudally with advance in age, except whore functional, demand requires their persistence at the joints of the amphicoelous eighth vertebra of the frog. Degenerated vestiges of notochord are present within the vertebrae throughout life, and in the central ligaments as long as they persist. 6. Fibro-cartilagnious disks are a feature of many intervertebral joints of land animals and are first encountered between the procoelous vertebrae of Lizards. In them the solid fibrous, non-laminated nature of the disk is remarkably characteristics. The vestigeal remnant of notochord in the middle of the disk of Lacertilia is a noteworthy feature. The major part of the disk is considered homologous with the annulus fibrosus/fibrosus of the Mammalian disk. 7. In Birds, a description has been given of the synovial saddle joints between the free vertebrae of the cervical and thoracic regions. The articular cartilage, in fowls of over two years, is characterised by a heterogeneous matrix, fibrillation and a diminution in cellularity with occasional fissures and clefts. The central ligaments of the synovial joints degenerate and disappear within ten days of hatching. Secondary cartilaginous joints in the caudal region are described; in them the notochord degenerates and is replaced by an extension from the surrounding fibre-cartilage of the disk. The functional significance of alternating regions of free -and fused vertebrae has been discussed. The moniliform appearance and the curvatures of the notochord are peculiar to each animal species, at different periods of growth, and this has been discussed following observations on pre- and post- hatched chicks. The notochord possesses and inherent quality of local cell aggregation in the intervertebral/intervertebral regions resulting in segmental self-differentiation. 8. In Mammals, the annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk remain distinct for a short time after birth: later, the line of demarcation between them is lost. The fibre-architecture of the annulus fibrosus in the Rat shows a basic pattern, characterised by an intricate laminated fibre-system. Initially, the nucleus pulposus is formed by an intervertebral aggregation of notochordal cells, which later undergo gradual senescence: a progressive invasion of fibres occurs from the fibro-cartilaginous zone of the annulus into the peripheral part of the degenerating notochordal tissue.

Rockfill columns have been used to stabilize the clay riverbanks in the Winnipeg area for over two decades. The construction methods used in Manitoba are uniquely adapted to the local soil conditions. The performance of rockfill columns in Manitoba has generally been satisfactory, except that in some cases significant deformations have occurred during and after construction (Yarechewski and Tallin 2003). This thesis will discuss the full-scale test loading of a riverbank that was stabilized with rockfill columns. The purpose of the test was to measure the load-deformation characteristics of a reinforced slope in order to further the understanding of rockfill column behaviour. Rockfill column technology has evolved from granular shear key methods for stabilizing slopes. The relatively weak and soft lacustrine clay is reinforced with compacted columns of stronger and stiffer limestone rockfill. The research test site is located along the natural banks of the Red River in The City of Winnipeg. The project involved an extensive site investigation, and soils characterization program in preparation for the field test. Eleven columns, 2.1 m in diameter were tested by surcharging the slope with 1920 tonnes of fill. The deformations were measured with standard and in-place inclinometers while the porewater pressure response of the in-situ soils was continuously monitored with vibrating wire piezometers. The research further investigated the mobilization of resistance along the length of the rockfill columns with finite element models. The analysis of the model results illustrated the mobilization of shear resistance within the rockfill and the development of stresses across the column cross section. The important engineering characteristics of rockfill are discussed in the context of rockfill column design and the importance of effective compaction is highlighted. The results of this research are used to develop recommendations for rockfill column design, analysis and construction.

Rockfill columns have been used to stabilize the clay riverbanks in the Winnipeg area for over two decades. The construction methods used in Manitoba are uniquely adapted to the local soil conditions. The performance of rockfill columns in Manitoba has generally been satisfactory, except that in some cases significant deformations have occurred during and after construction (Yarechewski and Tallin 2003). This thesis will discuss the full-scale test loading of a riverbank that was stabilized with rockfill columns. The purpose of the test was to measure the load-deformation characteristics of a reinforced slope in order to further the understanding of rockfill column behaviour. Rockfill column technology has evolved from granular shear key methods for stabilizing slopes. The relatively weak and soft lacustrine clay is reinforced with compacted columns of stronger and stiffer limestone rockfill. The research test site is located along the natural banks of the Red River in The City of Winnipeg. The project involved an extensive site investigation, and soils characterization program in preparation for the field test. Eleven columns, 2.1 m in diameter were tested by surcharging the slope with 1920 tonnes of fill. The deformations were measured with standard and in-place inclinometers while the porewater pressure response of the in-situ soils was continuously monitored with vibrating wire piezometers. The research further investigated the mobilization of resistance along the length of the rockfill columns with finite element models. The analysis of the model results illustrated the mobilization of shear resistance within the rockfill and the development of stresses across the column cross section. The important engineering characteristics of rockfill are discussed in the context of rockfill column design and the importance of effective compaction is highlighted. The results of this research are used to develop recommendations for rockfill column design, analysis and construction.

Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T11:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yamanishi_Erika_M.pdf: 1072580 bytes, checksum: 5488852fe586d9a1222e4fbf821a946e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A Unidade de Destilação é uma das mais importantes no refino de petróleo. Sua importância está no fato desta unidade ser responsável pelo fracionamento inicial do petróleo em diversos produtos (frações) como Nafta, Querosene, Diesel, entre outros. Algumas das frações obtidas são retiradas como produtos finais e outras podem ser processadas em outras unidades da refinaria. Assim, todas as mudanças de operações e perturbações ocorridas nesta unidade afetam diretamente outras unidades. Por este motivo, é possível verificar uma grande dependência das outras unidades em relação à unidade de destilação que exige flexibilidade para atender às necessidades da refinaria. Além disso, é possível observar que o processo de destilação do petróleo é complexo devido ao grande número de diferentes componentes do petróleo (em sua maioria hidrocarbonetos). De acordo com os aspectos e a importância da unidade de destilação, um estudo (principal objetivo deste trabalho) foi realizado para a verificação da flexibilidade da unidade de destilação e o entendimento do processo de destilação, visando seu desenvolvimento. Inicialmente, foi considerado um processo de destilação do petróleo, envolvendo a Torre Pré-Flash, Coluna Atmosférica e Debutanizadora. Três principais aspectos foram abordados: a análise completa das principais variáveis do processo, a otimização das Colunas Atmosférica e Debutanizadora e a avaliação do processamento dos óleos leve, intermediário e pesado sob determinadas condições especificadas. As simulações computacionais foram realizadas através de um software comercial neste trabalho. A análise das principais variáveis do processo permitiu que fossem verificados os efeitos no processo. Isto significa que pode ser realizada a análise sensitiva das principais variáveis do processo, mostrando os principais efeitos causados pelas mudanças das variáveis. A otimização do número de estágios e posição da alimentação da Coluna Debutanizadora foi realizada para a minimização da carga térmica do refervedor. Já, a otimização do número de estágios da Coluna Atmosférica foi realizada para a minimização da vazão de Resíduo. A avaliação realizada para o processamento dos três diferentes tipos de petróleo possibilitou verificar o aumento significativo da vazão de resíduo atmosférico e a redução de produtos, exceto o diesel pesado no processo de destilação considerado, envolvendo, neste caso, uma Coluna Pré-fracionadora e uma Coluna Atmosférica / Abstract: The crude distillation unit is the most important in the refining process. Its importance is due to the fact that this unit is responsible for the first fractionation of the petroleum in various products (fractions) as naphtha, kerosene, diesel and others. Some of these fractions obtained are removed as final product and others can be processed in other units of the refinery. In this way, all the operating and disturbance changes that occur in this unit affect directly other units. So, it is possible to verify the dependence of the others units related to the distillation unit that requires flexibility to supply the needs of the refinery. Furthermore, it is possible to observe that the crude distillation is complex due to the great number of different components of the petroleum. According to the aspects and the importance of the crude distillation, a study was carried out for the verification of the crude distillation flexibility and the knowledge of the distillation process, intending the development of the crude distillation. Initially, a crude distillation process, involving a Pre-Flash Drum, Atmospheric and Debutanizer Columns was considered in this work. Three main aspects were studied: the complete analysis of the main process variable, the optimization of the Atmospheric and Debutanizer Columns and the evaluation of the processing of the light, intermediate and heavy petroleum under specified conditions. The computational simulations were carried out, using commercial software in this study. The analysis of the main process variables allowed that the effects on the process were verified. This means that the sensitivity analysis of the main process variables could be made, showing the main effects caused by the variable changes. The optimization of the number of trays and the feed tray of the Debutanizer Column was carried out for the minimization of the reboiler duty. Furthermore, the optimization of the tray of the Atmospheric Column was done for the minimization of the residue flow rate. The evaluation of the results for the processing of three different types of petroleum allowed verifying the significant increase of the residue atmospheric flow rate and the reduction of the products, except heavy diesel in the considered crude distillation process, involving, in this case, the Prefractionation and Atmospheric Column / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24211号 / 工博第5039号 / 新制||工||1787(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中北 英一, 准教授 山口 弘誠, 教授 田中 賢治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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