Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-10-23T11:44:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline.pdf: 12153012 bytes, checksum: ad32bc32f0cec24e31aafbbf3c31f12d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-10-23T11:44:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline.pdf: 12153012 bytes, checksum: ad32bc32f0cec24e31aafbbf3c31f12d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-10-23T11:45:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline.pdf: 12153012 bytes, checksum: ad32bc32f0cec24e31aafbbf3c31f12d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T11:45:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline.pdf: 12153012 bytes, checksum: ad32bc32f0cec24e31aafbbf3c31f12d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Deocélia Vianna apresentou por um curto período, de 1952 a 1953, uma atração radiofônica intitulada Madame Danjou, que consistia em um programa de consultório sentimental, para o qual as ouvintes encaminhavam suas dúvidas através de cartas. Para as mulheres, o hábito de escrever cartas e diários não representou, ao longo dos anos, apenas uma peculiaridade feminina, e sim a possibilidade de expressão. Assim, em nossa análise sobre as demandas encaminhadas ao programa Madame Danjou, buscamos identificar elementos que nos permitam qualificar tanto as missivistas quanto a própria radialista como integrantes de um contexto específico, sem, no entanto, ignorar suas particularidades. Para tanto, consideramos o programa radiofônico como espaço de reflexão e sociabilidade para esses agentes sociais, devido ao fluxo de perguntas e respostas que o caracteriza. Antes, porém, não podemos perder de vista a trajetória particular de Deocélia Vianna, bem como as especificidades desse tipo de programa para compreendermos a outra ponta do diálogo que se estabelece: os conselhos. Também privilegiaremos a sua dimensão normatizadora, visto que tais conselhos eram direcionados para a remediação de conflitos do âmbito privado, via a adequação de determinados comportamentos. / From 1952 to 1953, Deocélia Vianna presented a radio show entitled Madame Danjou, which consisted in an advice column (also called ‘agony aunt’), and most of the listeners were women. For them, the habit of writing letters and diaries represented the possibility of expression. In our analysis of the demands addressed to Madame Danjou program, we seek to identify elements that could qualify both the letter writers and the broadcaster as part of a specific context, without, however, ignore its peculiarities. To this end, we consider the radio program as a space for reflection and sociability for those social workers, due to the flow of questions and answers that characterizes it. But first, we must not lose sight of the particular path of Deocélia Vianna, as well as the specificity of this type of program to understand the other end of the dialogue that is established: the advice. We also privileged the normative dimension, since these boards were directed to the remediation of conflicts privately, through the appropriateness of certain behaviors.

Dans les centrales nucléaires à eau sous pression, les Résines Echangeuses d'Ions (REI) sont utilisées dans les circuits d'épuration. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une étude qualitative a été réalisée afin de prédire les tendances du comportement d'une REI dans le cadre de son utilisation en condition centrale nucléaire. Fort des résultats de cette étude, nous avons cherché à caractériser quantitativement le comportement des REI en colonne. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des solutions analytiques mais ces dernières se sont révélées valables uniquement dans des cas particuliers. Afin de trouver une solution générale, nous nous sommes donc tournés vers une solution numérique : OPTIPUR. En vue de la valider et aussi de mieux comprendre la cinétique en colonne, nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale. Cette dernière vise à caractériser la résistance au transfert de masse en colonne et à mener une étude de sensibilité sur les paramètres influençant ce phénomène. Cette étude repose sur la détermination de la fuite ionique cinétique, correspondant à une certaine concentration de polluant présente en sortie de colonne en début d'expérience. Pour cela, nous avons testé l'influence de nombreux paramètres sur la fuite ionique cinétique. Nous avons ainsi vu l'importance de la vitesse de filtre et donc des conditions hydrodynamiques sur la fuite ionique cinétique. Ces nombreux résultats de fuite cinétique, ont été modélisés à l'aide de la corrélation empirique de Dwivedi & Upadhyay afin de tester sa validité. Par la suite, nous avons simulé nos résultats de fuite ionique cinétique avec deux options du logiciel OPTIPUR : option Mass Transfer Coefficient (MTC) et Nernst-Planck (NP). Ces dernières encadrent les résultats expérimentaux. L'option MTC d'OPTIPUR donne des résultats inférieurs alors que ceux obtenus avec l'option NP sont supérieurs aux résultats expérimentaux. Nous avons vu que dans le cadre d'un échange ternaire, seule l'option NP est valide. Nous avons proposé des solutions pour mieux caler les résultats obtenus numériquement. D'autres simulations ont été réalisées afin de vérifier les capacités de prédiction de l'appareil pour des expériences plus longues (allant jusqu'à la saturation de la REI). Les tendances observées étaient celles attendues. L'outil OPTIPUR est un outil précis et robuste pour étudier la cinétique en colonne. / In pressurized water reactor, ion exchange resins (IER) are used in systems purification. In this thesis, a qualitative study has been performed to predict the behavior of IER while used in nuclear plants conditions. Then, we searched to characterize the IER behavior in column through a quantitative study using analytical solutions. But these solutions worked only for particular cases. In order to find a general solution, we used a new numerical solution: OPTIPUR. To validate this general solution and get a better understanding of the kinetic in column, we performed an experimental study to characterize the resistance to mass transfer in column and to study the sensibility on the parameters influencing this phenomenon. This study is based on the characterization of the initial leakage (initial pollutant concentration at the column outlet). We tested numerous parameters on the initial leakage. We understood the importance of the superficial velocity and indeed of the hydrodynamic conditions on the initial leakage. These numerous results about initial leakage were modeled with an empirical correlation of Dwivedi and Upadhyay in order to validate it. Then, we modeled our results with the two options of OPTIPUR software: option Mass Transfer Coefficient (MTC) and Nernst-Planck (NP). These options encircle experimental results. The MTC option of OPTIPUR gives lower results while those obtained with the NP option are higher than the experimental results. We observed also that only the NP option was valid for a ternary exchange. We proposed solutions to get a better fit with the results obtained with OPTIPUR. We performed other simulations to check the prediction abilities of the software for longer experiments (until the IER saturation). The tendencies were those expected. The OPTIPUR software showed is accuracy and robustness to study column kinetic.

Ce travail concerne la mesure et la caractérisation du transfert thermique à la paroi externe d’un faisceau de tube de refroidissement inséré dans des colonnes à bulles type « slurry ». La valeur du coefficient de transfert de chaleur est estimée à partir des équations de la chaleur. Une colonne de 0,15 m de diamètre et de 4 m de haut, équipée de deux tubes en U (3 cm de diamètre externe), a été utilisée pour mettre au point la métrologie nécessaire. L’eau a servi de fluide de refroidissement. Le mélange diphasique air-huile Syltherm XLT®, puis le mélange triphasique air-huile Syltherm XLT®-microbilles d’alumine poreuses (dS ~ 80 μm), ont servi de fluides modèles. L’incertitude de nos mesures a été estimée à environ 8 %. En système diphasique, les variations du coefficient de transfert de chaleur avec la vitesse superficielle du gaz ont pu être corrélées par une loi semblable à celle de Deckwer (1980). Cependant, la valeur de la constante de corrélation semble dépendre de l’orientation du faisceau de tubes par rapport à l’axe de la colonne. Un tel comportement n’a jamais été rapporté dans la littérature. L’écart du faisceau à un faisceau idéal (i.e. parfaitement droit et symétrique) peut être un paramètre crucial pour le transfert de chaleur. En système triphasique, la valeur du coefficient ne varie pas de façon significative jusqu’à une concentration massique d’environ 18,8 %, avant de diminuer d’environ 10 % pour une concentration massique de 21,3 %. Ce résultat est surprenant. Les variations rapportées dans la littérature sont en effet souvent contradictoires, mais toujours continues dans la gamme de concentrations testée. La métrologie mise au point a été implantée dans une colonne de 1 m de diamètre et de 5 m de haut, équipée de 24 tubes en U (6 cm de diamètre externe). Celle-ci est jugée représentative d’un réacteur pour le procédé Fischer-Tropsch. Les premiers résultats indiquent que la caractérisation thermique de l’installation sera plus délicate que pour la petite colonne / This work investigates the measure and characterisation of heat transfer in slurry bubble column reactors equipped with a bundle of cooling tubes. The value of the shell-tube heat transfer coefficient is estimated at thermal steady-state regime using heat transfer equations. A 15 cm in diameter, 4 m high bubble column, equipped with a two U-tubes (3 cm O.D.) bundle has been used to assess the metrology selected. The cooling fluid was water. Air-Syltherm XLT® heat transfer fluid and air-Syltherm XLT® heat transfer fluid-porous alumina particles (dS ~ 80 μm) were successively used as shell fluids. The uncertainty of our measures has been estimated to be around 8 %. The variations of the shell-tube heat transfer coefficient with superficial gas velocity can be modelled using the well-known correlation by Deckwer (1980). However, a smaller constant value than indicated by Deckwer et al. (1980) was obtained and it was found to be dependent upon the orientation of the tube bundle relatively to the column axis. This has never been reported in the literature and implies that any difference relatively to the ideal tube bundle – perfectly straight and symmetric – might be critical for heat transfer. Addition of solid particles has little effect on heat transfer for solid concentrations below 18.8 %w/w. A further increase up to 21.3 %w/w induced a 10 % decrease of the value of the shell-tube heat transfer coefficient. This was surprising, as existing literature results display continuous variations of the heat transfer coefficient values in the range of solid concentrations tested, even though trends of variation could be opposite. The assessed metrology was implemented into a 1 m in diameter, 5 m high bubble column equipped with a 24 U-tubes (6 cm O.D.) bundle. This pilot plant was considered to be large enough to mock up a slurry bubble column reactor for the Fischer-Tropsch process. First results indicate that thermal characterisation will be more complex than for the smaller diameter column

La présence excessive des phosphates est la cause de l’apparition du problème d’eutrophisation dans les eaux douces et responsable de la détérioration des écosystèmes aquatiques. Différents procédés de traitement des eaux (biologique, physico-chimique) permettent l’élimination des phosphates. L’objectif global de cette thèse est l’étude des mécanismes physico chimiques associés à la rétention des phosphates par sorption sur des produits d’oxydation de la limaille de fer micrométrique et le développement du procédé correspondant. Le choix de ce matériau réside dans sa disponibilité, son faible coût et l’absence de toxicité dans les conditions mises en oeuvre. Afin de pouvoir par la suite proposer un système de traitement opérationnel, dans un premier temps des séries d’expériences en batch ont été menées pour évaluer l’efficacité de la limaille de fer et ces sous-produits synthétisés pour l’élimination des phosphates. L’influence des conditions expérimentales (vieillissement ou phase de pré-conditionnement, concentrations en oxygène dissous, en nitrates, sulfates, matière organique, pH initial, force ionique, vitesse d’agitation) a été évaluée. En parallèle des caractérisations physico chimiques des solides ont été menées dans le but de déterminer la nature et les caractéristiques des sous-produits synthétisés. Dans un second temps, des études en réacteur continu ont été réalisées dans une démarche de complexité croissante pour comprendre le fonctionnement des colonnes garnies de sable/limaille de fer. Les sous-produits synthétisés et relargués en solution en conditions contrôlées (teneur en oxygène dissous ; vieillissement de 40h et 6j) ont montré une plus faible capacité de piégeage pour l’élimination des phosphates (2,3 à 3,8 mgP/gFe) en comparaison avec la capacité retenue par la totalité du système Fe0/sous-produits, dont les capacités ont pu atteindre 35 mgP/gFe. La durée de l’oxydation avant contact avec les phosphates (vieillissement) a une influence remarquable sur l’efficacité de la limaille de fer. Au-delà de 24h, plus le temps de vieillissement est grand, plus l’efficacité des sous-produits diminue, ce qui est expliqué par l’augmentation de la cristallinité des sous-produits de la limaille de fer, ces derniers étant moins réactifs que les formes amorphes. Cependant, une phase de pré-conditionnement d’une durée comprise entre 2h et 24h améliore nettement la rétention des phosphates par la limaille de fer car elle permet la génération d’une couche d’oxydes active en fonction du temps à la surface. Le contact direct de la limaille avec les phosphates, étant donné leur rôle dans la passivation, conduit à limiter la corrosion par la formation d’une couche de passivation compacte à la surface de la limaille de fer. La couche d’oxydes à la surface de la limaille de fer et les sous-produits relargués en solution sont formés par un mélange de lépidocrocite, maghémtite et /ou magnétite et des traces de goethite. Le mécanisme d’élimination des phosphates à la surface des sous-produits se base sur une adsorption spécifique par formation d’un complexe de sphère interne. La distribution des phosphates le long de la colonne a montré une forte dépendance de la concentration en oxygène dissous; elle évolue au cours du temps, elle est hétérogène en début d’expérimentation, puis devient homogène à saturation, avec une capacité maximale de 152 mgP/gFe dans les conditions opératoires appliquées ([P] = 20mg/L, [NaCl] = 0,01M, T° = 22°C, v = 0,12m/h). L’analyse du support solide a confirmé les résultats relatifs à la distribution des phosphates dans les réacteurs et a montré que les phosphates sont majoritairement associés aux fractions amorphes du fer. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus confirme l’intérêt d’utiliser la limaille de fer pour le traitement des phosphates dans les eaux. / The excessive presence of phosphate in water is the cause of the occurrence of the problem of eutrophication in freshwater represented by the deterioration of the aquatic ecosystem. Various water treatment processes allow the removal of phosphate (biological and physico-chemical). The global objective of this thesis is the study of the physico-chemical mechanisms associated with phosphate removal from water using iron byproducts synthesized from the oxidation of micrometric zero valent iron and the development of corresponding process. Zero valent iron was chosen for its availability, low cost, and the absence of toxicity under the conditions applied. In order to subsequently propose an operational processing system, firstly a series of batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of iron filings and its by-products synthesized for the elimination of phosphate. The influence of experimental conditions (aging or pre-conditioning phase, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, sulfates, organic matter, initial pH, ionic strength, stirring rate) was studied. In parallel physico-chemical characterizations of the solid were conducted in order to determine the nature and characteristics of synthesized byproducts. Secondly, continuous reactor studies were conducted in an increasingly complex approach in order to understand the behavior and performance of the columns packed with sand/ZVI. The synthesized byproducts flaked into the solution (under controlled conditions of oxygen and aging time 40h, 6g) showed a lower capacity trapping for phosphate removal (2.3 to 3.8 mgP/gFe) compared to phosphate removal capacity of the entire system Fe0/by-products, whose capacity can reach 35 mgP/gFe. The oxidation phase prior to the contact with phosphate (aging time) has a remarkable influence on the efficiency of iron filings. Beyond the preconditioning phase of 24 hours, as aging time increases, the efficiency of the byproducts decreases, which is explained by the increases of the crystallinity of the by-products over time, as being less reactive than amorphous forms. However, the pre-conditioning time between 2h and 24 hours improves clearly the retention of phosphate by ZVI as this phase allows the synthesis of an active oxide layer. Direct contact between the iron fillings and phosphate, taking into account their role in the passivation, leads to a limitation of the corrosion by forming a compact passive layer at the surface of ZVI. The oxide layer at the surface of ZVI and the byproducts flaked off to the solution are formed by a mixture of lepidocrocite, maghemtite and/or magnetite and traces of goethite. The phosphate removal on the surface of the byproducts is based on a specific adsorption by forming an inner sphere complex. The reactivity in the columns showed a strong dependence on the presence and the concentration of oxygen; the decrease in phosphate retention along the column, evolves over time from heterogeneous towards a homogeneous trapping of P with a maximum capacity of 152 mgP/gFe in the applied process conditions ([P] = 20mg / L, [NaCl] = 0.01 M, T = 22 ° C, v = 0.12M / h). The solid support analysis also confirmed the results related to the distribution of phosphate along the reactors, and showed that phosphate are predominantly associated with amorphous iron fractions.The overall results confirm the interest of using iron filings for the treatment of phosphate in water.

L’objectif du travail est l’étude du processus d’adsorption-désorption d’un colorant azoïque sur l’argile naturelle provenant de deux gisements tunisiens. L’expérimentation en laboratoire a été menée en réacteur fermé et en colonne de percolation. Lors de la première étape, deux types d’argile ont été utilisées. L’étude cinétique montre que l’adsorption et la désorption suivent le modèle du pseudo premier ordre. L’isotherme d’adsorption est de type Langmuir alors que l’isotherme de désorption est de type hystérésis. La capacité d’adsorption de l’argile de Gafsa est plus prononcée que celle de l’argile de Borj Chekir. Les études en colonne de percolation ont été menées sur un mélange d’argile de Borj Chekir et du sable moyen H2F. Les paramètres hydrodynamiques ont été déterminés en utilisant un traceur inerte (fluorescéine). L’étude du transport réactif a montré que si le pourcentage d’argile augmente la rétention du colorant augmente alors que si on augmente le débit d’injection pour un pourcentage d’argile-sable constant la rétention du colorant diminue. Les courbes de sortie ont été ensuite comparées aux résultats numériques d’un modèle 1D de transport réactif, intégrant deux sites d’adsorption réversible et irréversible. / The aim of the work is to study the adsorption-desorption process of an azo dye on natural clay from two Tunisian deposits. The laboratory experiment was conducted in a closed reactor (batch) and percolation column. In the first step, two types of clay were used. The kinetic study shows that the adsorption and desorption follow the pattern of a pseudo first order phenomenon. A Langmuir isotherm is fitted to the adsorption process, while the desorption isotherm is characterised by hysteresis. The adsorption capacity of the Gafsa clay is more pronounced than that of the Borj Chekir clay. The percolation column studies were conducted on a mixture of of Borj Chekir clay and medium sand H2F. Hydrodynamic parameters were determined using an inert tracer (fluorescein). The reactive transport study showed that an increase in clay percentage will increase retention, but, on the other hand when using a constant percentage of the clay-sand mixture, increasing the injection rate will decrease the retention capacity of the mixture. The output curves were then compared with the numerical results of a 1D reactive transport model incorporating two reversible and irreversible adsorption sites.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Kimberly W. Kramer / Of seismic steel lateral force resisting systems in practice today, the Moment Frame has most diverse connection types. Special Moment frames resist lateral loads through energy dissipation of the inelastic deformation of the beam members. The 1994 Northridge earthquake proved that the standard for welded beam-column connections were not sufficient to prevent damage to the connection or failure of the connection. Through numerous studies, new methods and standards for Special Moment Frame connections are presented in the Seismic Design Manual 2nd Edition to promote energy dissipation away from the beam-column connection. A common type of SMF is the Reduce Beams Section (RBS). To encourage inelastic deformation away from the beam-column connection, the beam flange’s dimensions are reduced a distance away from the beam-column connection; making the member “weaker” at that specific location dictating where the plastic hinging will occur during a seismic event. The reduction is usually taken in a semi-circular pattern. Another type of SMF connection is the Kaiser Bolted Bracket® (KBB) which consists of brackets that stiffen the beam-column connection. KBB connections are similar to RBS connections as the stiffness is higher near the connection and lower away from the connection. Instead of reducing the beam’s sectional properties, KBB uses a bracket to stiffen the connection. The building used in this parametric study is a 4-story office building. This thesis reports the results of the parametric study by comparing two SMF connections: Reduced Beam Section and Kaiser Bolted Brackets. This parametric study includes results from three Seismic Design Categories; B, C, and D, and the use of two different foundation connections; fixed and pinned. The purpose of this parametric study is to compare member sizes, member forces, and story drift. The results of Seismic Design Category D are discussed in depth in this thesis, while the results of Seismic Design Category B and C are provided in the Appendices.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Umschnürung von gedrungenen Stahlbetonstützen mittels Kohlefasergelegen. Die durch Epoxidharz mit dem Altbeton verbundenen Kohlefasern (CFK-Umschnürung) bewirken hierbei eine starke Behinderung der Querdehnung des Betons, wodurch dieser in einen dreidimensionalen Spannungszustand versetzt wird. Die Betondruckfestigkeit kann dadurch nachträglich deutlich gesteigert und das Verformungsverhalten positiv beeinflusst werden. Forschungsaufgabe war es, Wissenslücken und aufgeworfene Fragen, die sich aus einer intensiven Literaturrecherche zur Thematik ergaben, zu schließen und einen eigenen Bemessungsansatz zu entwickeln. Hierzu wurden Beton- und Stahlbetondruckglieder mit verschiedenen Abmessungen und Durchmessern sowie unterschiedlichen Längs- und Querbewehrungsgehalten hergestellt. Danach erfolgte die Umschnürung dieser Prüfkörper mit verschiedenen CFK-Materialien in variierenden Dicken und anschließende Bauteiltests in Form von weggesteuerten Druckversuchen. Neben dem Materialverhalten konnten mittels elektrischen Messsystemen, wie z. B. induktiven Wegaufnehmern sowie auf den Prüfkörpern aufgebrachten Dehnungsmessstreifen, auch die Versagenszustände zuverlässig bestimmt werden. Die Auswertung und Interpretation der gewonnenen Daten mündete in empirischen Gleichungen zur Beschreibung der maximalen Druckfestigkeit und Dehnung von CFK-umschnürten Bauteilen aus unbewehrtem oder bewehrtem Beton. Darüber hinaus konnten Aussagen zur tatsächlichen Bruchdehnung der eingesetzten Kohlefasern getroffen und entsprechende Abminderungsfaktoren abgeleitet werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der Datenreihen anderer Forschergruppen wurde die eigene Datenbasis vergrößert und die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bestätigt. Als Ergebnis steht ein empirischer Bemessungsansatz zur Verfügung, der Bemessungsgleichungen zur Querschnittstragfähigkeit und zugehörigen Dehnung von CFK-umschnürten unbewehrten und bewehrten kreisrunden Stützenquerschnitten bietet. Darüber hinaus können Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen hergeleitet werden. Durch die Entwicklung von charakteristischen Bemessungsgleichungen gelingt eine einfache Implementierung in bestehende Sicherheitskonzepte. Das entwickelte Modell oder Teile davon eignen sich zur Verwendung in den zur Entstehungszeit der Dissertation vorhandenen Bemessungsvorschriften oder können zu deren Verbesserung herangezogen werden. / This thesis deals with the confinement of short reinforced concrete (RC) columns by carbon-fibre-sheets (CF sheet). In doing so, the connection of concrete surface and CF sheet is enabled by an epoxy resin (CFRP confinement). Thereby, concrete’s lateral expansion is efficiently restricted in cases of imposed axial compressive deformation; therefore, the elastic CFRP resisting response generates an ever increasing lateral compressive stress state on concrete, leading to structural upgrade of the member core to provide a remarkable higher concrete strength and sufficient deformability. Research assignment was to solve open-ended questions and knowledge gaps, which unfolded during an intense literature review, and to present an own proposal of a material model. For this, plain and reinforced concrete columns with different geometrical shape, variable diameter, and different longitudinal and transverse reinforcement elements were produced, and were confined with different CF sheets in variable thickness. Executed deformation controlled compression tests provided investigations concerning the structural behaviour of the test specimens, and electrical measurement techniques such as LVTD and strain gauges enabled a sufficient monitoring of failure modes. The evaluation and interpretation of the received data resulted in empirical equations to predict the ultimate strength and accompanying ultimate axial strain of CFRP confined columns with and without reinforcement. Furthermore, the tests allowed conclusions concerning the rupture strain of the deployed CFRP confinements, and leaded to FRP efficiency factors, capable to predict the actual ultimate strain of the reinforcing fibres. Further data bases, which are available in literature, confirmed the own proposals. As a result, this thesis provides an empirical material model, which deals with proper design equations to predict the load bearing capacity and the deformability of CFRP confined plain and reinforced circular concrete columns. Moreover, it is possible to generate entire stress-strain curves in axial direction. Developed characteristic equations and values allow an easy implementation in existing limit state concepts. The developed model or parts of it are sufficient to be implemented in design guidelines, or they may help to enhance them.

Au vu de l'omniprésence des oxydes de fer dans le milieu naturel, et en particulier la goethite et l'hématite qui sont les formes les plus stables, mais aussi de la prolifération des contaminants émergents dans l'environnement, comme les fluoroquinolones, notre objectif a été d'étudier leur réactivité et de définir les mécanismes de sorption et d'oxydoréduction à l'interface oxyde/solution dans des conditions statiques (batch) et hydrodynamiques contrôlées (colonne) en couplant une étude macroscopique (techniques chromatographiques, LC/MS, LC/UV) avec une approche microscopique (spectroscopie vibrationnelle et XPS) et de modélisation mécanistique (TPM et CD-MUSIC). Ces travaux mettent en évidence les principaux mécanismes responsables de la transformation des molécules organiques à la surface d'un oxyde de fer, et donc fournissent des informations nécessaires à la compréhension du devenir des contaminants émergents dans l'environnement. / Given the ubiquity of iron oxides in environmental settings, particularly goethite and hematite, the most stable forms, but also the proliferation of emerging contaminants, such as fluoroquinolones, in the environment, our goal was to study their reactivity and describe mechanisms of sorption and redox at oxide /solution interfaces in static batch) and hydrodynamic conditions (column) by coupling a macroscopic study (LC/MS, LC/UV) with a microscopic/molecular approach (vibrational spectroscopy and XPS) and mechanistic modeling (TPM and CD-MUSIC).. These works highlight the main mechanisms responsible of the transformation of organic molecules on iron oxide surfaces and thus provide valuable information necessary for the understanding of the fate of emerging contaminants in the environment.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T18:52:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joanabritodelimasilva.pdf: 6061527 bytes, checksum: 2e22e6da38f251a4972d613bb281eff9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-07T21:45:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joanabritodelimasilva.pdf: 6061527 bytes, checksum: 2e22e6da38f251a4972d613bb281eff9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T21:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joanabritodelimasilva.pdf: 6061527 bytes, checksum: 2e22e6da38f251a4972d613bb281eff9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta pesquisa exploratória é compreender as demarcações hierárquicas formadas em espaços sociais elitizados de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de investigar, a partir de entrevistas com indivíduos de diferentes perfis, as hierarquias simbólicas e os marcadores distintivos existentes na alta sociedade juiz-forana. No intuito de não reduzir o recorte empírico analisado em termos de classes sociais, as pessoas entrevistadas foram agrupadas em três grupos, aqui nomeados emergentes, tradicionais e anônimos, conforme suas semelhanças e peculiaridades. Ao questionar a própria aplicabilidade do conceito de classe social nesta amostragem, a análise das entrevistas mostrou aspectos geralmente desconsiderados nas abordagens classistas: a valorização da ancestralidade e da visibilidade nas mídias locais (colunismo social). Neste sentido, a pesquisa explora tais diferenças hierárquicas entre os membros dos nichos pesquisados, e mostra as lutas em busca de distinção, nas quais se disputa o domínio de capitais simbólicos e de marcadores distintivos. / The purpose of this research is to understand the hierarchical boundaries formed in social fractions selected of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Considering the information from the interviews with individuals of different profiles, we found symbolic hierarchies and distinctive markers in the local high society. In order to do not reduce the empirical object analyzed in terms of social classes, people interviewed were grouped into three groups, named here emerging, traditional and anonymous, as their similarities and peculiarities. Questioning the very applicability of the concept of social class in this review, the analysis of the interviews showed aspects disregarded in some classist approaches: the valuation of ancestry and visibility in local media (social column). In this sense, the research explores such hierarchical differences among members of those three groups, and shows the struggles around distinction, in which it is disputed the domain of symbolic capital and distinctive markers.

Nas últimas décadas, diversas propostas de técnicas e de processos visando aumentar a sustentabilidade da agricultura ganharam evidência. Tais propostas geram novos modelos de planejamento em que devem ser considerados aspectos técnicos e ecológicos de produção, bem como o acesso de pequenos agricultores familiares ao mercado consumidor. Neste tipo de planejamento da produção, a rotação de culturas desempenha um papel fundamental, pois contribui para a manutenção dos recursos produtivos, para a minimização do uso de recursos não-renováveis e para o controle biológico da população de herbívoros, patógenos e plantas espontâneas. Nesta tese abordamos dois problemas de Programação de Rotação de Culturas (PRC) focados na produção de base sustentável de hortaliças: o problema de PRC com restrições de Adjacências (PRC-A) e o problema de PRC com atendimento da Demanda (PRC-D). O planejamento da produção de hortaliças é complexo pois envolve, em geral, um grande número de culturas com limitações específicas quanto à época de plantio e com períodos de cultivo e produtividades muito variáveis. A programação de rotação de culturas para as áreas de plantio é formulada como um modelo de otimização 01 e, para os dois problemas, em cada programação considera se tanto aspectos técnicos (época de plantio e colheita etc.) quanto ecológicos (adubação verde, pousio etc.). No problema PRC-A o objetivo é a maximização da ocupação das áreas produtivas em que as restrições de plantio são estendidas às áreas adjacentes. Como a formulação matemática para o problema tem, em geral, um número muito grande de restrições e variáveis, com matriz de restrições esparsa e bloco-diagonal, o modelo é reformulado com a Decomposição DantzigWolfe, o que permitiu sua resolução por procedimentos baseados em geração de colunas, heurísticos e exatos. No problema PRC-D desejase suprir a demanda de um conjunto de hortaliças tendo-se disponível um conjunto de áreas heterogêneas. As culturas passíveis de plantio, bem como as suas produtividades, dependem da área considerada. O problema foi formulado como um modelo de otimização linear em que cada variável está associada a uma programação de rotação de culturas. O modelo contém potencialmente um número grande de programações de rotação e é resolvido por geração de colunas. Experimentos computacionais usando instâncias baseadas em dados reais confirmam a eficácia dos modelos e das metodologias propostos para os problemas / Over the last decades, various proposals for techniques and processes to increase agricultural sustainability have been put forward. These proposals bring new planning models in which technical and ecological production aspects must be considered, as well as the access of small farmers to the consumer market. In this type of agricultural production planning, crop rotation plays a fundamental role as it contributes to maintaining productive resources, to reducing the use of non-renewable resources, and to biologically controlling the population of herbivores, pathogens and spontaneous plants. In this thesis, two problems concerning the Crop Rotation Schedule (CRS) focusing on sustainable production vegetables are addressed: the problem of the CRS having Adjacent constraints (CRS-A) and the problem of the CRS under Demand constraints (CRS-D). Production planning of vegetables is complex as it generally involves a large number of crop species having specific limitations regarding the planting season and very varied production times and productivity. The crop rotation schedule problem is formulated as an optimization model 0-1, and for both problems, in each schedule technical (planting and harvesting season etc.) and ecological (green manure, fallow etc.) aspects are considered. Concerning the CRS-A problem, the aim is to maximize the occupation of cropping areas in which planting constraints are extended to adjacent areas. As the mathematical formulation for the problem generally has a large number of restrictions and variables and the structure of the constraint matrix of the problem is sparse and block-diagonal, the model has been reformulated using the Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition strategy, which has enabled the use of a heuristic and exact procedures based on the column generation approach for its resolution. In the CRS-D problem, the aim is to meet the market demands for vegetables having a set of heterogeneous cropping areas available. The potential planting crops, as well as their productivity, depend on the considered cropping area. The problem is formulated as an optimization linear model in which each variable is associated to a crop rotation schedule. The model may include a large number of rotation schedules and is solved by the column generation approach. Computational experiments using instances based on real-world data confirm the efficiency of models and methodologies proposed for the problems