Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Mohamad Metghalchi. / Sc.D.

Submitted by NATALIA DA SILVA RIBEIRO null (nsribeiro2@gmail.com) on 2017-03-21T14:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa Natalia_Final..pdf: 3776400 bytes, checksum: 4147b87ccc01a8c95a9e60c44f70613b (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-22T14:39:39Z (GMT) / Submitted by NATALIA DA SILVA RIBEIRO null (nsribeiro2@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T17:58:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa Natalia_Final..pdf: 3778151 bytes, checksum: 08fb9f490ae966bed7312cca924c9c9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T16:23:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_ns_me_guara.pdf: 3778151 bytes, checksum: 08fb9f490ae966bed7312cca924c9c9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T16:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_ns_me_guara.pdf: 3778151 bytes, checksum: 08fb9f490ae966bed7312cca924c9c9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nesta dissertação, investiga-se através da análise termogravimétrica o comportamento da combustão de amostras de carvão mineral, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, bagaço de sorgo biomassa e das misturas de carvão-biomassa. A biomassa e o carvão possuem propriedades físico-químicas diferentes que proporcionam comportamento térmico diferente durante o processo de co-combustão, desta forma o objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar o comportamento térmico de misturas de carvão mineral com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de sorgo em atmosferas simuladas de combustão (O2/N2) e oxicombustão (O2/CO2). Os experimentos foram realizados em duplicata em um analisador termogravimétrico utilizando uma razão de aquecimento de 10 °C/min. Foi considerada uma granulometria uniforme para todos os materiais (63 µm) com a finalidade de garantir uma mistura homogênea. Foram estudadas quatro proporções de biomassa na mistura (10, 25, 50 e 75%). A partir das técnicas de termogravimetria (TG) e termogravimetria derivada (DTG) foram determinados parâmetros tais como Índice de combustão, sinergismo e energia de ativação, bem como avaliada a influência da atmosfera de combustão sobre esses parâmetros. Os resultados indicam que o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar apresenta valor de energia de ativação inferior ao registrado para o bagaço de sorgo e desempenho de combustão superior ao do bagaço de sorgo. Para as misturas, os melhores resultados foram registrados até a proporção de 25% de biomassa na mistura. Avaliando individualmente cada material, quando se substitui o N2 por CO2 pode-se observar um aumento na reatividade da reação, uma maior oxidação dos materiais e uma melhora nos parâmetros avaliados. Para ambas as misturas não foram observadas mudanças significativas no perfil de combustão quando o N2 é substituído por CO2. No entanto, a presença da biomassa na co-combustão com o carvão, além dos benefícios econômicos e ambientais, aumentou o desempenho da combustão do carvão mineral em ambas as atmosferas. / This dissertation investigates by thermogravimetric analysis the behavior of the combustion of coal, sugarcane bagasse, sorghum biomass bagasse and coal-biomass blends. The biomass and coal have different physicochemical properties that provide different thermal behavior during the process of co-combustion, thus the aim of this research is to characterize the thermal behavior of coal mixed with sugarcane bagasse and sorghum bagasse in simulated atmospheres of combustion (O2/N2) and oxycombustion (O2/CO2). The experiments were performed in duplicate in a thermogravimetric analyzer using a heating rate of 10 ° C/min. A uniform particle size for all materials (63 μm) in order to ensure a homogeneous mixture was considered. Four biomass ratios were studied in the blend (10, 25, 50 and 75%). From the techniques of Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG) curves were determined parameters such as: Combustion index, synergism and activation energy and evaluated the influence of combustion atmosphere on these parameters. The results indicate that the sugarcane bagasse presents a lower activation energy value than sorghum bagasse and combustion performance higher than sorghum bagasse. For mixtures, best results were recorded up to 25% proportion of biomass in the blend. Individually evaluating each material, when replacing N2 by CO2 can be seen an increase in the reactivity of the reaction, the increased oxidation of the materials and an improvement in the evaluated parameters. For both blends, no significant changes in combustion profile when N2 substituted by CO2. However, the presence of biomass in co-combustion with coal in addition to economic and environmental benefits increased the combustion performance of coal in both atmospheres. / CNPq: 134366/2015-8

Combustor blowout is a very serious concern in modern land-based and aircraft engine combustors. The ability to sense blowout precursors can provide significant payoffs in engine reliability and life. The objective of this work is to characterize the blowout phenomenon and develop a sensing methodology which can detect and assess the proximity of a combustor to blowout by monitoring its acoustic signature, thus providing early warning before the actual blowout of the combustor. The first part of the work examines the blowout phenomenon in a piloted jet burner. As blowout was approached, the flame detached from one side of the burner and showed increased flame tip fluctuations, resulting in an increase in low frequency acoustics. Work was then focused on swirling combustion systems. Close to blowout, localized extinction/re-ignition events were observed, which manifested as bursts in the acoustic signal. These events increased in number and duration as the combustor approached blowout, resulting an increase in low frequency acoustics. A variety of spectral, wavelet and thresholding based approaches were developed to detect precursors to blowout. The third part of the study focused on a bluff body burner. It characterized the underlying flame dynamics near blowout in greater detail and related it to the observed acoustic emissions. Vorticity was found to play a significant role in the flame dynamics. The flame passed through two distinct stages prior to blowout. The first was associated with momentary strain levels that exceed the flames extinction strain rate, leading to flame holes. The second was due to large scale alteration of the fluid dynamics in the bluff body wake, leading to violent flapping of the flame front and even larger straining of the flame. This led to low frequency acoustic oscillations, of the order of von Karman vortex shedding. This manifested as an abrupt increase in combustion noise spectra at 40-100 Hz very close to blowout. Finally, work was also done to improve the robustness of lean blowout detection by developing integration techniques that combined data from acoustic and optical sensors.

This work addresses the issue of transverse combustion instabilities in annular gas turbine combustor geometries. While modern low-emissions combustion strategies have made great strides in reducing the production of toxic emissions in aircraft engines and power generation gas turbines, combustion instability remains one of the foremost technical challenges in the development of next generation combustor technology. To that end, this work investigates the response of a swirling flow and swirl-stabilized flame to a transverse acoustic field is using a variety of high-speed laser techniques, especially high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) for detailed velocity measurements of this highly unsteady flow phenomenon. A description of the velocity-coupled transverse instability mechanism is explained with companion measurements describing each of the velocity disturbance pathways. Dependence on acoustic frequency, amplitude, and field symmetry is discussed. Significant emphasis is placed on the response of a swirling flow field to a transverse acoustic field. Details of the dynamics of the vortex breakdown bubble and the shear layers are explained using a wide variety of measurements for both non-reacting and reacting flow cases. This thesis concludes with an overview of the impact of this work and suggestions for future research in this area.

Cette thèse de doctorat traite des interactions entre des flammes et des perturbations de l'écoulement responsables d'une combustion cyclique auto-entretenue. Sur la base d'observations expérimentales, des modèles théoriques ou numériques de ces interactions sont proposés. Les prévisions des modèles sont confrontées à l'expérience. On montre que les fluctuations rapides de surface de flamme constituent des sources sonores puissantes. Ces sources sont caractérisées pour une flamme en interaction avec une paroi et pour une flamme présentant des éléments rapprochés du front qui interagissent entre eux. Ces interactions peuvent induire des instabilités de combustion. Ce phénomène est analysé en combinant la modélisation et la détermination expérimentale de certains paramètres de l'écoulement. La méthode développée permet de prévoir la carte de stabilité de brûleurs laminaires annulaires. La réponse des flammes à des modulations de l'écoulement est un élément clé dans l'analyse de la stabilité d'un foyer. On propose une étude théorique et une modélisation numérique de la dynamique des flammes de prémélange inclinées par rapport à l'écoulement, une situation fréquente dans l'industrie. Un modèle unifié est développé qui étend la validité des précédents modèles restreints aux basses fréquences à des perturbations convectives de l'écoulement. Les prévisions des modèles sont confrontées à des mesures pour des flammes coniques et des flammes stabilisées en ``V" sur un barreau. Le modèle unifié donne une représentation plus fidèle de la fonction de transfert des flammes coniques. Le cas des flammes en ``V" est moins bien représenté. Dans cette situation, l'interaction de la flamme avec la couche de mélange du jet réactif et du milieu ambiant joue un rôle déterminant. L'ensemble des observations, des modélisations et des méthodes d'analyse développées dans ce document permet une meilleure compréhension de situations pratiques plus complexes.

Combustion instability plagues the combustion community in a wide range of applications. This un-solved problem is especially prevalent and expensive in aerospace propulsion and ground power generation. The challenges associated with understanding and predicting combustion instability lie in the flame response to the acoustic field. One of the more complicated flame response mechanisms is the velocity coupled flame response, where the flame responds dynamically to the acoustic velocity as well as the vortically induced velocity field excited by the acoustics. This vortically induced, or hydrodynamic, velocity field holds critical importance to the flame response but is computationally expensive to predict, often requiring high fidelity CFD computations. Furthermore, its behavior can be a strong function of the numerous flow parameters that change over the operability map of a combustor. This research focuses on a nominally two dimensional bluff body combustor, which has rich hydrodynamic stability behavior with a manageable number of stability parameters. The work focuses first on experimentally characterizing the dynamical flow and flame behavior. Next, the research shifts focus toward hydrodynamic stability theory, using it to explain the physical phenomena observed in the experimental work. Additionally, the hydrodynamic stability work shows how the use of simple, model analysis can identify the important stability parameters and elucidate their governing physical roles. Finally, the research explores the forced response of the flow and flame while systematically varying the underlying hydrodynamic stability characteristics. In the case of longitudinal combustion instability of highly preheated bluff body combustors, it shows that conditions where an acoustic mode frequency equals the hydrodynamic global mode frequency are not especially dangerous from a combustion instability standpoint, and may actually have a reduced heat release response. This demonstrates the very non-intuitive role that the natural hydrodynamic flow stability plays in the forced heat release response of the flame. For the fluid mechanics community, this work contributes to the detailed understanding of both unforced and forced bluff body combustor dynamics, and shows how each is influenced by the underlying hydrodynamics. In particular, it emphasizes the role of the density-shear layer offset, and shows how its extreme sensitivity leads to complicated flow dynamics. For the flow-combustor community as a whole, the work reviews a pre-existing method to obtain the important flow stability parameters, and demonstrates a novel way to link those parameters to the governing flow physics. For the combustion instability community, this thesis emphasizes the importance of the hydrodynamic stability characteristics of the flow, and concludes by offering a paradigm for consideration of the hydrodynamics in a combustion instability problem.

A new approach was developed to determine the operational stability margin of a laboratory scale combustor. Applying modern and robust techniques and tools from Dynamical System Theory, the approach was based on three basic steps. In the first step, a gray-box thermoacoustical model for the combustor was derived. The second step consisted in applying System Identification techniques to experimental data in order to validate the model and estimate its parameters. The application of these techniques to experimental data under different operating conditions allowed us to determine the functional dependence of the model parameters upon changes in an experimental control parameter. Finally, the third step consisted in using that functional dependence to predict the response of the system at different operating conditions and, ultimately, estimate its operational stability margin. The results indicated that a low-order stochastic non-linear model, including two excited modes, has been identified and the combustor operational stability margin could be estimated by applying a continuation method.

Des crises vibratoires ont été constatées dans plusieurs centrales thermiques d’EDF opérant avec du fioul lourd, certaines ayant entraîné l’arrêt du foyer. Ce travail traite des instabilités de combustion pouvant se déclencher dans ce type de système où le combustible liquide est injecté avec de la vapeur d’eau et où l’écoulement d’air est mis en rotation. Ces phénomènes vibratoires résultent d’un couplage résonant entre la dynamique de la combustion et l’acoustique du foyer. La réponse acoustique des flammes diphasiques non-prémélangées swirlées reste largement méconnue et est difficilement analysable sur le foyer réel. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’étudier la stabilité des chaudières EDF à partir de l’analyse de la réponse d’une flamme diphasique non-prémélangée swirlée issue d’un injecteur générique et soumise à des perturbations de la vitesse acoustique. Cette réponse est déterminée sur un dispositif original (DIFAV) équipé d’un swirler et d’un injecteur bi-fluides fonctionnant à la vapeur d’eau et au dodécane. Ce système est constitué des principaux éléments des brûleurs utilisés sur les centrales thermiques EDF à une échelle 1/7000. Le dispositif est conçu pour facilement modifier la géométrie de la tête d’injection, les conditions d’injection de combustible et de vapeur et ainsi contrôler le spray généré. Des visualisations à la sortie d’une buse d’injection montrent l’influence de la topologie de l’écoulement diphasique dans l’injecteur sur la taille des gouttes mesurées dans le spray. Des mesures de taille et de vitesse des gouttes lorsque le rapport des débits de vapeur et de combustible (GLR) est modifié sont réalisées. Ces données comparées à des modèles ont permis d’estimer l’évolution de la taille des gouttes générées par l’injecteur qui équipe les centrales thermiques lorsque le GLR varie. Une analyse modale du foyer DIFAV et d’un modèle simplifié de la chaudière réelle est ensuite menée. Les fréquences propres et les taux d’amortissement du foyer DIFAV sont déterminés expérimentalement en soumettant le système à une modulation acoustique externe. Un modèle acoustique simplifié composé de trois cavités couplées représentatif du brûleur DIFAV est également développé. Des simulations acoustiques réalisées avec COMSOL Multiphysics sur une coupe transverse d’une chaudière générique représentative de la chaudière industrielle permettent d’identifier trois modes à basses fréquences établis entre les plenums et la chambre de combustion qui sont susceptibles d’être instables. La sensibilité de ces modes à la géométrie du foyer et aux conditions limites est étudiée. La réponse de la flamme générique lorsqu’elle est soumise à des modulations acoustiques de l’écoulement d’air en amont du brûleur est ensuite mesurée sur le banc DIFAV pour différents niveaux d’excitation et deux topologies de flamme lorsque les conditions d’injection sont modifiées. Les mécanismes qui pilotent l’évolution du gain de l’une des fonctions de transfert généralisées (FDF) de la flamme sont étudiés à l’aide de visualisations en moyenne de phase de l’écoulement et de mesures des vitesses axiale et azimutale de l’écoulement d’air au cours d’un cycle de modulation. Une forte sensibilité de la phase de la FDF à l’amplitude des perturbations acoustiques est observée. Un adimensionnement par le nombre de Strouhal basé sur la vitesse débitante et la longueur efficace de la flamme est proposé pour transposer ces FDFs sur le brûleur réel. Une analyse de stabilité du foyer DIFAV est réalisée en intégrant les FDF au modèle acoustique afin de déterminer les cycles limites des oscillations lorsque la longueur de la chambre de combustion varie. Ces calculs sont comparés aux fréquences des instabilités auto-entretenues mesurées aux cycles limites dans le foyer DIFAV. [...] / Vibratory crises have been observed in EDF thermal power plants operating with heavy fuel oil. Such instabilities may lead to shutdown and damage the boiler. This work deals with combustion instabilities that can take place in boilers equipped with steam-assisted atomizers and where the airflow is swirled. These vibratory phenomena result from a resonant coupling between the combustion dynamics and the boiler acoustics. Analyses of combustion dynamics of non-premixed swirling spray flames remain rare and are difficult to realize on the real system. The objective of this work is to analyze the stability of EDF boilers using the response of generic non-premixed swirling spray flames submitted to acoustic velocity disturbances. This response is determined on an original device (DIFAV) equipped with a swirling vane and a twin-fluid atomizer operated with steam and dodecane. This burner is equipped with the main elements of those used in the thermal power plant, but has a reduced scale of 1/7000. The influence of the injector geometry and of the operating conditions on the spray generated by the injector can be studied. Spray visualizations at the outlet of the injector reveal the relationship between the topology of the two-phase flow in the injector and the measured droplet size. Measurements of the droplet diameter and velocity as a function of the gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR) have been performed at the outlet of the injector. These data have been compared to models and were used to estimate the evolution of the droplets diameter as a function of the GLR generated by the industrial injector. A modal analysis of the DIFAV combustor is then carried out and a simplified acoustic model made of three coupled cavities is developed. The natural frequencies and damping rates of the DIFAV combustor are determined experimentally when it is submitted to acoustic modulation. Acoustic simulations are performed with COMSOL Multiphysics on a simplified geometrical model of the industrial boiler. Three low frequency modes established between the plenums and the combustion chamber have been identified and may be unstable. Their sensitivity to modifications of the boiler geometry and boundary conditions are studied. Flame responses subjected to acoustic modulations of the airflow rate are then measured on the DIFAV combustor for several amplitudes and two flames topologies obtained at globally lean condition. Phase-conditioned flame visualizations and measurements of swirl number fluctuations during an acoustic forcing cycle are conducted to explain the mechanisms that control the evolution of gain of the Flame Describing Function (FDF). A high sensitivity of the phase of the FDF to the amplitude of the acoustic disturbance is observed. The Strouhal number based on the airflow velocity and the effective length of the flame is used to transpose these FDF on the industrial burner. FDF are integrated in the acoustic model of the DIFAV setup to carry out a stability analysis and predict the limit cycle oscillations as a function of the combustion chamber length. These calculations are compared to frequencies of self-sustained instability measured at the limit cycles in the DIFAV combustor. A reasonable agreement is obtained showing the validity of the stability analysis for the non-premixed two-phase flames investigated based on the knowledge of their FDF. Finally, a stability analysis of the EDF boiler is conducted with the COMSOL Multiphysics model by including the acoustic flame response of the industrial burner in the simulation. This FDF is deducted from the dimensionless FDF measured on the generic burner. The Rayleigh criterion is used to analyze the stability of the combustor as a function of the flame length for different boundary conditions. Indications are given to improve the stability of the EDF boiler.

Orientador: Waldir Antônio Bizzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:06:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_Renato_M.pdf: 7631607 bytes, checksum: 14334de2da1bd698c87a4fd0efbed3f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os queimadores a jato são caracterizados pela elevada quantidade de movimento na direção axial e elevada potência, estes queimadores são muito empregados em fornos rotativos, principalmente na indústria do cimento e da calcinação. O projeto de queimadores a jato é realizado usualmente aproximando o escoamento de ar primário no queimador por um modelo de escoamento compressível isentrópico em um bocal, esta aproximação leva a elevada divergência entre o projeto e a performance do equipamento em operação. Nesta tese foram desenvolvidos e empregados modelos de escoamento compressível com atrito, troca de calor e variação de área de seção para o escoamento do ar primário no interior do queimador, esta modelagem permite integrar todo o projeto do queimador desde a especificação de motores, sopradores, simulação da rede de tubos que compõe queimador, incluindo o manifold, válvulas de controle, placas de orifício, mangotes etc, inclusive relacionando o escoamento do ar primário com o jato formado pelo queimador através do emprego e também do desenvolvimento de índices aerodinâmicos que representem o jato. Os pontos de inovação incluem além da modelagem proposta também o desenvolvimento de modelo para escoamento em swirlers, aplicação da lei de Crocco em escoamentos com mudança súbita de área de seção, aplicação de modelos de entrainment etc. A modelagem matemática proposta foi empregada no desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional na qual foi usado para simular diversos queimadores em escala industrial, e as simulações obtidas foram comparadas com as medições de campo realizadas nos queimadores. Os resultados das simulações foram muito representativos com divergências de no máximo 5,0 % entre as propriedades do escoamento simuladas com as propriedades mensuradas, por exemplo, pressão, temperatura, vazão etc / Abstract: Jet burners are characterized by their high power and their high momentum in the axis direction. For that reason, these burners are widely used in rotary kilns, especially in the cement and calcination industry. The project of jet burners is based on the approximation of the primary air flow in the burner, through the development of an isentropic compressible flow model for one nozzle. This approximation leads to high differences between the project and the actual performance of the equipment. For the purposes of this thesis, models of compressible flow with friction, heat exchange and variable cross section area for primary air flow inside the burner were developed and applied. The application of these models makes possible the integration of the whole burner project, i.e. specification of motors, blowers, and the simulation of the burner's tubing system, which comprises manifold, control valves, orifices flow meters, hoses, etc. These models also provides means to relate the primary air flow to the jet formed by the burner, through the application and development of aerodynamic indexes that represent the jet. Besides proposed modeling techniques, innovations in this thesis include the development of a model for representing flow in swirlers, an application of the Crocco law for flow through sudden changing cross sections, application of entrainment models, etc. Mathematical modeling was applied in the development of a computational system, which was used to simulate diverse industrial burners. Resulting simulations were compared with measures taken from actual burners. Results obtained were highly representative, showing a variance of 5.0% at the most between simulated flow properties and measured properties, i.e. pressure, temperature, flow rate, etc / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Energy generation through combustion of hydrocarbons continues to dominate, as the most common method for energy generation. In the U.S. nearly 84% of the energy consump- tion comes from the combustion of fossil fuels. Because of this demand there is a continued need for improvement, enhancement and understanding of the combustion process. As computational power increases, and our methods for modelling these complex combustion systems improve, combustion modelling has become an important tool in gaining deeper insight and understanding for these complex systems. The constant state of change in computational ability lead to a continual need for new combustion models that can take full advantage of the latest computational resources. To this end, the research presented here encompasses the development of new models, which can be tailored to the available resources, allowing one to increase or decrease the amount of modelling error based on the available computational resources, and desired accuracy. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to identify the low-dimensional manifolds which exist in turbulent combustion systems. These manifolds are unique in there ability to represent a larger dimensional space with fewer components resulting in a minimal addition of error. PCA is well suited for the problem at hand because of its ability to allow the user to define the amount of error in approximation, depending on the resources at hand. The research presented here looks into various methods which exploit the benefits of PCA in modelling combustion systems, demonstrating several models, and providing new and interesting perspectives for the PCA based approaches to modelling turbulent combustion. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished