A general review of the literature pertaining to the combustion of coal in an atmospheric fluidized bed of ,inert particles is presented. In particular, the phenomena of fluidization and combustion have been investigated and the status of research and development in various parts of the world is considered. A 300 mm diameter refractory lined open top atmospheric fluidized bed combustor has been built to study the combustion efficiencies and entrainment rates of the fluidized-bed combustion process in shallow fluidized beds, with static bed heights ranging from about ISO mm to 23J mm. A low pressure drop the of distributed was used for all of the tests so as to test a system compatible with most industrial requirements. As the combustor vessel is refractory lined, cooling is provided by supplying air to the rig well in excess of that required for stoichiometric combustion. As a result, no oxygen deficient regions occur within the fluidized bed, ensuring complete combustion of both the fixed carbon component of the coal to carbon dioxide and the volatile component within the bed section. Experimental results have been obtained from the combustion of a coal with a high fines content of which there is at present a supply which exceeds the demand. The coal has been burned in an inert bed comprising a closely graded silica sand. It has been found possible to correlate the combustion efficiencies in terms of the bed temperature, superficial gas velocity and the static bed height within the following ranges of these parameters: Bed Temperature Gas Velocity Static Bed Height 700 to 10000C 0,9 to 1,5 m/s 150 to 230 mm by using a bed material substantially different from the coal feed, it has been found possible to separate the (i) ABSTRACT A

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

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The co-firing technology of coal with biomass has been implemented to enhance the usage of biomass in power generation, thus reducing the release of greenhouse gas emissions. This study deals with the fireside issues, namely ash-related issues that arise during co-combustion of coal and biomass takes place. Ash release from biomass can lead to ash deposition problems such as fouling and slagging on surfacesof power generation boilers. The scope of this work includes the development of a conceptual model that predicts the ash release behaviour and chemical composition of inorganics in coal and biomass when combusted. An advanced analytical method was developed and introduced in this work to determine the speciation of biomass.The method known as pH extraction analysis was used to determine the inorganic speciation in three biomass samples, namely wood chips, wood bark and straw. The speciation of biomass and coal was used as an input to the model to predict the behaviour and release of ash. It was found that the main gas phases during the combustion of biomass are KCl, NaCl, K2SO4 and Na2SO4. Gas-to-particle formation calculations were carried out to determine the chemical composition of coal andbiomass when cooling takes place in the boiler. The results obtained in this work can be used in future work to determine the ash deposition of coal and biomass in boilers.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O aproveitamento de resÃduos provenientes da extraÃÃo do granito para a produÃÃo de revestimentos cerÃmicos vem sendo proposto como uma alternativa para combater o desperdÃcio de matÃria-prima na indÃstria de rochas ornamentais. Por outro lado, durante a queima de carvÃo mineral em usinas termoelÃtricas, sÃo gerados vÃrios tipos de resÃduos ou subprodutos, chamados de produtos da combustÃo do carvÃo mineral (PCCÂs). Atualmente, tais materiais tÃm sido alvo de estudos, por apresentarem diversas aplicaÃÃes tecnolÃgicas, como na fabricaÃÃo de peÃas cerÃmicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a viabilidade tÃcnica da utilizaÃÃo dos resÃduos do granito Asa Branca (RGAB) como matÃria prima, adicionados aos Produtos da CombustÃo do CarvÃo Mineral (PCCâs) como fase reforÃo, na fabricaÃÃo de corpos de prova cerÃmicos. Os materiais utilizados foram granito Asa Branca (RGAB) e os Produtos da CombustÃo do CarvÃo mineral (PCCÂs), nas concentraÃÃes de 0%p, 5%p, 10%p, 15%p, 20%p, 25%p e 30%p de PCCÂs. Para a caracterizaÃÃo das matÃrias primas e das amostras foram utilizadas as tÃcnicas de: DifraÃÃo de Raios-X, FluorescÃncia de Raios-X, Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura, AnÃlise termogravimÃtrica e tÃrmica diferencial. Para a determinaÃÃo das propriedades fÃsicas e mecÃnicas foram realizados os ensaios de RetraÃÃo Linear de Queima (RQL); AbsorÃÃo de Ãgua, Porosidade Aparente, Massa EspecÃfica Aparente, Microdureza Vickers e ResistÃncia à compressÃo diametral. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso do rejeito do Granito Asa Branca com a adiÃÃo de PCCÂs para a fabricaÃÃo de revestimento cerÃmico à bastante viÃvel. / The use of residues from the extraction of granite for the production of ceramic tiles has been proposed as an alternative to reduce the waste of raw material in the dimension stone industry. Moreover, during the burning of coal in power plants, are generated various kinds of waste or by-product called combustion of coal (CCPÂs.). Currently, such materials have been investigated, by presenting various technological applications, such as in the manufacture of ceramic. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using waste granite Asa Branca (RGAB) as raw material, added to the Products of Combustion of Coal (CCPs) as phase reinforcement in the manufacture of ceramic tiles with low water absorption for the construction industry. The materials used were granite Albite granite (GRAB) and the products of combustion of coal (CCP's) in concentrations of 0% wt, 5% wt, 10% wt, 15% wt, 20%wt, 25%wt and 30 wt% of CCP's. For the characterization of raw materials and samples were used techniques: X-ray diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. To determine the physical and mechanical properties were performed testing retraction Linear Burn (RQL); Water Absorption, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density, Microhardness Vickers and resistance diametrical compression. The results showed that the use of waste of Albite granite granite with the addition of CCP's for ceramic tile manufacturing is quite feasible

Die Herleitung des Unterschieds zwischen globaler und lokaler Stöchiometriezahl für den Oxyfuel-Prozess hat gezeigt, dass gleiche lokale Stöchiometriezahlen bei variierendem Rezirkulationsanteil unterschiedliche globale Stöchiometriezahlen zur Folge haben. In dieser Arbeit wird vorgeschlagen, die Bezeichnung der Zustandspunkte im Oxyfuel-Prozess mit den Sauerstoffkonzentrationen am Brennkammereintritt bzw. -austritt zu verbinden. Für den Sauerstoffanteil am Brennkammereintritt (z.B. 30 vol.-%) und den Restsauerstoff am Brennkammerende (z.B. 4 vol.-%) folgt zum Bespiel die Bezeichnung Oxyfuel 30 mit 4 % Restsauerstoff. Diese Bezeichnung ist eindeutig und kann das Lambda – als Beschreibung der Stöchiometrie im konventionellen Betrieb – ablösen. Für eine Vielzahl an Punkten sind Verbrennungsversuche mit Trockenbraunkohle und Sauerstoff durchgeführt worden. Ein stabiler Betrieb der Versuchsanlage der TU Dresden wurde zwischen Oxyfuel 17 und Oxyfuel 33 erreicht. Die Untersuchungen haben nachgewiesen, dass die Rezirkulation des feuchten Abgases für die Verbrennung unkritisch ist. Die Schwefeldioxid-Emissionen sind abhängig von den variierenden Reaktionstemperaturen im Kennfeld, dem Restsauerstoff am Brennkammerende und der Rezirkulation des Abgases. Mit der Belagssondenmessung von Aschepartikeln im Abgasstrom wurde gezeigt, dass auch andere Komponenten (z.B. Chlor) im Oxyfuel-Prozess aufkonzentriert werden. Diese erhöhten Konzentrationen werden zu neuen Anforderungen in der Werkstoffauswahl führen. Für das Einschwingverhalten der Abgaszusammensetzung beim Umschalten von konventioneller Verbrennung zu Oxyfuel-Prozess-Fahrweise hat sich gezeigt, dass für diese Staubfeuerungs-Versuchsanlage ein einfaches Rührkesselmodell geeignet ist.

In this study, flue gas emissions and combustion efficiencies during combustion and co-combustion of olive cake and coal are investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed with an inside diameter of 102 mm and a height of 900 mm and 1900 mm. Tun&ccedil / bilek lignite coal and Edremit olive cake were used in the experiments as fuels. Temperature distributions along the combustion column were continuously measured. Flue gas concentrations of O2, CO, SO2 and NOx were measured during combustion experiments. Four sets of experiments were performed in order to examine the effect of fuel composition, excess air ratio, freeboard extension and limestone addition on flue gas emissions and combustion efficiency. The olive cake addition to coal were 25, 50, 75 % by wt. The bed temperature on the average was 850 oC. The results of the experiments showed that coal combustion occurs at lower parts of the combustion column whereas olive cake combustion takes place more in the freeboard region. As olive cake percentage in the fuel mixture increased, CO emissions increased, SO2 and NOx emissions decreased. The reason for the decrease of NOx emissions with increasing percentage of olive cake in the fuel mixture was due to a reducing atmosphere created in the combustion column. Mostly combustion losses resulted mainly from the unburnt carbon in the fly ash. With the freeboard extension, noticeable decrease in CO emissions and slight increase in combustion efficiencies were observed. Among the limestones tested, &Ccedil / an limestone gave the best result with Ca/S = 3 at an optimum bed temperature of 850 oC. The SO2 reduction was 87% at this Ca/S ratio. For co-combustion experiments, it was observed that SO2 adsorption efficiency of limestone increased with the addition of olive cake to the fuel mixture.

Coal is likely to remain an important energy source for the next several hundred years and hence advances in coal combustion technologies have major practical impact. Detonation combustion of coal initiated by a plasma cartridge driven detonation wave holds promise for improving both system and combustion efficiencies. Both fragmentation and chemical kinetic pathways are qualitatively different in comparison to conventional coal combustion. The present work is a theoretical investigation of fragmentation due to detonation wave. The theoretical simulation starts with simple model and progressively incorporates more realistic analysis such as combined convective and radiative boundary condition. It studies the passing of detonation wave on coal particles suspended in air. Concepts of solid mechanics are used in analysing fragmentation of coal particles. A numerical model is developed which includes stress developed due to both thermal and volatilization effects. Weibull statistical analysis is used to predict the fracture time and fracture location resulting from principal stress induced. It is observed that coal particles fragment within microseconds. Radiation does not have much effect on developed stress. Volatilization does not have much effect on fragmentation for the particle size considered in this work and stress due to thermal effect dominated the fragmentation. Coal size distribution statistics is considered to obtain real regime. Coal is used as mixture of different sized particles in real combustors. Hence it is important to analyse the effect of detonation wave on mixture of coal particles. Results presented in this work from simulation run suggest that plasma assisted detonation initiated technology can fragment coal particles faster. Average fracture time of mixture of coal particles is far less than detonation travel time for the detonation tube considered here. Simulation results suggest that almost 90% of coal particles fragment early. Average fracture time reduces as Mach number increases. Same phenomena can be observed for volatile matter generated at fracture and ow of volatile matter at fracture. Hence it can be concluded that plasma assisted detonation combustion leads to different volatilization and fragmentation pathways.