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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
361

Combat system development for the 21st century

Merritt, Roger James January 2008 (has links)
This thesis outlines research that investigates the enhancement of industry capability in their provision of better, more effective combat systems for military platforms in the 21st century. The issues surrounding combat system development by industry have been identified and are reviewed in detail. The report provides a background of these problems and fields possible solutions.
362

Sviluppo di un sistema miniaturizzato per il controllo real-time di assetto di nano e microsatelliti / Development of a miniaturized real time attitude control system for nano and microsatellites

Candini, Gian Paolo <1979> 12 April 2012 (has links)
Microsatelliti e nanosatelliti, come ad esempio i Cubesat, sono carenti di sistemi integrati di controllo d’assetto e di manovra orbitale. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di realizzare un sistema compatibile con Cubesat di una unità, completo di attuatori magnetici e attuatori meccanici, comprendente tutti i sensori e l’elettronica necessaria per il suo funzionamento, creando un dispositivo totalmente indipendente dal veicolo su cui è installato, capace di funzionare sia autonomamente che ricevendo comandi da terra. Nella tesi sono descritte le campagne di simulazioni numeriche effettuate per validare le scelte tecnologiche effettuate, le fasi di sviluppo dell’elettronica e della meccanica, i test sui prototipi realizzati e il funzionamento del sistema finale. Una integrazione così estrema dei componenti può implicare delle interferenze tra un dispositivo e l’altro, come nel caso dei magnetotorquer e dei magnetometri. Sono stati quindi studiati e valutati gli effetti della loro interazione, verificandone l’entità e la validità del progetto. Poiché i componenti utilizzati sono tutti di basso costo e di derivazione terrestre, è stata effettuata una breve introduzione teorica agli effetti dell’ambiente spaziale sull’elettronica, per poi descrivere un sistema fault-tolerant basato su nuove teorie costruttive. Questo sistema è stato realizzato e testato, verificando così la possibilità di realizzare un controller affidabile e resistente all’ambiente spaziale per il sistema di controllo d’assetto. Sono state infine analizzate alcune possibili versioni avanzate del sistema, delineandone i principali aspetti progettuali, come ad esempio l’integrazione di GPS e l’implementazione di funzioni di determinazione d’assetto sfruttando i sensori presenti a bordo. / Microsatellites and nanosatellites, such as Cubesat, usually lack of integrated orbital maneuver and attitude control systems. The aim of this thesis has been to realize a control system compatible with 1U Cubesat, integrating magnetic control, mechanical actuators and all needed sensors and electronics for their functioning, creating a device fully independent from the hosting spacecraft, capable to both autonomous and ground controlled operations. In this thesis the numerical simulation campaigns to validate the technical choices are described, together with the development of the electronics and mechanical structure, with the prototype tests and the final system characteristics. Such extreme integration may generate interferences between different devices, such as magnetotorquer and magnetometers. These effects have been studied and evaluated, verifying their amplitude and the validity of the design. Since the project is based on off-the-shelf components and ground electronics, after a brief theoretical introduction on space effects on electronic components, a fault-tolerant system based on newly developed theories has been described. This system has been designed, built and tested, verifying the possibility to realize a reliable digital controller for the attitude control system capable to resist to the space environment. Some advance versions of the control system have also been defined, describing the main characteristics, such as an integrated GPS or the implementation of attitude determination functions using the onboard sensors.
363

A framework and criteria for the operability of unmanned aircraft systems

Maneschijn, Anton 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering at Stellenbosch University. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Airworthiness certification of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is normally considered to be a regulatory function. In the absence of comprehensive UAS airworthiness regulations, the development of new and unique UAS, and their introduction into non-segregated airspace, remain major challenges for the UAS industry and regulators. Thus, in response, the objective of this research was to establish a framework and guidelines, within the scope of the typical regulatory regime, that can be used by the UAS engineering domain to ensure the safe and reliable functioning of a UAS, whether regulated or not. UAS airworthiness is currently mainly based on manned aircraft regulations, and the focus is on the unmanned aircraft and the 'airworthiness' of the remote control station. The typical UAS as a system, however, consists of more than just these elements and a broader approach to the 'airworthiness' of a UAS is required. This study investigated and introduces the concept of UAS operability, where the term 'operability' addresses the safe and reliable functioning of the UAS as a system, the airworthiness of its airborne sub-systems, and the safe and reliable functioning of its non-airborne subsystems and functional payloads. To ensure that the results of this study are aligned with typical aviation regulatory systems, a regulatory basis was defined within which UAS operability guidelines could be developed. Based on the operability concept, and in the scope of the regulatory basis, a UAS operability framework was developed for the UAS engineering domain. This framework is an index and reference source from which appropriate operability elements can be selected for a particular UAS. The scope of the framework is generic, rather than UAS-type or -class specific, and includes operability elements for the UAS as a system, for its airborne and non-airborne sub-systems, and for its payloads. The framework was validated by developing lower hierarchical levels for the framework and by populating each operability element of the framework with appropriate engineering guidance criteria. The guidance criteria were derived and/or developed from industry 'best practices' found in the literature, or were newly developed where no existing practices were found. The significance of this study is found in its establishing of a generic UAS operability framework that not only focuses on the airworthiness of the unmanned aircraft, but addresses the operability of the UAS as a system, as well as the operability of its airborne sub-systems, its non-airborne sub-systems and its payloads. In practice, the UAS operability framework can be used in the UAS engineering domain as an index and reference source to select relevant operability elements for a particular UAS. The guidance criteria for the selected elements can subsequently be used to develop the appropriate processes, procedures, requirements and specifications to achieve initial operability of the UAS, and to maintain its continued operability. Although the objective of the research was achieved, the UAS operability framework must still be applied and tested in real-life UAS projects and, where necessary, revised to eliminate shortcomings and to provide for new and novel developments in UAS engineering technologies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die lugwaardigheidsertifisering van onbemande vliegtuigstelsels (OVS) word normaalweg beskou as 'n reguleringsfunksie. In die afwesigheid van omvattende OVS lugwaardigheidsregulasies bly die ontwikkeling van nuwe en unieke OVS, en die inbedryfstelling daarvan in onafgesonderde lugruim, besonderse uitdagings vir beide die OVS nywerheid en reguleerders. Die doelwit van hierdie navorsing was dus om riglyne binne die bestek van die tipiese reguleringsregime te vestig wat deur die OVS ingenieursdomein benut kan word om die veilige en betroubare funksionering van 'n OVS te verseker, of dit gereguleer word aldan nie. OVS lugwaardigheid word tans hoofsaaklik gebaseer op lugwaardigheidsvereistes vir bemande vliegtuie. Die fokus is dan ook meerendeels op die onbemande vliegtuig en die 'lugwaardigheid' van die afstandbeheerstasie. Die tipiese OVS bestaan egter uit meer sub-stelsels en 'n weier beskouing van die 'lugwaardigheid' van 'n OVS is nodig. Die konsep van OVS bedryfbaarheid is in hierdie studie ondersoek en voorgestel. 'Bedryfbaarheid' beteken in hierdie konteks die veilige en betroubare funksionering van die OVS as 'n stelsel, die lugwaardigheid van die lug sub-stelsels, die veilige en betroubare funksionering van die nie-lug sub-stelsels, asook die veilige en betroubare funksionering van funksionele loonvragte. Om te verseker dat die resultate van hierdie studie versoenbaar is met tipiese lugvaart reguleringstelsels, is 'n reguleringsbasis omskryf vir die ontwikkeling van OVS bedryfbaarheidsriglyne. Gebaseer op die bedryfbaarheidskonsep, en binne die riglyne van die reguleringsbasis, is 'n OVS bedryfbaarheidsraamwerk ontwikkel vir die OVS ingenieursdomein. Die raamwerk is 'n indeks en verwysingsbron waaruit gepaste bedryfbaarheids-elemente gekies kan word vir 'n bepaalde OVS. Die bestek van die raamwerk is generies en nie beperk tot spesifieke OVS tipes of klasse nie. Die raamwerk sluit bedryfbaarheidselemente in vir die OVS as stelsel, asook vir die lug en nie-lug sub-stelsels van die OVS, en vir die loonvragte van die OVS. Die raamwerk se geldigheid was bevestig deur die struktuur van die raamwerk tot laer vlakke uit te brei en gepaste ingenieursriglyne vir elke bedryfbaarheids-element in die raamwerk te ontwikkel. Die riglyne was gebaseer op 'beste praktyke' soos beskryf in die literatuur, of was van nuuts af ontwikkel waar geen bestaande praktyke gevind kon word nie. Die bydrae van hierdie studie is gesetel in die vestiging van 'n generiese OVS bedryfbaarheidsraamwerk wat nie net gemik is op die lugwaardigheid van die onbemande vliegtuig nie, maar wat die bedryfbaarheid in geheel van die OVS as stelsel aanspreek, asook die bedryfbaarheid van die OVS se lug sub-stelsels, nie-lug sub-stelsels en loonvragte. In die praktyk kan die raamwerk in die OVS ingenieursdomein gebruik word om gepaste bedryfbaarheids-elemente vir 'n OVS te kies. Daarna kan die bedryfbaarheidsriglyne gebruik word om gepaste prosesse, prosedures, vereistes en spesifikasies te ontwikkel om die OVS se aanvanklike en voortgesette bedryfbaarheid te bewerkstellig. Alhoewel die doelwit vir die navorsing bereik is, moet die OVS bedryfbaarheidsraamwerk nog op werklike OVS projekte getoets word. Waar nodig, moet die raamwerk dan hersien word om tekortkominge, asook nuwe en unieke ontwikkelinge in OVS ingenieurstegnologie, aan te spreek.
364

Coordination and constituency a study in categorial grammar /

Houtman, Joop. January 1994 (has links)
Proefschrift Groningen. / Datum laatste controle: 23-02-1998. Met lit. opg. en een samenvatting in het Nederlands.
365

Meaning in life psychometric, clinical and phenomenological aspects /

Debats, Dominique Louis Henri Maria. January 1996 (has links)
Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. / Datum laatste controle: 10-10-1996. Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.
366

Algebraic aspects of linear differential and difference equations

Hendriks, Peter Anne. January 1996 (has links)
Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. / Datum laatste controle: 03-12-1996. Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.
367

Novel cyclophosphazene monomers and their polymerization behavior

Bosscher, Gerard. January 1997 (has links)
Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. / Datum laatste controle: 21-01-1997. Met lit.opg. en samenvatting in het Nederlands.
368

Instrumental variable estimation and group-asymptotics

Ploeg, Jan van der. January 1997 (has links)
Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. / Datum laatste controle: 16-05-1997. Lit.opg. - Met een samenvatting in het Nederlands.
369

Μοντελοποίηση και έλεγχος ενός θραυστήρα σε γραμμή παραγωγής χαρτοπολτού / Model predictive control of a pulp and paper refiner

Γιαννακάς, Θεόδωρος 26 August 2014 (has links)
Ο πρωταρχικός στόχος αυτής της εργασίας είναι να μελετηθεί η υποδιαδικασία κατά την παραγωγή χαρτιού, γνώστη και ως πολτοποίηση. Η πολτοποίηση αφορά το στάδιο οπού το πριονίδι, παρουσία νερού περνά μέσα από τον πολτοποιητή ο οποίος αποτελείται από δύο πιάτα που περιστρέφονται με αντίθετη φορά, το πριονίδι διαλύεται και μαζί με το νερό δημιουργούν το μίγμα του χαρτοπολτού. Η εν λόγω διαδικασία χαρακτηρίζεται από υψηλή πολυπλοκότητα λόγω της δυσκολίας που παρουσιάζει στη μαθηματική μοντελοποίηση. Σε αυτή την εργασία, εξετάζονται ήδη υπάρχουσες προσεγγίσεις στο θέμα της μοντελοποίησης. Διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις πάνω στη μοντελοποίηση εχουν γίνει τα τελευταία χρόνια από τους μηχανικούς, υπό την έννοια οτι χρησιμοποιήθηκαν διαφορετικές μεταβλητές ως έξοδοι και ως είσοδοι και πληθώρα μεθόδων μοντελοποίησης. Τα σημαντικότερα μοντέλα ανοιχτού βρόχου που βρεθήκαν στη βιβλιογραφία εξομοιώνονται και τα χαρακτηριστικά τους αναλύονται. Ο στόχος της εργασίας είναι να καθοριστεί αν οι προαναφερθείσες μοντελοποιήσεις μπορούν να ελεγχθούν με επιτυχία μέσω ενός Model Predictive Controller (MPC). Εκτεταμένες προσομοιώσεις πραγματοποιούνται όπου οι παράμετροι του ελεγκτή εξετάζονται λεπτομέρως ώστε να διαπιστωθεί το αντίκτυπο τους στην όλη διαδικασία. Προκειμένου να εξεταστεί η αποδοτικότητα του ελεγκτή, δεδομένα τα οποία πάρθηκαν από πραγματική βιομηχανία συγκρίνονται με αυτά του MPC τα οποία παράχθηκαν μέσω του MATLAB. / The initial objective of this diploma thesis is to investigate and examine the papermaking’s sub-process also known as pulping. Pulping concerns the stage where wood chip along with water is being passed through a refiner that consists of two counter rotating discs, woodchip is being smashed and with the presence of water the pulp mixture is being created. This process is being characterized as highly complex because of the difficulties that appear in its mathematical modeling. In this thesis, the existing modeling approaches developed for the pulp and paper refining process are also being investigated. Different approaches have been developed towards the modeling of the process during the past years, where engineers utilized different controlled and manipulated variables as well as a variety of modeling methods. The most important pulp and paper refiner open-loop model approximations, extracted from the existing related literature, are being simulated and their characteristics are being examined in detail. This work’s main and final objective is to determine if the aforementioned modeling approaches of the pulp and paper refining process can be successfully controlled via a Model Predictive Control (MPC) based structure. Extensive simulation trials are being carried out, where the MPC parameters are being investigated in detail regarding their effect on the overall control performance of the pulp and paper refining process. In order to further evaluate the efficacy of the proposed control scheme, the MPC related results are being compared to experimental data extracted from a real refining system that utilizes a generic industrial controller.
370

Femtosecond quantum control and adaptive polarization pulse shaping / Femtosekunden Quanten Kontrolle und Adaptive Polarisations Puls Formung

Krampert, Gerhard January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Adaptive Femtosekunden-Quantenkontrolle hat sich in den letzten Jahren als eine sehr erfolgreiche Methode in vielen wissenschaftlichen Gebieten wie Physik, Chemie oder Biologie erwiesen. Eine Vielzahl von Quantensystemen und insbesondere Moleküle, die eine chemische Reaktion durchlaufen, sind durch speziell geformte, Femtosekunden-Laserimpulse kontrolliert worden. Diese Methode erlaubt es, nicht nur das Quantensystem zu beobachten, sondern einen Schritt weiterzugehen und aktive Kontrolle über quantenmechanische Dynamik zu erlangen. In diesem Schema werden Interferenzphänomene im Zeit- und Frequenzraum benutzt, um Selektivität zum Beispiel in einer chemischen Reaktion zu erhalten. Die dazu benutzten, speziell geformten Femtosekunden-Laserimpulse waren bislang nur linear polarisiert. Deshalb konnten sie nur die skalaren Eigenschaften der Licht - Materie - Wechselwirkung ausnutzen und haben so den vektoriellen Charakter des elektrischen Dipolmoments $\vec{\mu}$ und des elektrischen Lichtfeldes $\vec{E}(t)$ vernachlässigt. Im besonderen in der Quantenkontrolle von chemischen Reaktionen ist das untersuchte System, die Moleküle, dreidimensional und zeigt komplexe raumzeitliche Dynamik. Mit der Hilfe von polarisations-geformten Laserimpulsen ist man jetzt in der Lage dieser Dynamik, sowohl in der Zeit als auch in der räumlichen Richtung zu folgen. Deshalb kann nun ein neues Niveau an Kontrolle in quanten-mechanischen Systemen erreicht werden. In dieser Arbeit konnte die Erzeugung von polarisations-geformten Laserimpulsen in einem optischen Aufbau verwirklicht werden. Dieser Aufbau erfordert keine interferometrische Stabilität, da beide Polarisationskomponenten demgleichen Strahlweg folgen. Zwei-Kanal spektrale Interferometrie wurde eingesetzt, um die Laserimpulse experimentell vollständig zu charakterisieren. Um den zeitabhängigen Polarisationszustand dieser Pulse exakt zu beschreiben, wurde eine mathematische Darstellung entwickelt und angewandt. Die Veränderungen des Polarisationszustandes durch optische Elemente wurde untersucht und einige Lösungen wurden aufgezeigt, um diese Veränderungen zu minimieren. Der Jones Matrix Formalismus wurde dazu benutzt, alle Verzerrungen des Polarisationszustandes zwischen dem Impulsformer und dem Ort des Experiments zu berücksichtigen. Zugleich können die Jones Matrizen zu einer vollständigen Charakterisierung der erzeugten Laserimpulse verwendet werden. Dabei wurden experimentell kalibrierte Matrizen eingesetzt. Adaptive Polarisations-Impulsformung konnte in einem rein optischen Demonstrationsexperiment gezeigt werden. Dabei wurde die computergesteuerte Polarisationsformung mit einer Lernschleife und einem experimentellen Rückkopplungssignal kombiniert. Durch diesen selbstlernenden Algorithmus konnte der benötigte, linear polarisierte Laserimpuls mit möglichst kleiner Impulsdauer gefunden werden, der für die effektive Erzeugung der zweiten Harmonischen in einem nichtlinearen optischen Kristall am besten geeignet ist. Durch diese Rückkopplungsschleife war es möglich auch noch kompliziertere Polarisationsverzerrungen, die durch eine Wellenplatte für eine falsche Wellenlänge verursacht wurden, rückgängig zu machen. Die zusätzliche Verformung der spektralen Phase durch Materialdispersion in einem 10~cm langen Glasblock konnte ebenfalls automatisch kompensiert werden. Nach diesen optischen Demonstrationsexperimenten wurde ultraschnelle Polarisationsformung angewandt, um ein Quantensystem zu kontrollieren. Die Polarisationsabhängigkeit der Multi-Photonen Ionisation von Kaliumdimeren konnte in einer Anrege-Abtast Messung nachgewiesen werden. Diese Abhängigkeit wurde dann in einem adaptiven Polarisationsformungsexperiment in einer sehr viel allgemeineren Art ausgenutzt. Statt nur einem Anrege- und Abtastlaserimpuls mit jeweils unterschiedlicher Polarisation zu benutzen, wurde der zeitabhängige Polarisationszustand eines geformtem Laserimpulses benutzt, um die Ionisation zu maximieren. Anstelle von einer nur quantitativen Verbesserung konnte eine qualitativ neue Art von Kontrolle über Quantensysteme demonstriert werden. Diese Polarisationskontrolle ist anwendbar selbst bei zufällig ausgerichteten Molekülen. Durch diese Möglichkeit, auf Ausrichtung der Moleküle zu verzichten, konnte mit einem wesentlich vereinfachten experimentellen Aufbau gearbeitet werden. Über diese Polarisationskontrollexperimente hinaus wurden auch die dreidimensionalen Aspekte der Dynamik von Molekülen erforscht und kontrolliert. Die \textit{cis-trans} Photoisomerisierungsreaktion von 3,3$'$-Diethyl-2,2$'$-Thiacyanin Iodid (NK88) wurde in der flüssigen Phase mit transienter Absorptionsspektroskopie untersucht. Die Isomerisierungsausbeute konnte sowohl erhöht als auch erniedrigt werden durch den Einsatz geformter Femtosekunden-Laserimpulse mit einer Zentralwellenlänge von 400~nm, die sowohl in spektraler Phase als auch Amplitude moduliert waren. Dieses Experiment zeigt die Möglichkeit, die kohärente Bewegung großer molekularer Gruppen durch Laserimpulse gezielt zu beeinflussen. Diese Modifikation der molekularen Geometrie kann als erster Schritt angesehen werden, kontrollierte Stereochemie zu verwirklichen. Insbesondere da im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit die Kontrolle von Molekülen mit Polarisations-geformten Impulsen gezeigt werden konnte, ist der Weg geebnet zu einer Umwandlung von einem chiralen Enantiomer in das andere, da theoretische Modelle dieser Umwandlung polarisations-geformte Laserimpulse benötigen. Außer diesen faszinierenden Anwendungen der Polarisationsformung sollte es nun möglich sein den Wellenlängenbereich der polarisations-geformten Laserimpulse auszuweiten. Sowohl Erzeugung der zweiten Harmonischen um in den ultravioletten Bereich zu kommen als auch optische Gleichrichtung von äußerst kurzen Femtosekunden-Impulsen um den mittleren infrarot Bereich abzudecken sind Möglichkeiten, den Wellenlängenbereich von polarisations-geformten Laserimpulsen zu erweitern. Mit diesen neuen Wellenlängen tut sich eine Vielzahl an neuen Möglichkeiten auf, Polarisationsformung für die Kontrolle von quantenmechanischen Systemen einzusetzen. / Adaptive femtosecond quantum control has proven to be a very successful method in many different scientific fields like physics, chemistry or biology. Numerous quantum systems and in particular molecules undergoing chemical reactions have been controlled using shaped femtosecond laser pulses. This method allows to go beyond simple observation and to obtain active control over quantum--mechanical systems. It uses interference phenomena in the time and/or frequency domain to achieve selectivity. The shaped femtosecond laser pulses employed in this scheme have until recently been purely linearly polarized. Therefore, they only address the scalar properties of light--matter interaction and neglect the vectorial character of both the dipole moment $\vec{\mu}$ and the electric field $\vec{E}(t)$. Especially in the quantum control of chemical reactions the investigated systems ---the molecules--- are three dimensional and exhibit complex spatio--tempo\-ral dynamics. With the help of polarization--shaped laser pulses one is now able to follow these dynamics in both, time and spatial direction, and can therefore reach a new level of control over quantum--mechanical systems. In this work, the generation of polarization--shaped laser pulses has been implemented in an optical setup. It requires no interferometric stability as a result of the identical beam path for both polarization components. Dual--channel spectral interferometry was employed as experimental pulse characterization and a mathematical description of the time--dependent polarization state of these pulses was given. The polarization modulation of the shaped pulses by subsequent optical elements was investigated and some solutions to minimize these modulations were presented. Jones matrix calculus with experimentally calibrated matrices was implemented to account for all polarization distortions from the LCD to the position of the experiment and for full characterization of the generated pulse shapes. Adaptive polarization shaping was demonstrated in a purely optical realization of the learning--loop concept. The learning algorithm was able to find the needed linear polarization in order to maximize second harmonic generation in a nonlinear optical crystal. The closed--loop configuration has proven to be capable to clear up more complicated polarization distortion, which was introduced using a multiple order half--wave plate designed for use at a wavelength of 620~nm. The additional deformation of the spectral phase through dispersion in a 10~cm long SF10 glass rod has also been compensated automatically. After these optical demonstration experiments ultrafast polarization shaping was applied to control a quantum system. Polarization sensitivity was shown in pump--probe measurements of the multiphoton ionization of potassium dimer molecules K$_2$. This sensitivity was exploited in a more general way in a learning--loop experiment with polarization--shaped laser pulses. A qualitatively new level of control was demonstrated using the time--dependent polarization state of laser pulses as an active agent. This polarization control was applicable even in randomly aligned molecules, which is a significant simplification of the experimental setup. In addition to these polarization control experiments, the three dimensional dynamics of molecules were also investigated and controlled. The \textit{cis--trans} photoisomerization of NK88 was studied in the liquid phase by transient absorption spectroscopy. The isomerization reaction efficiency was enhanced as well as reduced using linearly polarized laser pulses at 400~nm shaped in spectral phase and amplitude. This experiment demonstrates the ability to control the large scale motion of complex molecular groups with shaped femtosecond laser pulses. The modification of the molecular geometry can be regarded as a first step towards control of chirality in photochemistry. Especially with the successful demonstration of polarization quantum control, which is required in the theoretical models for the selective conversion of one enantiomer into the other, the way is paved towards coherent control of chirality. Besides these fascinating applications of polarization shaping it should now also be possible to extend the wavelength range of these pulses. Apart from second harmonic generation in order to reach the ultraviolet region intra-pulse difference frequency generation could be an option to open the mid-infrared spectral range for polarization shaping. With these new wavelength regions numerous new perspectives arise for quantum control using polarization--shaped laser pulses. Referring once more to the novel of Edwin A. Abbott presented in the introduction one could say that shaped femtosecond pulses really have left Flatland. Or to put it into the words of the sphere, when it teaches the square about the perception of dimensions: \begin{quote} ``Look yonder [...] in Flatland thou hast lived; of Lineland thou hast received a vision; thou hast soared with me to the heights of Spaceland;'' \hfill Edwin A.~Abbott~\cite{abbott1884}, 1884 \end{quote}

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