Yes / Over the next decade the number of humans venturing beyond Earth is projected to rapidly increase in both quantity and diversity. Humans will regularly fly to the International Space Station until it is decommissioned by 2031, will return to the Moon by 2025 via the Artemis programme, and will fly to space via commercial ventures. Spaceflight presents a hazardous environment for human health. To understand spaceflight-associated health risks further and to increase safety via advanced healthcare approaches, including personalised medicine, more data must be collected. Importantly, this data must be derived from a diverse cohort of participants and a range of mission formats. We propose that the UK should start to consider all citizens venturing into space as potential participants from which health and biological data could be consensually collected. Importantly, we believe that this routine data collection programme should adopt a similar strategy to the UK National Health Service and the UK Biobank, by including "omics" data for scientific and healthcare purposes. We consider how such a world-leading programme, kick-started via a pilot study, might be realised through appropriate policy design, including which measures to collect, when to collect them, and unique ethical considerations pertaining to the spacefaring population. / H.C. is supported by the Horizon Centre for Doctoral Training at the University of Nottingham (UKRI grant no. EP/ S023305/1).

Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka Sveriges möjligheter för att etablera kommersiell rymdfart och om detta är en realistisk framtida möjlighet. Vi tittar även på om vissa satsningar borde göras som ett komplement till detta, genom till exempel virtuella upplevelser från jorden. Utgångspunkten för att undersöka om etablering av kommersiell rymdfart är genomförbart i Sverige var att titta på Kirunas möjligheter att utvecklas till en mer etablerad turist- och rymdstad. Vi fokuserar främst på utvecklingsmöjligheter och rådande framtidsplaner för Sveriges enda rymdraketbas Esrange Space Center. Vi har i denna uppsats huvudsakligen använt oss av kvalitativa metoder i form av strukturerade och ostrukturerade intervjuer. Vi har intervjuat fem, för vår forskning, relevanta aktörer med sin unika koppling till rymden, muntligt och via mejl. Den kvantitativa metoden som vi använt bestod av en enkätundersökning som vi utförde med hundra respondenter under en veckas tid. Våra teorier bygger på fem olika teoretiska ramverk som bidragit till att undersöka och styrka vårt syfte genom att applicera dessa i rymdsammanhang. Teorierna visar hur man genom att använda olika framtidsscenarier som undersökningsmetod kan hjälpa forskarna att förutspå ett visst framtida utfall. De visar även människans behov av självförverkligande och längtan efter nya upplevelser tillsammans med de aspekter som kan påverka människor att ta till sig en ny innovation eller välja att avvisa den. Teorierna undersöker även de hot, styrkor, svagheter och möjligheter som kommersiell rymdfart står inför. En etablering av kommersiell rymdfart innebär flera svårigheter inom områden som säkerhet, miljö och ekonomi. Men om utvecklingen följer samma kurva som för den vanliga flygtrafiken kan det bli möjligt att resa till rymden för ett rimligt pris om cirka 50 år. Var rymdaktörerna slutligen väljer att etablera kommersiell rymdfart kommer indirekt bestämmas av kunderna, då deras efterfrågan styr var en rymdstation blir mest lönsam att etablera. För Kiruna, med Sveriges enda rymdbas, är det viktigt att arbeta aktivt och ambitiöst för att kunna erbjuda ett attraktivt resande för intresserade kunder. Tills man hittar tekniska lösningar på de hinder kommersiell rymdfart står inför kan cyberturism (virtual reality) vara ett substitut för att få uppleva rymden utan att behöva ta hänsyn till tid, plats, säkerhet eller ekonomi. / The purpose of this essay is to explore Sweden’s opportunities to establish commercial spaceflight and whether this is a realistic or unrealistic possibility in the future. We also looked at whether efforts should be made as a complement to this, for example through virtual experiences from Earth. One of our starting points was to investigate the opportunities and potential for Kiruna to develop to a more established tourist- and urban space town. To achieve this, we are primarily focusing on the development opportunities and current plans for the future of Sweden´s only spaceport Esrange Space Center. In this paper, we mainly used qualitative methods in the form of structured and unstructured interviews. We had interviews with five relevant parties for our research, both verbally and via email. The quantitative method we used consisted of a survey we did with one hundred respondents during a period of one week. The theories that have been used are four different theoretical frameworks which have helped us to investigate and strengthen our purpose by applying these into the context of space. They include how the use of future scenarios as a method of investigation could help scientists to predict a certain future outcome. Also the human need of total fulfillment and the longing for new experiences together with the aspects that can affect whether a person accepts a new innovation or decides to reject it. The theories also examines the threats, strengths, weaknesses and possibilities that commercial spaceflight is facing. The commercial space sector is facing curtain difficulties in terms of safety, environmental and economic issues. But if the development follow the same curve as for the regular air traffic it might be possible to travel to space for a reasonable price 50 years from now. Where space organizations ultimately choose to establish commercial spaceflight depends on the customers, since their demand will determine where they want to fly out from. For Kiruna, which is already hosting Sweden´s only spaceport it will be crucial to work hard to show ambition and provide attractive offers for their potential clients. Until technology provides us with the solutions preventing commercial spaceflight cyber Tourism (virtual reality) can be a substitute for visitors to experience space without the need to take account of time, location, security and economy.

Yes / Widespread generation and analysis of omics data have revolutionized molecular medicine on Earth, yet its power to yield new mechanistic insights and improve occupational health during spaceflight is still to be fully realized in humans. Nevertheless, rapid technological advancements and ever-regular spaceflight programs mean that longitudinal, standardized, and cost-effective collection of human space omics data are firmly within reach. Here, we consider the practicality and scientific return of different sampling methods and omic types in the context of human spaceflight. We also appraise ethical and legal considerations pertinent to omics data derived from European astronauts and spaceflight participants (SFPs). Ultimately, we propose that a routine omics collection program in spaceflight and analog environments presents a golden opportunity. Unlocking this bright future of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analyses and personalized medicine approaches will require further investigation into best practices, including policy design and standardization of omics data, metadata, and sampling methods. / H.C., R.H., J.B., D.B., S.G., T.E., and N.J.S. are members of the ESA Space Omics Topical Team, funded by the ESA grant/contract 4000131202/20/NL/PG/pt “Space Omics: Towards an integrated ESA/NASA –omics database for spaceflight and ground facilities experiments” awarded to R.H., which was the main funding source for this work. H.C. is also supported by the Horizon Center for Doctoral Training at the University of Nottingham (UKRI grant no. EP/S023305/1). S.G. is supported by the Swedish Research Council VR grant 2020-04864. L.A.R. and M.M. represent the Omics Subgroup of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI funding group “Living in Space” and are supported by JP15K21745, JP20H03234, and 20F20382. L.A.R. is also supported by the JSPS postdoctoral fellowship P20382. We thank Dr. Sarah Castro-Wallace, the NASA GeneLab Animal AWG, ISSOP, ESA Space Omics Topical Team, ESA Personalized Medicine Topical Team, and Global Alliance for Genomic Health (GA4GH) for useful discussions.