abstract: The key chanllenge for Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) to get credit or loans is the fact that traditional financing business model in commercial banks cannot meet SMEs’ financial needs. Through extensive theoretical research, market analysis especially on SMEs’ behavioral characteristics and demands, serveral case studies on market-leading banks such as Wells Fargo and KASIKORN BANK, and the actual implementation experiences in China Minsheng Bank and Pingan Bank, this article proposes a new business model for servicing SMEs for commercial banks in China, which includes the principle and rationale of the business model, the technical foundation, business process and organizational structure, as well as the future transition of the model. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2015

This thesis investigates the phenomenon of corporate governance in the Egyptian banking sector (EBS); it aims to understand the nature of corporate governance in this context and identify the factors shaping it. Especially that these aspects had been ignored by the literature. Through grounded theory methodology, an empirical study of the nature of corporate governance in the EBS is undertaken, it identifies the factors affecting corporate governance in the EBS, the interests corporate governance is serving and as such outline the model of corporate governance prevailing in the EBS. Grounded theory methodology is illustrated by the thesis in the following ways. First, through an application of the comparative method in the open coding stage based on semi-structured interviews conducted with bank directors and executives, government officials, auditors and central bank officials, open coding developed categories and identified their properties and dimensions. Indeed, the interviews were informed by the survey of banks’ corporate governance (BCG) practices. Second, through axial coding open categories were subsumed into broader categories, and the relationships among these categories were established by means of the paradigm model. This has led to building the Bank Action Choice Matrix and the Paradigm Model of Evolving BCG in the EBS. Axial coding provided the basis of the substantive theory. Third, selective coding based on a second round of semi-structured interviews had identified the core category, verified its relationships with other sub-categories and eventually presented the substantive theory of BCG. The substantive theory was further explored in terms of the New Institutional Sociological Theory (NIST), leading to more formal substantive theory that consider corporate governance a social process affected by non-economic factors such as culture, politics, legal framework and human factors. It identified that BCG is in the process of institutionalization in the EBS. This process is geared toward the regulative pillar of institutions and the use of coercive power by the regulator, with banks adopting corporate governance seeking legitimacy. It also concluded that BCG is a political process, with powerful actors pushing to serve their interests; as such BCG is about power. Finally, it explained the heterogeneity of banks’ strategic responses to BCG institution, as some banks comply while others disguise their non-compliance, affected by internal organizational characteristics that hinder compliance and make some banks more susceptible to external obstacles. This thesis extended the use of grounded theory to explore the phenomenon of corporate governance in an unexplored context, identified the prevailing BCG model in the EBS and explained the substantive theory of BCG in terms of NIST as such offered a non-traditional perspective for corporate governance theorizing. It contributes to better understanding of NIST by accounting for institutionalization as a process and explaining the heterogeneity of organizational strategic responses. Finally, this thesis is the first attempt to combine corporate governance, grounded theory and NIST offering policy-makers useful views for BCG reform.

A eficiência na criação do valor para o acionista é o foco principal das empresas. Uma das formas de se medir essa eficiência é por meio do Valor Econômico Agregado (VEA). Em uma instituição financeira, limitada nesse estudo aos maiores bancos comerciais e múltiplos com ações cotadas na BM&FBOVESPA, os tomadores de decisão também devem buscar essa eficiência. Além disso, a necessidade dos bancos por financiamentos, da mesma forma que nas empresas privadas, exige o atendimento dos requisitos impostos pelo agente que irá fornecer o capital. Nesse sentido, para atender ao acionista, o banco deve promover a agregação de valor. O VEA demonstra essa criação de valor e, para melhor gerenciá-lo, devem ser identificadas, monitoradas e gerenciadas as variáveis que influenciam nessa medida. Diante disso, o presente estudo identificou os principais direcionadores do valor econômico agregado dos maiores bancos comerciais no Brasil: Banco do Brasil, Itaú e Bradesco, utilizando regressão linear múltipla. Por meio da análise dos dados individualizados, referentes ao período de 1996 a 2009, constatou-se que existe um grupo de direcionadores que explicam grande parte das alterações do VEA. Esses direcionadores não foram iguais para os bancos privados e o público em análise, e mesmo entre os privados os resultados não foram coincidentes. Embora algumas variáveis tenham influenciado o VEA, identificou-se que os direcionadores exercem diferentes impactos em cada uma das instituições. Isso indica que a análise deve ser individual e que o tipo de controle também não define as variáveis que mais impactam o VEA. / The efficiency in the creation of the value for the shareholder is the main focus of the companies. One of the ways of measuring this efficiency is through the Economic Value Added (EVA). In a financial institution, limited in this study to the largest and multiple commercial banks and with shares quoted in BM&FBOVESPA, the decision makers should also look for that efficiency. Besides, the need of the banks for financings, in the same way that in the private companies, demands the fulfillment of the requirements imposed by the agent that will supply the capital. In that sense, to assist the shareholder, the bank should promote the aggregation of value. EVA demonstrates this creation of value and, for its better management, the variables that influence in that measure should be identified, monitored and managed. Hence, the present study identified the main determinants of the economical value added from the largest commercial banks in Brazil: Bank of Brazil, Itaú and Bradesco, using multiple linear regression. Through the analyze of the individualized data, regarding the period from 1996 through 2009, it was verified that there is a group of determinants that explain great part of the alterations of EVA. These determinants were not the same for the private and the public banks in analysis, and even among the private ones the results were not coincident. Although some variables have influenced EVA, it has been identified that the determinants provoke different impacts in each one of the institutions. That indicates that the analysis should be individual and that the control type also does not define the variables that impact EVA the most.

This thesis investigates managers’ use of power and its relationship to employees’ organisational commitment and job satisfaction and any other potential factors influencing the relationship in Nationalised Commercial Banks (NCBs) in Bangladesh. Earlier research focused only on employees’ perceptions of managers’ use of power in NCBs, and findings indicated a positive relationship between managers’ use of power and employees’ perceptions. The present research differs from the previous studies by linking managers' use of power with employees' organisational outcomes. The objective was to gain insights into ways in which the management of NCBs might use their power to enhance the levels of employees’ commitment and job satisfaction. Data were collected from several sources. Likert-type questionnaires were distributed to 600 employees in three NCBs and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 branch managers and four experts on banking. Complete questionnaires (in total 321) were included for data analysis using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and stepwise regression analysis. Both the bank managers and experts on banking interview transcripts were coded according to the interview schedule questions. The findings indicated a relationship between managers’ use of power and procedural justice, and employees’ organisational commitment and job satisfaction in NCBs. In the quantitative findings no significant relationships were found between gender, age, and education level, and power, procedural justice, commitment, and job satisfaction. The qualitative findings, however, suggested that employees’ age and education level were related to criterion variables; but the findings indicated there was no relationship between gender and criterion variables. The results of this study provide insight into how the management of NCBs can enhance the level of their employees’ commitment and job satisfaction. To improve managers’ use of power and its relationships with employees’ commitment and job satisfaction in NCBs in Bangladesh, there have to be changes at the individual and organisational levels. At the individual level improving managers’ power bases would involve basic education and specific job-related training. Managers should also be encouraged to enhance their skills through continuous self-learning. At organisational level top management should provide appropriate reinforcements for managers in learning about and improving their power bases.

Purpose - This paper aims to analyze different groups, such as venture capitalists’, banks’, governmental support agencies’ and incubator managers’ attitudes toward business plans. Approach – The interviews have been conducted within the following institutions: Jönköping Business Development (JBD, Handelsbanken and Swedbank, Jönköping, ALMI and NyföretagarCentrum (Government Support Agencies (GSAs) and Business Incubator Science Park Jönköping (BISPJ). The author has chosen to conduct the study within this the previous mentioned institutions because those are the ones who mostly demand a formal written BP from firms or potential businesses. Findings – it was found that all the institutions interviewed thinks that a formal written business plan is very important for the entrepreneurs to clarify goals and raise funds. They don’t see any direct negative sides with a business plan.  It was also found that the majority were of the opinion that a business plan does not need to be long. The funding decision is mostly based on the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur; it can be very hard for start-ups manager to convince the funds providers that they are the right people. The type of resources provided to the venture determines the need of follow-ups. It is done mainly based on the financial aspects while those who provide advice or assistance tend to not engage in follow-ups. Limitations - the study was conducted in the period when the many of the potential people to be interviewed were on holiday. The language was sometimes a limitation since English is not the first language neither for the interviewer nor the interviewees.

Many Chinese commercial banks have experienced ownership transitions during the past decade, along with significant improvements in performance. In order to examine the effect of ownership on bank performance, an empirical study of Chinese commercial banks is performed. A dataset covering 16 Chinese commercial banks over the period of 2002 — 2011 is tested using linear regression model and principle component analysis. It is found that being a Joint-Stock Commercial Bank has a positive effect on earnings per share (EPS), and being a City Commercial Bank increases return on assets (ROA). On the contrary, operating as a Stated-Owned Commercial Bank affects both EPS and ROA negatively. The empirical results also indicate that undergoing initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange helps a bank to improve performance, while the listing in Mainland China does not.

Usually people believe that domestic debt in Chinese compare with the GDP is very less, so in this way the government had the ability to issue more treasury bond. So in 1988, when Chinese implement the Rehabilitation of bank balance sheet, in order to write-off state-owned commerce banks system non-performing loan, it uses treasury bond to accumulate capital. Whereas, this kind of implementation does not consider Chinese future financial ability and invisible debt keep soaring, including state-owned enterprises non-performing loan, the debt of the state-owned policy banks. Some scholar also express pessimism, they assume if the government debt continue to increase, this will have a high financial risk resulting in Chinese Economic collapse. So, in calculating the Chinese government debt cause by the state-own financial institution, not only do we consider the figure provided by the Chinese official, but also have to add the Central Government invisible debt. This research is based on time series model in calculating year 2008 Chinese government debt, with Revenue Enhancement, commercial bank behavior and the above two financial policy in making evaluation. Notice: 2008 treasury bond in whatever policy measure is still higher than 60% Basle standard. This implies that in the near future the Chinese will not be able to withstand the huge treasury bond. Simultaneously, this manifest Chinese government debt have been underestimated, and falsely believe it can have the ability to be in the state of solvency, this lead to government continuous issuing of treasury bond. This will hamper the Chinese financial structure. As for the government debt, it only depends on Revenue Enhancement, that is control deficit rate which cannot solve the huge government debt. However, solving the government debt problem, not only with the measure of issuing treasury bond, this will result in raising the debt with the debt. The best method will be to pass resolution in all ways, slowly and steadily in writing off the debt. In this way it can lead Chinese to a Fiscal Sustainability result.

<p><strong>Purpose</strong> - This paper aims to analyze different groups, such as venture capitalists’, banks’, governmental support agencies’ and incubator managers’ attitudes toward business plans.</p><p><strong>Approach</strong> – The interviews have been conducted within the following institutions: Jönköping Business Development (JBD, Handelsbanken and Swedbank, Jönköping, ALMI and NyföretagarCentrum (Government Support Agencies (GSAs) and Business Incubator Science Park Jönköping (BISPJ). The author has chosen to conduct the study within this the previous mentioned institutions because those are the ones who mostly demand a formal written BP from firms or potential businesses.</p><p><strong>Findings</strong> – it was found that all the institutions interviewed thinks that a formal written business plan is very important for the entrepreneurs to clarify goals and raise funds. They don’t see any direct negative sides with a business plan.  It was also found that the majority were of the opinion that a business plan does not need to be long. The funding decision is mostly based on the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur; it can be very hard for start-ups manager to convince the funds providers that they are the right people. The type of resources provided to the venture determines the need of follow-ups. It is done mainly based on the financial aspects while those who provide advice or assistance tend to not engage in follow-ups.</p><p><strong>Limitations </strong>- the study was conducted in the period when the many of the potential people to be interviewed were on holiday. The language was sometimes a limitation since English is not the first language neither for the interviewer nor the interviewees.</p>

According to Lithuanian and foreign authors’ scientific literature, Master’s work explores the main aspects of investment policy formation: stages of investment policy formation, investment strategies and methods of their selection, also analyzes the process of investment efficiency evaluating and main models of investment efficiency evaluating. The main features of investment policy formatting, evaluated efficiency of commercial banks “Hansabankas”, “Vilniaus bankas”, “Sampo bankas” are presented in the exploratory-analytic part of this paper. There was made a survey of “Hansabankas” clients’ attitude to offering services in investment funds field in this final work. Also this paper shows the investment trends perspective evaluating and the development trends of investment policy of commercial banks.

Magistriniame darbe analizuojamas verslo sektorių augimo poveikis Lietuvos komercinių bankų paskolų portfeliams. Kredito rizikos valdymas yra viena iš pagrindinių banko funkcijų, kuri reikalauja daug žinių, finansinių išteklių, kompetencijos ir įžvalgumo. Todėl šioje srityje neretai iškyla problemų. Šių dienų pagrindinė problema – nepakankamas dėmesys paskolų portfelio valdymui ir prognozavimui. / This masters diploma paper analyses the influence of business sectors development on the loan portfolios and credit risk of Lithuanian commercial banks. Credit risk management is one of the main internal bank functions, which needs a lot of knowledge, financial resources, competencies and providence. That is why, there are always some problematic fields in this area. The main problem is that on this day, there is paid not enough attention to the whole loan portfolio management, supervision and prognostication basing on business sector growth. Trying to solve this problem, there was made a survey, which revealed the influence of business sectors growth to the loan portfolio and credit risk. The paper consists of three main parts. The first one gives the theory on credit risk problematic, supervision and management models. There is also discussed the main factors in business doing effect on banks loan portfolios and credit risk. The second part looks through the situation in banking and other business sectors, analyses the structure of loan portfolios of several Lithuanian commercial banks. There is also evaluated the loan portfolio influence to “SEB Vilniaus bankas” financial results and the quality of the loan portfolio. Finally the third part evaluates the demand and supply of loans in various business sectors, and makes some suggestions on making the loan portfolio credit risk management more efficient.