Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research report investigates the risk/return relationship in the primary agricultural sector in the Western Cape from a commercial bank's perspective. The study investigated the correlation between credit risk and return within a randomly selected portfolio of agricultural borrowers. Different risk categories were investigated to detennine which category correlates best with return. The effect of below prime and above prime pricing on return was also investigated. The study was conducted in the context of the turmoil in financial markets since the beginning of 2008, caused by excessive credit risks. This has led to the need for better regulation in the financial services industry and better pricing decisions. Factors supporting this need for better regulation include securitisation of debt, consolidation, globalisation and the systemic risk that banks impose on the economy. The Basel Capital Accord introduced new regulatory requirements for the banking industry to ensure more effective management of credit risk. Risk management processes in agriculture are also subject to the requirements of this accord. The agricultural sector is characterised by unpredictable climatological conditions, poor governmental support, low profitability, overcapitalisation and price volatility, which cause this sector to be especially exposed to credit risk. The credit risk of borrowers within the case study bank was measured in tenns of a default grade using a behavioural risk rating model. Risk ratings are used for profitability analysis, risk management and regulatory reporting. These ratings are assigned during the annual review process, when borrowers are exposed to a business viability assessment. Banks incur risk costs when accommodating a borrower's credit risk, which has a negative effect on the return that the borrower generates for the bank. This emphasises the importance of correlation between credit risk and pricing and by implication return for sustainable profit margins. The research results indicated that no correlation exists between credit risk and pricing. This lack of correlation can be attributed to eontracrual agreements, relationship banking, technological constraints, asset growth, price sensitivity in the agricultural sector and the nature of the risks in agriculture. The study also found that a negative correlation exists between credit risk and return. This can be attributed to the fact that the higher the credit risk, the more economic capital is required to support this risk and the more it costs. This implies a lower return on capital. It is recommended that the risk/return relationship should be improved by reducing credit risk, increasing non-interest income, ensuring that new borrowers are priced adequately, differentiating the existing portfolio in terms of value and improving the negotiating skills of bankers. No meaningful conclusion could be drawn with regard to the effect that below prime and above prime pricing have on return. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studieverslag ondersoek die verwantskap tussen risiko en opbrengs in die primere landbousektor in die Wes-Kaap vanuit die perspektief van 'n kommersiele bank. Dit ondersoek die korrelasie tussen kredietrisiko en opbrengs in 'n ewekansige steekproef van landboukliente. Verskillende risikokategoriee is ondersoek om te bepaal watter kategorie die beste korrelasie tussen risiko en opbrengs verteenwoordig. Die invloed van beprysing onder en bo prima op opbrengskoers word ook ondersoek. Die studie is gedoen in die konteks van die krisis in die finansiele markle sedert die begin van 2008, wat veroorsaak is deur oornatige kredietrisiko. Dit het die behoefte aan beter regulering in die finansiiHedienste-industrie asook beter beprysingsbesluite laat ontstaan. Faktore wat hierdie behoefte aan beter regulering ondersteun, sluit in die verhandelbaarheid van krediet, konsolidasie, globalisasie en die sistemiese risiko wat banke vir die ekonomie inhou. Die Baselooreenkoms het nuwe regulatoriese vereistes aan die bankindustrie gesteil om meer effektiewe bestuur van kredietrisiko te verseker. Risikobestuursprosesse in die landbou is ook onderhewig aan die vereistes van die Baselooreenkoms. Die landbousektor word gekenmerk deur onvoorspelbare klimatologiese toestande, swak regeringsondersteuning, lae winsgewendheid, oorkapitalisering en prysskommelinge, wat veroorsaak dat hierdie sektor buitengewoon blootgestel is aan kredietrisiko. Die kredietrisiko van die kliente van die gevallestudiebank is gemeet volgens 'n waarskynlikheidsgradering wat verkry word vanaf 'n risikomodel wat op gedragspatrone gebaseer is. Risikograderings word gebruik vir winsgewendheidsontledings, risikobestuur en regulatoriese verslaggewing. Dit word tydens die jaarlikse hersieningsproses toegeken, wanneer kliente aan 'n lewensvatbaarheidstudie blootgestel word. Banke gaan risikokostes aan om die kredietrisiko van kliente te akkommodeer, wat 'n negatiewe uitwerking het op die opbrengs wat daardie klient vir die bank genereer. Dit beklemtoon die belangrikheid van korrelasie tussen kredietrisiko en beprysing en by implikasie opbrengs vir volhoubare winsgrense. Die navorsingsresultate toon dat daar geen korrelasie tussen kredietrisiko en beprysing bestaan nie. Hierdie gebrek aan korrelasie kan toegeskryf word aan leningskontrakte, verhoudingsbankwese, tegnologiese beperkings, bategroei, pryssensitiwiteit in die landbousektor en die aard van die risiko's in die landbou. Die studie het ook bevind dat daar 'n negatiewe korrelasie is tussen kredietrisiko en opbrengs. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die feit dat hoe hoer kredietrisiko is, hoe meer ekonomiese kapitaal vereis gaan word om hierdie risiko te ondersteun en hoe hoer gaan die risikokostes wees. Dit impliseer 'n laer opbrengs op kapitaal. Om die verwantskap tussen risiko en opbrengs te verbeter, word aanbeveel dat kredietrisiko verminder word, nie-rente-inkomste verhoog word, nuwe kliente korrek beprys word, differensiasie van die bestaande portefeulje plaasvind in terme van waardetoevoeging en die onderhandelingsvermoe van bankiere verbeter word. Geen betekenisvolle gevolgtrekking kon gemaak word aangaande die effek wat beprysing onder en bo prima op die opbrengskoers het nie.

近些年，互聯網金融在中國迅速成長。互聯網金融企業在發展過程中掌握了大量的使用者資訊，並根據使用者的金融偏好，為其提供相應的金融服務。商業銀行作為國內金融系統的核心，究竟會受到怎樣的影響，逐漸成為學者關注的重點。在這樣的背景下，本文選取互聯網金融衝擊下的商業銀行為研究對象，試圖找到商業銀行應對互聯網金融衝擊的策略。 本文在前人文獻的基礎上總結了互聯網金融的概念，梳理了互聯網金融發展的幾種業務模式。在互聯網金融的發展過程中，由於其業務與商業銀行的業務有重疊之處，不可避免的衝擊了商業銀行的固有業務。特別是銀行存款、貸款被互聯網金融理財產品、P2P網路貸款所影響。數據顯示，2015年初，我國商業銀行的資產負債業務均有持續下降的趨勢。本文在實證對比以及理論分析的基礎上得出結論：互聯網金融理財產品可能會對銀行存款端業務有顯著影響，並呈負相關係。而P2P網路貸款對銀行貸款業務的影響並沒有存款端顯著，但依然是重要的原因之一。 最後，本文對商業銀行進行了SWOT分析，並依據商業銀行自身特點，為銀行未來的發展提出建議：通過業務、戰略、功能三方面的創新來應對嚴峻的競爭環境。并希望能為後來的讀者提供幫助。 / In recent years, there is a rapid growth on Internet Financial. The Internet companies have a great deal of user information so that they can provide financial services to the user base on their financial preferences. As the core of the domestic financial system, what kind of impacts the commercial banks will suffered gradually become the focus of academic attention. In this context, we select the commercial banks as our study to find strategies to deal with the impact of Internet Financial In this paper, we are combing several business models of Internet Financial based on the former research. Apparently, Internet Financial has inevitable impact on the business of commercial banks as their businesses have overlap. Particularly, the bank deposits and credit loans are eroded by the Internet Financial products and P2P network lending. The data show that the business assets and liabilities of commercial banks have continued to decline in the early 2015.This paper draw the conclusion by the empirical and theoretical analysis: Internet Financial products will affect the bank deposit significantly in and shows negative correlation. The impact of P2P networks loans on bank credit loan is not significant as bank deposit, but it’s still one of the important reasons. Finally, we use SWOT analysis to analyze commercial banks and make recommendations for the future development of the bank according to its own characteristics: through innovation of strategy, function and business to cope with the severe competitive environment. We are hoping to provide help to later readers.

The purpose of this research is to identify common characteristics of commercial banks that are likely to engage in large dollar volumes of OBS financial instruments. Four financial instruments examined are standby letters of credit, letters of credit, interest rate swaps, and loan sales.

Institutional investors and corporates are constantly looking to achieve double digit yields in relation to investments in traditional real estate assets. With retail, office and residential property under pressure the study set out to determine how hotels perform compared to traditional property investment asset classes in terms of investment yields during different stages of the property cycle, and whether investors (property developers and institutional investment funds) are considering the hospitality sector for investment or diversification of current portfolios. Furthermore, to determine how aligned the commercial banks, Development Funding Institutions (DFI) and Section 12J funds are with funding single hotel assets versus portfolio lending, and what their requirements are. As an exploratory study, interviews were conducted to obtain in- depth and rich information from purposively selected respondents with experience in the sector after completing a preparatory questionnaire. Respondents included property developers, investors, financiers, tour operators and hotel operators. Results confirmed that both developers and investment funds are indeed considering hotels as an alternative investment since the yields are favourable when compared to other asset classes, yet with a longer investment horizon. Hotels required time to stabilise and at this point an expected yield should be higher than 12.5% which is higher than initial yields for traditional commercial properties. Historically, hotels investors were very specific in their investment asset classes and usually purely focused on hospitality assets (specialist investors). This has now changed with an increase in generalist investors coming to the market with exposure in a diversity of asset classes including the hospitality sector. Funding challenges, due to the operational risk associated with Hotel Management Agreements (HMA) is perceived by both financiers and developers or investors. Leases are the preferred income model but are seldom available in the hospitality sector and often those that are made available, may not provide the strong covenants required by financiers and developers/investors. Alternative funding is available in the form of Section 12J VCC’s or from DFI’s but both have their limitations as became apparent in the results. Recommendations for further research include funding challenges for a development or acquisition strategy at a single asset and portfolio level, and expansion to Sub-Saharan Africa as it impacts many investors and international hotels brands with exposure in these regions. / Dissertation (MSc (Real Estate))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Construction Economics / MSc (Real Estate) / Unrestricted

Background: Denmark, along with other European countries, has decided to cut its policy interest rate into negative territory to meet macroeconomic objectives. This has historically been thought of as impossible and impacts commercial banks significantly. As a consequence, concerns have been raised about commercial bank profitability, which is a primary indicator of the banking industry’s soundness. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between persistently negative interest rates and commercial bank profitability in Denmark, covering an extended timeframe (2011 – 2018, 165 bank years, 21 commercial banks). Method: Bank profitability is measured using the Return on Average Assets (ROAA) and the Net Interest Margin (NIM). The thesis follows a simple form of mixed-methods approach –quantitatively focused, followed by a supplementary qualitative study. For the quantitative part, data is collected through the Orbis database, which provides global company data. We utilized a Fixed Effects Model with strongly balanced panel data, covering 59% of the Danish banking industry’s assets. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with professionals working in the industry to interpret the quantitative findings. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that in the time period observed: Interest rates are not correlated with the NIM; The duration of consecutive negative interest rates (in years) is negatively correlated with the NIM; Interest rates are not correlated with the ROAA; The duration of consecutive negative interest rates (in years) is not correlated with the ROAA; The duration of consecutive negative interest rates seems to be more significant since it takes time for the profitability-reducing effect of negative interest rates to materialize. The ROAA is not impacted by the (years in negative) interest rates, as it is mainly determined by factors under management control.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию ипотечного кредитования физических лиц. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения, возникающие в процессе ипотечного кредитования физических лиц. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является анализ механизма ипотечного кредитования физических лиц в современных экономических условиях, а также анализ оценки качества ипотечного кредитования физических лиц в РФ и в банке ПАО ВТБ, включающий разработку предложений по их совершенствованию. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по совершенствованию ипотечного кредитования физических лиц в РФ и в банке ПАО ВТБ для объекта исследования. / The final qualification work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of mortgage lending to individuals. The subject of the study is the economic relations that arise in the process of mortgage lending to individuals. The main purpose of the master's thesis is to analyze the mechanism of mortgage lending to individuals in modern economic conditions, as well as to analyze the assessment of the quality of mortgage lending to individuals in the Russian Federation and in VTB Bank, including the development of proposals for their improvement. In conclusion, recommendations for improving mortgage lending to individuals in the Russian Federation and in the bank of PJSC VTB for the object of research are outlined.

Since the late eighties, BPR has established itself as one of the attractive radical change management option for coping and adapting to the new competitive market environment and become popular both in the public and private organisations throughout the world . Cognizant of this fact, all Ethiopian public (government owned) institutions including the public financial institutions have embarked on large-scale change projects since 2004 in which Business process re-engineering(BPR) is a central element . This research examined whether implementation of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) projects have improved operational performance of the selected case public commercial banks in Ethiopia by collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative comprehensive data set, using mixed research approach through questionnaires, interviews, observations and review of secondary sources of information. The operational performance measures utilized in this study are cost reduction, speed of service delivery, service quality, customer satisfaction as well as innovation. A total of 837 (84% response rate) questionnaires were returned from respondents of the selected branches and head offices. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight senior managers of the respective banks, who were also members of their respective banks reform team and were involved in the design and implementation of BPR. The third method that was used to collect qualitative data was personal observation of the selected bank branches in order to measure the speed of service delivery and convenience of the waiting places. The researcher measured the service delivery time of selected busy bank branches for five consecutive days, for half an hour spent in each branch. This study found that the introduction of BPR in the case banks was met with mixed reactions from employees and some managers. The main achievements of BPR were: service delivery time reduced dramatically as a result of the new process redesign and introduction of information and communication technology services(introduction of e-banking); introducing a single customer contact point through employee empowerment to make all the necessary decisions at that point of contact which resulted in improving the satisfaction of employees and customers. The challenge was that resistance from employees and some managers (labelled the initiative as “Blood pressure raiser” due to their assumptions it will result in employee lay off or the change brings increased workloads for some remaining employees without compatible rewards following the new process redesign. The study also revealed that telecom infrastructure and power interruption considered as main problem areas in providing banking services efficiently and effectively through branch net workings. The researcher recommends that for a better BPR design and implementation as well as sustainability of improvement gains in the banking sector, a forum should be established to discuss and share good practices and technology in the banking sector ; establish strong change management offices to continuously assist and monitor results; and continuously involve and communicate key stakeholders in the design and implementation of change initiatives. / Business Management / D.B.L.

Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research is influenced by and starts from the work carried out by the IMF in Swaziland, wherein they comment about the significant growth in the use of savings and credit co-operatives compared with that of commercial banks. They also report the lack of growth of the financial sector resulting in sluggish economic growth. This report sets out to establish through a survey, the attitude of the Swazi public towards commercial banks, and to establish if indeed there is a deliberate move away from commercial banks to non-bank financial institutions in general. In the process the reasons for migrating from commercial banks are established. In addition, the ultimate use of funds borrowed in general, is also investigated. Specifically for those people who use non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), the research further probes the uses of such funds, and whether or not such funds are likely to affect economic growth. The survey is augmented by results from questionnaires responded to by selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) as a means of cross-checking and validating results obtained from the public survey. Findings are that in Swaziland, while the growth of savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs) is acknowledged, there does appear to be a tendency to still use commercial banks by the economically active population. Borrowing tends to be for school fees, followed by the purchase of building materials for constructing rural homes on ancestral land, as well as for personal use and business activities. It also appears that the majority of users of financial intermediaries are civil servants, which comes as no surprise as government is the largest employer. The conclusion is that Swaziland’s problems with sluggish economic growth appear to be from more than a shallow financial sector, but a myriad of other reasons that have not been explored in this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is gebaseer op die uitkoms van die werk uitgevoer deur die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) as vertrekpunt, waarin hulle meer beduidende groei in die gebruik van spaar en krediet-kooperatiewe gevind het in vergelyking met die trae groei in die gebruik van kommersiële banke. In dieselfde verslag haal hulle ook aan dat die gebrek aan voldoende groei in die finansiële sektor onderliggend is aan die stadige ekonomiese groei. Hierdie verslag bepaal deur middel van ‘n opname, die gesindheid van die Swazi-publiek teenoor kommersiële banke om vas te stel of daar ‘n opsetlike voorkeur vir nie-finansiële instellings is, bo kommersiële banke. Die studie ondersoek ook die spesifieke gebruik en toepassing van fondse verkry vanaf nie-finansiële kooperatiewe en of die gebruik daarvan ‘n negatiewe impak op ekonomiese groei het. Die uitkoms van hierdie ondersoek word bevestig deur die bevindinge van vraelyste wat deur geselekteerde mikro-finansiële instellings voltooi is, te vergelyk met die bevindinge van publieke opnames. Die bevindinge vir Swaziland is dat alhoewel daar groei is in die spaar-en krediet-kooperatiewe, daar steeds ‘n tendens onder die ekonomies aktiewe populasie is om gebruik te maak van kommersiële banke. Lenings word hoofsaaklik gebruik vir die befondsing van skoolgelde, daarnaas vir die aankoop van boumateriaal vir die konstruksie van landelike huise in voorvaderlike gebiede wat deur stamleiers toegeken word, sowel as vir persoonlike gebruik en besigheidsfinansiering. Dit wil ook voorkom asof die meerderheid van die leners staatsamptenare is. Dit is te verwagte, aangesien die regering die grootste werkgewer is. Die gevolgtrekking van die ondersoek is dat Swaziland se trae ekonomiese groei meer onderliggende beperkende oorsake het as bloot net die oppervlakkige uitwerking van die (kommersiële) finansiële sektor. Hierdie onderliggende redes word nie verder ondersoek as deel van hierdie studie nie.

Financial ratios are key units of analysis in most quantitative financial research including bankruptcy prediction, performance and efficiency analysis, mergers and acquisitions, and credit ratings, amongst others. Since hundreds of ratios can be computed using available financial data and given the substantial overlap in information provided by many of these ratios, choosing amongst ratios has been a significant issue facing practitioners and researchers. An important contribution of the present thesis is to show that ratios can be arranged into groups where each group describes a separate financial aspect or dimension of a given firm or industry. Then by choosing representative ratios from each group, a small, yet comprehensive, set of ratios can be identified and used for further analysis. Whilst a substantial part of the financial ratio literature has focused on classifying financial ratios empirically and on assessing the stability of the ratio groups over different periods and industries, relatively little attention has been paid to the classifying of financial ratios of the banking sector. This study aims to explore the classification patterns of 56 financial ratios for banks of different type, size and age. Using data from the Uniform Bank Performance Report (UBPR), large samples of commercial, savings, and De Novo (newlychartered) commercial banks were obtained for the period between 2001 and 2005, inclusive. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on a yearly basis to classify the banks' ratios after applying the inverse sinh transformation to enhance the distributional properties of the data. The number of patterns were decided using Parallel Analysis. The study also uses various methods including visual comparison, correlation, congruency, and transformation analysis to assess the time series stability and cross-sectional similarity of the identified ratio patterns. The study identifies 13 or 14 ratio patterns for commercial banks and 10 or 11 ratio patterns for savings banks over the period on which the study is based. These patterns are generally stable over time; yet, some dissimilarity was found between the ratio patterns for the two types of banks – that is, the commercial and savings banks. A certain degree of dissimilarity was also found between the financial patterns for commercial banks belonging to different asset-size classes. Furthermore, four ratio patterns were consistently identified for the De Novo commercial banks in the first year of their operations. However, no evidence of convergence was found between the ratio patterns of the De Novo commercial banks and the ratio patterns of the incumbent (that is, long established) commercial banks. The findings of this study bring useful insights particularly to researchers who employ bank financial ratios in empirical analysis. Methodologically, this research pioneers the application of the inverse sinh transformation and parallel analysis in the area of the ratio classification literature. Also, it contributes to the use of transformation analysis as a factor comparison technique by deriving a significance test for the outputs of this analysis. Moreover, this is the only large scale study to be conducted on the classification patterns of bank financial ratios.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regiane Vieira Wochler.pdf: 613236 bytes, checksum: d668fdd0351839f6435bc374e47a2d8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-20 / The BancoSol of Bolivia, one of the leading microfinance organizations in Latin America since its inception in 1986 became one of the largest commercial banks in the country from the early years of the century XXI. Although presented today as an IMF, the BancoSol is actually one of largest commercial banks in the country, alongside Banco Los Andes, who was also an IMF in its origin, in other words, the Bolivian commercial banking system today existing was developed from microfinance organizations. This dissertation argues that this unusual configuration happened due to the weakening of the traditional banking system with the serious financial crises of the 1980s, amid the severe social effects of economic instability and disruption of the production structure that marked this period. This study examines changes in BancoSol toward to the profile of a commercial bank, through literature and documents, making it difficult to obtain information about its history, despite the importance attributed to him by the literature on microfinance / O BancoSol da Bolívia, uma das mais destacadas organizações de microfinanças da América Latina desde seu surgimento, em 1986, tornou-se um dos maiores bancos comerciais do país a partir dos primeiros anos do século XXI. Apesar de apresentado ainda hoje como uma IMF, o BancoSol é de fato um dos maiores bancos comerciais do país, ao lado do Banco Los Andes, que também era uma IMF em sua origem, ou seja, o sistema bancário comercial boliviano hoje existente se desenvolveu a partir de organizações de microfinanças. O trabalho defende que essa configuração incomum se deveu ao enfraquecimento do sistema bancário tradicional com as graves crises financeiras dos anos 1980, em meio aos graves efeitos sociais da instabilidade econômica e da desestruturação da estrutura produtiva que marcaram aquele período. O trabalho analisa as mudanças no BancoSol em direção ao perfil de banco comercial, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, destacando a dificuldade para obter informações sobre sua trajetória, apesar da relevância a ele atribuída pela literatura sobre microfinanças